簡介：中文中文35283528字畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯學院學院系機械工程學院專業(yè)業(yè)機械工程及自動化姓名名學號號外文出處外文出處PROCEEDINGSOFINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONCONFERENCE附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文數控機床的可重構理論研究摘要摘要可重構制造系統(tǒng)被列為在未來優(yōu)先解決的技術之一，本文將主要研究數控機床的可重構理論。重構機床有許多優(yōu)點，包括模塊化，可集成性，可定制性，可轉換性等。這是傳統(tǒng)機床所不能比擬的。本文從深孔零件的分類和成形運動工藝兩個方面對深孔零件族進行了分析。并基于模塊化和重構分析這兩個模塊化的設計重新對深孔機床進行調制設計，從床身模塊，床頭模塊，刀具的輔助系統(tǒng)和數控系統(tǒng)4個方面對可重構深孔加工機床的部件進行了設計研究，解決了可重構設計中可重構部件設計的難題。最后通過采用超聲波檢測技術，實現了數控深孔加工機床元件級重構。關鍵詞關鍵詞可重構；機床；模塊設計；深孔加工1引言可重構機床的研究和發(fā)展對實現可重構制造系統(tǒng)和敏捷制造具有決定性的意義?？芍貥嫏C床為了滿足某個特定的組件在設計和工藝的需求，通過改變機床模塊結構或集成新技術，用最低的費用改造機床本身從而使機床在整個生命周期中完成一系列具體的處理性能的過程?？芍貥嫏C床的模塊化，可集成性，可定制性，可轉換性和可診斷性等優(yōu)點1,2。這一特點是傳統(tǒng)機床無法比擬的。2深孔零件族分析深孔機床的可重構化以加工對象和加工工具為切入點，分析深孔零件族和深孔刀輔具來確定深孔機床各功能模塊的劃分，以重構后功能冗余最小分析深孔機床可重構性。1深孔零件的分類深孔零件按結構特征可分為回轉體深孔零件和非回轉體深孔零件。深孔零件按孔尺寸大小可以分為特小直徑深孔件、小直徑深孔件、中直徑深孔件、大直徑深孔件和超大直徑深孔件。深孔零件按精度等級可分為精密級、普通精度級、一般精度級。零件要求的精度等級與采用的加工工具密切相關。

簡介：1中文中文13500字出處出處STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,VOL12,33481991資源與多元化類型的聯(lián)系理論和證據資源與多元化類型的聯(lián)系理論和證據SAYANCHATTERJEEWEATHERHEADSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO,USABIRGERWERNERFELTSLOANSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS,USA摘要本文理論和實證地探討一個論點公司開始多元化發(fā)展以利用對現有經營來說剩余的生產力資源。掌握這些資源的知識有助于我們預測一個公司擴張的方向。尤其是，我們認為過量的物理資源，大部分知識資源，和外部財務資源與相關多元化更加有聯(lián)系，內部財務資源與非相關多元化更有聯(lián)系。1引言引言也許在戰(zhàn)略管理學科上最吸引人關注的問題就是公司多元化與績效間可能的關系。很多研究支持RUMELT’S1974最初的觀點相關多元化公司比非相關多元化公司表現更優(yōu)異（MONTGOMERY,1979BETTIS,1981RUMELT,1982PALEPU,1985VARADARAJAN,1986VARADARAJANANDRAMANUJAM,1987JOSE,NICHOLS,ANDSTEVENS,1986LUBATKINANDROGERS,1989），同時，有些相反（MICHELANDSHAKED,1984RAJAGOPALANANDHARRIGAN,1986ELGERSANDCLARK,1980CHATTERJEE,1986）或者中性的（LUBATKIN,1987）觀點不斷被提出。這個關聯(lián)性假設得不到一致支持，從而導致了一個問題。盡管就平均水平來說，非相關多元化較相關多元化3LEMELIN1982、CARLETON、HARRIS和STEWART1984發(fā)現公司多元化時傾向于進入和本行業(yè)資源相近的行業(yè)。LECRAW1984，MONTGOMERY和HARIHARAN1990都在個體公司層面證實了這點。所有的這些研究都表明公司進入的市場和它的資源框架有系統(tǒng)性的聯(lián)系。利用這種聯(lián)系提出我們的假設，（A）我們需要識別出不同公司都共有的一個資源類型；（B）資源與市場類型的聯(lián)系，以及價值創(chuàng)造的潛力。如果這些可以被識別出來，接著我們應該可以發(fā)現跨行業(yè)公司對于市場選擇的系統(tǒng)性模式。從另一個角度來說，一個基于資源的方法使得我們采用多元化公司管理者的視角來看問題。如果我們的基本假設是有效的，我們期望管理者將公司資源部署在利潤最大化的市場。當然，資源可能不是解釋市場類型的唯一因素。實證研究嘗試控制其他重要因素。21關于進入的市場類型的假設關于進入的市場類型的假設當RUMELT1974最初將多元化分為相關和非相關，大部分最近的研究都考慮多元化程度的問題，程度是一直在變化的（MONTGOMERY,1982CAVES,PORTER,SPENCE,ANDSCOTT,1980MONTGOMERYANDWERNERFELT,1988）。因此我們接著后面的方法，理論和實證兩方面都提到了相關程度可以從橫向到非相關之間變化。所以應該在這種情境下理解“多元化類型”。我們期待從資源角度研究的多元化類型依賴于它在特定產業(yè)內的特異性（MONTGOMERYANDWERNERFELT,1988GORT,GRABOWSKI,ANDMCGUCKIN,1985WILLIAMSON,1975GORECKI,1975）。顯然地，如果一種資源只能用來制造一種產品，它是不合適于多元化的。但是，大部分的資源可以用在多種終端產品上。簡短來說，我們將這種資源特點稱作“靈活性”。如果一個公司擁有的資源對于終端產品是相當特殊的（不變性），這種公司會被限制以一個相對相關的方式多元化；同時當一個公司擁有比較靈活的資源（相對終端產品而言），它可以選擇相關程度大或者小的多元化。根據文獻里的傳統(tǒng)觀點（TEECE,1982MACDONALD,1984MONTGOMERYANDHARIHARAN,1990），我們將資源分為三個層次（A）物理資源，（B）無形資產，（C）財務資源。前兩者相對比較不靈活；因此他們只能被用在進入比較相關的市場。財務資源，是最靈活的，適用于各種類型的多元

簡介：中文中文7853字，字，4400單詞單詞出處出處LEEKS,ASSANISDN,LEEJ,ETALMEASUREMENTSANDPREDICTIONSOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSINADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEADJSAETECHNICALPAPERS,1999本科畢業(yè)論文外文文獻及譯文文獻、資料題目MEASUREMENTSANDPREDICTIONSOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSINADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEAD文獻、資料來源SAE文獻、資料發(fā)表日期19994院（部）機電工程學院專業(yè)班級姓名學號指導教師完成日期2SUITABLEFORRAPIDDESIGNANDVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGOFCYLINDERHEADSTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODHASBEENTHEFOUNDATIONOFMANYOFTHEANALYSESTHATPREDICTTHETHERMALANDSTRESSFIELDSWITHINTHECYLINDERHEADHOWEVER,THEACCURACYOFSUCHANALYSESCRITICALLYDEPENDSONOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROBLEM,ANDTHEACCURACYOFTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSUSEDINTHEFORMULATIONTHERMALSTRESSESAREINDUCEDBYANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGCAUSESTEMPERATUREGRADIENTSUNDERSTEADYSTATEOPERATION,INCLUDINGTHEEFFECTSOFCYCLICTEMPERATURECHANGESINTHECOMBUSTIONCHAMBERWALLANINCREASEINTHEMEANTEMPERATUREOFACOMPONENT,WHICHAFFECTSTHEEXPANSIONANDDISTORTIONCHARACTERISTICS,THUSINDUCINGSTRESSESTHERMALSHOCKLOADINGRESULTINGFROMASUDDENCHANGEINSPEEDORLOADDURINGTRANSIENTS,WHICHCHANGETHERATEOFHEATFLUXFROMTHEGASTOTHECYLINDERHEADDUETOTHEINHERENTDIFFICULTIESINMEASURINGSTRESSFIELDSNEARTHECRITICALREGIONSONTHEFIREDECKSURFACE,ESPECIALLYUNDERTRANSIENTCONDITIONS,LIMITEDSETSOFMEASUREMENTSTHATCANSHEDLIGHTONTHEPROBLEMHAVEBEENREPORTEDANUMERICALSTUDYOFTHERMALSHOCKCALCULATIONSBYKERIBARANDMORELHASSHOWNTHATTHERMALWAVESPROPAGATEINTOCOMPONENTSDURINGENGINETRANSIENTS,WITHTHESTEEPNESSOFTHEFRONTDEPENDINGONMATERIALTHERMALPROPERTIESWHILEFORACERAMICCOMPONENTSEVERESHOCKLOADSCANCAUSESURFACECOMPRESSIVESTRESSESTOOVERSHOOTFINALSTEADYSTATEVALUES,THEEFFECTWASNOTPRONOUNCEDINHIGHERCONDUCTIVITYMATERIALSINORDERTOVALIDATETHISANALYTICALFINDING,ANDATTRIBUTEAPPROPRIATELYCAUSESOFFAILUREINCASTIRONCYLINDERHEADS,ACOMBINEDEXPERIMENTALANDANALYTICALAPPROACHISFOLLOWEDHERETOSTUDYSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSUNDERSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTOPERATIONEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESARECONDUCTEDFIRSTTOMEASURETEMPERATURES,HEATFLUXESANDSTRESSESUNDERASERIESOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTOPERATINGCONDITIONSBOTHBIAXIALANDUNIAXIALHIGHTEMPERATURESTRAINGAGESHAVEBEENINSERTEDWITHINTHETHERMALPENETRATIONDEPTHOFADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEADTHESTRAINGAGEINSERTIONBENEATHTHESURFACEOFTHEFIREDECKENSURESTHEDURABILITYANDRELIABILITYOFTHESENSORATTHESAMETIME,THEPLACEMENTWITHINTHETHERMALPENETRATIONDEPTHALLOWSFORSTUDYINGTHEEFFECTOFTHERMALSHOCKLOADINGUNDERRAPIDTRANSIENTS,ANDFORCONTRASTINGTHOSEMEASUREMENTSWITHCORRESPONDINGSTEADYSTATEMAGNITUDESSUBSEQUENTLY,AFINITEELEMENTANALYSISIS

簡介：中文中文4760字出處出處OPTICSLASERTECHNOLOGY,1998,30295101外文翻譯學生姓名學院名稱機電工程學院專業(yè)名稱機械設計制造及其自動化指導教師NCOORDINATENORMALTOCUTTINGFRONTPLASERPOWERWPLASERPOWERNOTINTERACTINGWITHTHECUTTINGFRONTWBQHEATINPUTJ/SRRADIALDISTANCEMMRBEAMRADIUSMMSSUBSTRATETHICKNESSMMSCRITICALSUBSTRATETHICKNESSMMCRITTTEMPERATUREC?TAMBIENTTEMPERATURE0C?TPEAKTEMPERATUREPC?TTEMPERATUREATTOPSURFACESC?TTIMESVCUTTINGSPEEDMM/MINVOPTIMUMCUTTINGSPEEDMM/MINOPTWKERFWIDTHMMX,Y,ZCOORDINATELOCATIONX,Y,ZCOORDINATEDISTANCEMMCONDUCTIVELOSSFUNCTION?RADIATIVELOSSFUNCTION?CONVECTIVELOSSFUNCTION?ANGLEBETWEENZCOORDINATEANDXCOORDINATERAD?NCOORDINATEPARALLELTOBOTTOMSURFACEANGLEOFINCLINATIONOFCONTROLSURFACEWRTXAXISRAD?VCOUPLINGCOE?CIENTTRANSLATEDCOORDINATEDISTANCEMM?DENSITYKG/M?3ANGLEOFINCLINATIONOFCONTROLSURFACEWRTYAXISRAD?2INTRODUCTIONLASERCUTTINGOFADECORATIVECERAMICTILEHASITSOWNSETOFCHARACTERISTICPROBLEMSINCLUDINGBURNOUT,STRIATIONS,DROSSANDOUTOFFLATNESS,WHICHALLAFFECTTHEFINISHQUALITYOFACUTEDGE13ATYPICALCUTMAYHAVESOMEORALLOFTHESEFEATURESDEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFCERAMICTILEBEINGPROCESSEDANDONTHESETTINGOFTHEVARIOUSSETUPPARAMETERSINAPRODUCTION

簡介：中文中文3387字本科畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文文獻、資料題目STRUCTURALDESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESLOPINGROOF文獻、資料來源網絡文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期20071院（部）XXX專業(yè)XXX班級XXX姓名XXX學號XXX指導教師XXX翻譯日期XXX畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文3SUPPORTEDTOFORMACONTINUOUSDECKUNDERTHETRACKTOFINDTHEBESTELASTICITYFORTHERAILFASTENERS,PREDICTIONSOFTHEBRIDGENOISEWEREMADEUSINGTHENORBERTMODELMEASUREMENTSWEREMADEONTHEBRIDGEWITHTHETRACKINITSORIGINALSTATETOPROVIDEPARAMETERSFORTHEMODELTHESEINCLUDEDRAILANDSLEEPERVIBRATIONASWELLASPASSBYNOISEFROMSERVICEPASSENGERANDFREIGHTTRAINSATDIFFERENTSPEEDSFORTHETWOTRACKS,ELASTICRAILFASTENERSFROMTWOSUPPLIERSWEREINSTALLEDTHEMEASUREMENTAFTERINSTALLATIONSHOWEDACLEARNOISEREDUCTIONFORTHEFREQUENCYRANGEFROM80TO400HZOFABOUT10DBHOWEVERTHEREDUCTIONINAWEIGHTEDOVERALLNOISELEVELISINTHERANGEOF2TO4DB,ASINDICATEDBYTHEMODELTHERESULTSSHOWSIMILARREDUCTIONFORBOTHSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONTHEMAINREASONFORTHEINCREASEINNOISEASTRAINSCROSSABRIDGEISTHEVIBRATIONOFTHESTRUCTUREHERETHEROLLINGNOISERADIATEDBYTHETRACKANDBRIDGEISSTUDIEDFORTHETWINTRACKBRIDGEOVERTHERIVEREMMEATBURGDORF,SWITZERLANDTWOPHOTOGRAPHSOFTHE57MLONGBRIDGEARESHOWNINFIG1THETRACKONTHEBRIDGETAKESANUNUSUALFORMINTHATSTEELSLEEPERSHAVEBEENADDEDBETWEENTHEWOODENSLEEPERSONWHICHTHETRACKISSUPPORTEDINORDERTOFORMACONTINUOUSDECKTHESTEELSLEEPERSAREHUNGFROMTHERAILANDARENOTOTHERWISESUPPORTEDBYTHEBRIDGESTRUCTURERESILIENTRAILFASTENERSWEREINSTALLEDANDTHESTEELSLEEPERSREPLACEDWITHWOODENSLEEPERSINOCTOBER2006THERECONSTRUCTIONWASACCOMPANIEDWITHNOISEMEASUREMENTSINMAY,OCTOBER,DECEMBER06ANDJANUARY07ONETRACKWASEQUIPPEDWITHRESILIENTFASTENERSFROMPANDROL,THEOTHER,FROMVOSSLOHTHEELASTICITYOFTHEFASTENERSINBOTHCASESISABOUT20MN/MTOIDENTIFYTHEEFFECTOFTHEHANGINGSTEELSLEEPERS,ADDITIONALNOISEMEASUREMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTONONETRACKAFTERINSTALLINGTHERESILIENTFASTENERSBUTBEFOREREPLACINGTHESTEELSLEEPERSTOFINDTHEBESTELASTICITYFORTHERAILFASTENERS,PREDICTIONSOFTHEBRIDGENOISEWEREMADEUSINGTHEISVRSOFTWARENORBERTNOISEOFRAILWAYBRIDGESANDELEVATEDSTRUCTURES1MEASUREMENTSWEREMADEONTHETRACKINITSORIGINALSTATETOPROVIDE

簡介：畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯學院學院系機械工程學院專業(yè)業(yè)機械工程及自動化姓名名學號號外文出處外文出處MACHINEDESIGNTHEORY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導教師評語此譯文簡單介紹了機械設計理論，從產品設計的初步設計、功能設計、生產設計三個方面進行介紹。翻譯用詞比較準確，文筆也較為通順，為在以后工作中接觸英文資料打下了基礎。簽名年月日注注請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。用外文寫新設計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預料的問題發(fā)生，只有當這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現出新產品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風險。應該強調的是，如果設計本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。在設計的初始階段，應該允許設計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產生了許多不切實際的想法，也會在設計的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理學家經常談論如何使人們適應他們所操作的機器。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器來適應人們。這并不是一項容易的工作，因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個重要問題，設計工程師必須能夠同其他有關人員進行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設計人員必須就初步設計同管理人員進行交流和磋商，并得到批準。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進行的。為了進行有效的交流，需要解決下列問題1所設計的這個產品是否真正為人們所需要2此產品與其他公司的現有同類產品相比有無競爭能力3生產這種產品是否經濟4產品的維修是否方便5產品有無銷路是否可以盈利只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是，產品的設計、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎上進行。設計工程師還應該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設計方案進行磋商。通常，在制造過程中會出現某個問題?？赡軙髮δ硞€零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經過設計人員批準，以保證不會損傷產品的功能。有時，在產品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現設計中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設計是一個動態(tài)過程。總是存在著更好的方法來完成設計工作，設計人員應該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。

簡介：中文中文4285字畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯系（院）（院）交通工程系專業(yè)業(yè)交通運輸（物流工程方向）姓名名學號號外文出外文出處處PROCEEDINGSOF2008IEEEINTERNATIONAL用外文寫CONFERENCEONSERVICEOPERATIONSANDLOGISTICS,ANDINFORMATICS附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導教師評語翻譯選題符合畢業(yè)設計要求，翻譯語句基本通順，語法正確，但部分專有名詞翻譯用詞不夠準確，達到了外文資料翻譯的基本要求。里，逆向物流對工業(yè)及社會產生了重要的經濟影響。這種影響要么被看作是對公司的不利因素，從而因此避免，要么看作是公司占據市場份額的潛在競爭優(yōu)勢。那些收到客戶退貨努力掩蓋逆向物流重要性的公司將失去創(chuàng)造利潤的機會。另一方面，采用逆向物流作為增加商業(yè)機會的公司將由于獲得客戶支持及最終收益而成功。為了符合環(huán)境保護章程，制造商通常經過再加工試圖恢復那些已用產品的殘余價值。通過刷新、修復、升級的方法將產品再制造后變成系列化的市場商品能產生大量的成本效益。典型地，一個回收逆向物流系統(tǒng)包括在指定的零售店區(qū)域配送中心收集回收產品；在集中回收中心對回收產品進行轉移和合并；通過修理、刷新和再造復原回收產品中有用的東西；以及對沒有商業(yè)價值回收產品的處理。通常，回收逆向物流管理中面臨的主要問題如下A考慮回收再利用產品的拆卸方便、處理效果和修復后的質量可靠度；B回收產品要保證足夠的數量和質量；C回收再利用產品的市場；D針對回收品的相關修復策略；E對產品的回收運作決策時所必須的信息。然而，制造商所遇到的問題是如何在有限的集中回收中心從消費者那里收集回收品，并怎樣將那些回收品轉移到回收物流系統(tǒng)中，以及如何實行諸如拆卸、再利用、循環(huán)、棄置等修復策略，以期達到自身經濟效益的最大化。本文的寫作目的有兩重首先是對回收逆向物流系統(tǒng)及其運作管理提供一個深層次的分析，并且基于案例相應地制定成一個線性規(guī)劃；其次是，與傳統(tǒng)的成本最小化方法相比，證明基于約束理論的決策模型衡量逆向物流系統(tǒng)取得的重要改進和成功實行。它由以下部分組成第二部分介紹約束理論的概念、第三部分圖解回收逆向物流系統(tǒng)及其模型、第四部分給出一個實際案例證明被提議方法的有效性、第五部分是小結。2約束理論的概念約束理論從系統(tǒng)約束的角度幫助管理者在一個組織的所有層面尋求獲得一個正確的焦點。約束理論認為系統(tǒng)約束條件限制了系統(tǒng)性能的發(fā)揮并提出了一

簡介：中文中文3174字出處出處LUXONDIFFERENCESBETWEENEASTERNANDWESTERNPLASTICARTSJASIANSOCIALSCIENCE,2009,41103東方和西方造型藝術之間的差異東方和西方造型藝術之間的差異陸雪陸雪天津理工大學天津理工大學,EMAILLIANGLU1125126COM摘要造型藝術是指創(chuàng)造視覺靜態(tài)圖像和一些實質性的材料和方法，包括建筑、雕塑、繪畫、工藝美術、設計、書法和篆刻等等。由于東西方文化之間的差異，造型藝術也顯示不同的特點。更具體來說，不同的地理環(huán)境和社會和歷史環(huán)境導致了兩種不同的文化基礎。中國文化強調親屬關系，而西方文化更重視個人的平等中國文化強調道德準則，而西方文化探索客觀規(guī)律中國文化強調和諧，而西方文化強調獨特，因此導致中國和西方的價值取向上的差異。此外，比較中國和西方哲學,前者似乎宏觀和全面的強調兩者之間的和諧和內部經驗。而后者往往是更科學看待感性和理性,個性和共性之間的不同。關鍵詞關鍵詞造型藝術，差異分析，文化根基，價值取向，不同的哲學觀造型藝術是指創(chuàng)造視覺靜態(tài)圖像和一些實質性的材料和方法,包括體系結構、雕塑、繪畫、工藝美術、設計、書法和篆刻等等。它們在東方和西方顯示不同的趨勢和特征中國造型藝術中一些著名的思想如下春秋和戰(zhàn)國時期,保留的繪畫圖片中提到一些理論家的著作。東晉著名畫家顧愷之,強調“精神”的傳達的重要性,改變了持久的傳統(tǒng)的說法，正確使用陰影將有助于創(chuàng)造出一個凹凸效果。此外，顏色，形狀和繪畫中物體之間的距離，以及由對象距離所造成的模糊都包括了繪畫科學，這被認為是透視研究的起源。據德國古典哲學家黑格爾，創(chuàng)作的題材的自然原則，而不是題材本身，在繪畫中扮演了越來越重要的角色。在他的一個重要作品中美學，它是指出繪畫的題材主要來自那些可以從外部表現的事物上。在他看來，內心世界不會被表面的圖像直接反映在繪畫中。相反，會利用舉動來發(fā)現隱藏的內心世界。法國古典主義畫家安琪兒堅持認為繪畫的情感表達與造型藝術密切相關因此后者將搜尋并積累自然美景。法國浪漫主義畫家尤金德拉克洛瓦強調表達畫家幻想和印象的重要性。而另一個畫家古斯塔夫庫爾貝認為，繪畫作為一種具體的藝術形式，預計會體現那些可見的和現有的東西，因此，在繪畫中應忠實的再生產。在畢沙羅的理論中，繪畫是用來揭示感情的，所以不應該被規(guī)則或原則限制。而根據學校的后期印象派，繪畫應該強調體積，顏色和畫家的精神。塞尚聲稱造型應該是順應自然的事情，而不是一味的追求。據馬蒂斯的觀點，繪畫主要是體現事物和關注物體的形狀。在他看來，立方體和地球儀是畫家們唯一需要的東西。而畢加索，不僅是什么看到了，而且我們對事物的思考應該體現在繪畫上。根據以上思想得出以下結論受西方科學思想和東部意識形態(tài)的影響，造型藝術顯示了兩者之間的不同特點。正如李大釗，一個中國共產黨的創(chuàng)始人，在東方和西方文明的基礎上說，有一些主要

簡介：PECKINGORDERANDDEBTCAPACITYCONSIDERATIONSFORHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESSEEKINGFINANCINGTOMRVANACKER?SOPHIEMANIGARTACCEPTED24JUNE2008/PUBLISHEDONLINE28OCTOBER2008?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2008ABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESALARGELONGITUDINALDATASET,FREEOFSURVIVORSHIPBIAS,TOCOVERFINANCINGEVENTSOFHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESFORUPTO8YEARSISANALYZEDTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESHOWSTHATPROFITABLEBUSINESSESPREFERTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,EVENIFTHEYHAVEUNUSEDDEBTCAPACITYEXTERNALEQUITYISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORUNPROFITABLEBUSINESSESWITHHIGHDEBTLEVELS,LIMITEDCASHFLOWS,HIGHRISKOFFAILUREORSIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTSININTANGIBLEASSETSTHESEFINDINGSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEEXTENDEDPECKINGORDERTHEORYCONTROLLINGFORCONSTRAINTSIMPOSEDBYDEBTCAPACITYITSUGGESTSTHATNEWEQUITYISSUESAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOALLOWHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESTOGROWBEYONDTHEIRDEBTCAPACITYKEYWORDSFINANCINGDECISIONS?PECKINGORDERTHEORY?DEBTCAPACITY?GROWTHJELCLASSIFICATIONSG32?L261INTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHFEWINNUMBER,HIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESCONTRIBUTEDISPROPORTIONATELYTOEMPLOYMENTANDWEALTHCREATIONINANECONOMYSTOREY1994THISMAKESORGANIZATIONALGROWTHACENTRALAREAOFRESEARCHINENTREPRENEURSHIPANDAMAJORPOLICYCONCERNPROPERFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGRAISINGSUITABLEFINANCING,ISONEOFTHEKEYFACTORSSHAPINGHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESNICHOLLSNIXON2005THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOOFFERANINSIGHTINTOTHEDISCRETEFINANCINGDECISIONSTAKENWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESARETHOUGHTTOBEPARTICULARLYSEVEREINTHISSETTINGFRANKANDGOYAL2003,CAUSINGASUBSTANTIALWEDGEBETWEENTHECOSTSOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002AWETHEREFOREFOCUSONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYTOEXPLAINTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYPREDICTSTHEEXISTENCEOFAFINANCINGHIERARCHY,WHEREBUSINESSMANAGERSAVOIDTHECOSTOFEXTERNALFINANCINGIFPOSSIBLEASARESULT,THEYWILLFIRSTPREFERTOUSEINTERNALFUNDS,THENDEBTANDFINALLYOUTSIDEEQUITYASALASTRESORTTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THEIMPACTOFCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSONFINANCIALDECISIONMAKINGMAYVARYACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHSETTINGHARRISANDRAVIV1991ITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTOTESTFINANCIALTHEORIESINSETTINGSWHEREOURKNOWLEDGEISLIMITEDTODETERMINETHEGENERALIZABILITYOFTHETHEORIESACROSSDIFFERENTSETTINGSTRVANACKERCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002ABERGERANDUDELL1998ASYMMETRICINFORMATIONISPROBABLYONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREASONSWHYOUTSIDEFUNDSARETHOUGHTTOBESUBSTANTIALLYMORECOSTLYCOMPAREDTOINTERNALFUNDSBERGERANDUDELL19981INFORMATIONALASYMMETRYENTAILSTHATWHILEBUSINESSMANAGERSHAVEPRIVATEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEVALUEOFASSETSINPLACEANDFUTUREGROWTHOPTIONS,OUTSIDEINVESTORSCANMERELYESTIMATETHESEVALUESFACEDWITHTHERISKOFADVERSESELECTION,OUTSIDEINVESTORSWILLDEMANDA‘‘LEMONS’’PREMIUMFORTHESECURITIESOFFEREDBYTHEBUSINESSAKERLOF1970THEMORERISKYTHESECURITY,THEHIGHERTHEPREMIUMWILLBE,ASRISKEXACERBATESTHEEFFECTSOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYMYERS1984ASARESULT,COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,WHICHARENOTSUBJECTTOASYMMETRICINFORMATIONPROBLEMSWHENINTERNALFUNDSAREINSUFFICIENTTOMEETTHEFINANCINGNEEDS,MANAGERSWILLTURNTOMORECOSTLYOUTSIDEFUNDSINTHISSITUATIONCOMPANIESAREEXPECTEDTOISSUETHESAFESTSECURITIESFIRSTASTHESEWILLSUFFERLESSFROMINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESANDHENCEBESUBJECTTOLOWERPREMIUMSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THISIMPLIESMANAGERSWILLFIRSTRAISEDEBTFINANCINGANDONLYCONSIDERNEWEQUITYASALASTRESORTTHERESULTINGFINANCINGHIERARCHYISOFTENREFERREDTOASAPECKINGORDERANDISONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALTHEORIESINTHEFINANCIALLITERATUREFRANKANDGOYAL2003INTHISPAPERTHEFOCUSISONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYASAFRAMEWORKTOUNDERSTANDINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSCONSEQUENTLY,THISRESEARCHISINLINEWITHPRIORSTUDIES,SUCHASHELWEGEANDLIANG1996SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999ANDFRANKANDGOYAL2003,WHICHFOCUSONTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFQUOTEDAMERICANCOMPANIESTHEIRDIRECTTESTSOFTHETWOMAINTENETSOFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELIE,1COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGSAND2EXTERNALEQUITYISONLYISSUEDASALASTRESORTIFOUTSIDEFUNDSARENEEDEDHAVEOFFEREDINCONCLUSIVEANDEVENCONTRADICTORYRESULTS,HOWEVERHELWEGEANDLIANG1996,STUDYINGAPANELOFUSCOMPANIESTHATCONDUCTEDANIPOIN1983,FINDTHATTHEPROBABILITYOFOBTAININGOUTSIDEFUNDSISNOTRELATEDTOASHORTFALLININTERNALLYGENERATEDFUNDS,WHICHISINCONTRASTWITHPREDICTIONSOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYHOWEVER,CONSISTENTWITHPECKINGORDERPREDICTIONS,THEYFINDTHATFIRMSWITHACASHSURPLUSAVOIDOUTSIDEFINANCINGFINALLY,FIRMSACCESSINGTHECAPITALMARKETDONOTFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERWHENCHOOSINGTHETYPEOFSECURITYTOOFFERSHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,HOWEVER,DRAWADIFFERENTPICTUREOFTHEPREDICTIVEPOWEROFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELBASEDONASAMPLEOF157USFIRMSTHATTRADEDCONTINUOUSLYBETWEEN1971AND1989,THEYCONCLUDETHAT‘‘THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISANEXCELLENTFIRSTORDERDESCRIPTOROFCORPORATEFINANCINGBEHAVIOR,ATLEASTINOURSAMPLEOFMATURECORPORATIONS’’SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,P242FRANKANDGOYAL2003SHOWTHATFORAMOREELABORATESAMPLEOFPUBLICLYQUOTEDUSCOMPANIES,THEGREATESTSUPPORTFORTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISFOUNDAMONGLARGEFIRMSSMALLERFIRMS,WHICHAREEXPECTEDTOBEMORELIKELYTOBESUBJECTTOINFORMATIONASYMMETRIES,DONOTSEEMTOFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERADDITIONALLY,THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYPRE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簡介：中文中文5720字畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯學院學院（系）系）動力工程學院專業(yè)業(yè)熱能與動力工程姓名名學號號外文出處外文出處EXPERIMENTALTHERMALANDFLUIDSCIENCE282004257264附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導教師評語簽名年月日用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文旋轉回熱器理論與熱力發(fā)電廠的一臺空氣預熱器實驗結果的比較摘要這篇論文的目的是要比較基于理論建模獲取的結果與在一臺全尺寸運行著的空氣預熱器上直接測得的實驗數據。首先，在論文中會系統(tǒng)地闡述旋轉回熱器能量傳輸模型，其中包括母體縱向熱傳導。然后介紹該模型方程組的解法，這種解法在筆者以前的論文中曾經提到過。熱交換氣體和不停旋轉的母體的溫度分布用三維圖來描述。對直徑53M的回轉式空氣預熱器計算得出的溫度分布將和實驗數據作比較。并從理論和實驗的比較中找到正確的趨勢和合理的一致性。最后，比較計算和實驗回熱器傳熱過程的有效性，并將看到在回熱器有效性約為88時，一致性在±3之內。1引言旋轉式換熱器的一個重要特點就是兼小巧和高性能于一體。這種換熱器有一個圓盤式的母體核心，在母體核心里有非常多的傳熱面。盤不停轉動，并總有一部分核心浸在熱流之中，其它部分浸在冷流中。當熱氣依次穿入核心的流動通道時，母體儲存能量。反過來，冷氣流經相同的通道時，母體核心釋放能量給冷流。由于熱量是在每個母體部件上交替地被儲存和釋放而不是通過隔開兩種流體的墻來傳遞，旋轉式換熱器經常適用在如旋轉式回熱器上。在19101930年回熱器中熱傳遞分析創(chuàng)始并發(fā)展于德國。在1948年之前，所有的模型都基于一系列傳統(tǒng)理想化條件。SHAH1列出了這些理想化條件。1948年后MONDT2就已經根據研究的發(fā)展提出了附加的參考條件，其中考慮到了縱向傳導在分析中的影響。為了確定回熱器的熱傳遞有效性包含縱向傳導的影響，BAHNKE和HOWARD3定量地分析了旋轉回熱器問題。他們指出有效性取決于NTU0，C，（ΑA），AS

簡介：PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE12009776–784WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIATHE6THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONMININGSCIENCERELIABILITYHYPERSTATICNETBEAMSTRUCTUREFINITEELEMENTDYNAMICOPTIMIZATION1INTRODUCTIONTHESTRUCTURALSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESSNEEDSTOBEIMPROVEDWITHTHEMAXIMIZATIONOFSCREENINGMACHINESTHEENLARGEMENTOFSTRUCTUREOFVIBRATINGSCREENWILLLEADTOTHEINCREASEOFVIBRATIONMASSANDEXCITINGFORCEDYNAMICLOADONTHEVIBRATINGSCREENISALSOINCREASEDWHICHWILLLEADTOAGREATERDEFORMATION,TEAROFTHESIDEPLATE,FRACTUREOFTHECROSSBEAM,ANDTHUSAFFECTSTHESERVICELIFEOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENSERIOUSLY13CONVENTIONALSTATICSTRENGTHCALCULATIONANDANALOGYMETHODWASUSEDINTHEDESIGNOFVIBRATINGSCREENINOURCOUNTRYATPRESENTWHICHNEGLECTTHEDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICINFLUENCEOFHIGHERMODALFREQUENCIESONTHEVIBRATINGSCREEN4HIGHEXCITINGFORCEISLIKELYTOLEADTOFATIGUEDAMAGEOFVIBRATINGSCREENENGINEERINGEXPERIENCEINDICATESTHATTHESCREENCANALSOBE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8651683590092BJ?á???êé??WYMZHAOCUMTEDUCN187/09/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVDOI101016/JPRO20090912385220EPSPROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCETHESTRUCTUREANDLOADONTHEVIBRATINGSCREENSHOULDBECONSIDEREDACCORDINGTOACTUALOPERATINGCONDITIONTOMAKETHEFINITEELEMENTMODELACCURATEANDEFFECTIVETHEMAINSTRUCTUREADOPTEDSOLIDELEMENTSOLID95ANDSOLID92THESPRINGUSEDCOMBINE14ANDTHEVIBRATIONGENERATORWASSIMPLIFIEDASLUMPEDMASSELEMENTMASS21THEIMAGINARYBEAMWASINTRODUCEDTOREPLACETHEFLANGE,CONSIDERINGTHESTIFFNESSOFFLANGESANDIGNORINGITSMASSTHEBEARWASSIMPLIFIEDASSLEEVEANDTHEEXCITINGFORCEDISTRIBUTEDONTHEINNERFACEOFTHESLEEVEUNIFORMLYTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELWASFINISHEDINANSYS,ASSHOWNINFIG3FIG3FINITEELEMENTMODELOFVIBRATINGSCREENPKOKKíìê??üê?íéêá?íá???ó?á?NATURALCHARACTERISTICISCOMPOSEDOFNATURALFREQUENCY,NATURALVIBRATIONMODESANDOTHERMODALPARAMETERSONEPURPOSEOFNATURALCHARACTERISTICANALYSISISTOAVOIDRESONANCEANDHARMFULVIBRATIONMODETHERESULTSISALSOUSEDTOPROVIDENECESSARYBASISFORDYNAMICRESPONSEANALYSIS8BLOCKLANCZOSMETHODWITHHIGHPRECISIONANDCOMPUTATIONSPEEDWASUSEDSOLVENATURALCHARACTERISTICTHEFIRSTTWELVEMODALRESULTSARESHOWNINTABLE1TABLE1MODALCALCULATIONRESULTSOFVIBRATINGSCREENSETNATURALFREQUENCY?HZNATURALMODESOFVIBRATION1166RIGIDMOTIONALONGZAXIS2288RIGIDMOTIONALONGXAXIS3292RIGIDMOTIONALONGYAXIS4343RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDYAXIS5394RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDXAXIS6418RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDZAXIS71485BENDINGANDSWINGOFDISCHARGEENDALONGYAXIS81692TWISTOFSIDEPLATESALONGYAXISANDSWINGOFFEEDENDALONGZAXIS91898TWISTOFSCREENFRAMEALONGYAXIS102354REVERSALAROUNDXAXISANDBENDINGOFSCREENALONGZAXIS113341BENDINGANDTWISTOFFEEDENDALONGXAXIS123645FLEXURALOSCILLATIONSOFMIDDLEANDBACKOFTHESCREENALONGZAXISTABLE1SHOWTHATTHENATURALVIBRATIONMODESINCLUDERIGIDMOTIONANDBENDINGDEFLECTIONTHEFIRSTSIXVIBRATIONMODESARERIGIDMODALANDMODALFREQUENCYISLOWERWHICHDEPENDSONTHEVIBRATIONMASSANDSTIFFNESSOFSPRINGTHESEVENTHTOTWELFTHVIBRATIONMODESAREDEFORMABLEMODESANDMODALFREQUENCYLIESONSTRUCTURALSTIFFNESSOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENTHESEVENTHTOTENTHVIBRATIONMODESARESHOWNINFIG4FROMTABLE1ANDFIG4WEKNOWTHATTHEREARETWOELASTICMODALAROUNDTHEWORKINGFREQUENCY,THATARETHESEVENTHANDTHEEIGHTHMODALWHICHTAKEACENTRALPARTTOTHETOTALDEFORMATIONOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENANDAREEASYTOLEADTORESONANCETHESEVENTHMODALFREQUENCYIS1485HZ,THEBENDINGANDSWINGAMPLITUDEOFTHEDISCHARGEPLATEISGREATER,OFWHICHTHEMAXIMUMDEFORMATIONREACHES425MMTHERESULTSHOWSTHATTHEINTENSITYOFTHEDISCHARGEENDISWEAKERANDTHESTRUCTUREISEASYTOBREAKTHUSTHESTRUCTUREOFDISCHARGEENDNEEDSTOBEMODIFIEDTHEEIGHTHMODALFREQUENCYIS1692HZ,THEDEFORMATIONOFCONNECTIONPARTOFTWOSIDEPLATESANDTHEFEEDENDISA778/PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE12009776–784ZYUEMINETAL

簡介：翻譯部分翻譯部分英文原文英文原文DESIGNOFBACKFILLEDTHINSEAMCOALPILLARSUSINGEARTHPRESSURETHEORY1INTRODUCTIONTHESELFADVANCINGMINERHASBEENDESIGNEDTOEXTRACTCOALFROMSEAMSLESSTHAN90CENTIMETERSTHICKTHESAMALLOWSFOREXTRACTIONOFTHEFULLSEAMHEIGHTWHILEMINIMIZINGWASTEROCK,ANDUTILIZESREMOTEOPERATIONTHATALLOWSTHEMINERTOADVANCEUPTO180M600FTINTOTHESEAMHOWEVER,THECOALSEAMSARESOTHINTHATTHERECOVERYRATESOFTHISMININGMETHODWILLBEFAIRLYLOWANDWILLDECREASERAPIDLYWITHTHEDEPTHOFMININGINORDERTOINCREASETHERECOVERYFROMTHINSEAMMINES,PILLARSMUSTBEDESIGNEDASSMALLASPOSSIBLEWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEMINEBACKFILLCANPROVIDETHESUPPORTNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHEINTEGRITYOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWORKINGSWHILEALLOWINGFORINCREASEDEXTRACTIONTHEPLACINGOFBACKFILLUNDERGROUNDHASPREDOMINANTLYBEENAPRACTICEEMPLOYEDINCUTANDFILLMINESTHOMAS,1979BACKFILLMATERIALISINTRODUCEDUNDERGROUNDINTOPREVIOUSLYMINEDSTOPESTOPROVIDEAWORKINGPLATFORMANDLOCALIZEDSUPPORT,REDUCINGTHEVOLUMEOFOPENSPACEWHICHCOULDPOTENTIALLYBEFILLEDBYACOLLAPSEOFTHESURROUNDINGPILLARSBARRETETAL,1978THEPRESENCEOFFILLINANOPENINGPREVENTSLARGESCALEMOVEMENTSANDCOLLAPSEOFOPENINGSMERELYBYOCCUPYINGVOIDSLEFTBYMININGAITCHISONETAL1973THEREFORE,THEPLACEMENTOFFILLINOPENSPACESUNDERGROUNDTENDSTOPREVENTTHEUNRAVELING/SPALLINGOFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSINTOTHEMINEDOUTSPACE,EFFECTIVELYINCREASINGTHESTRENGTH,ORLOADBEARINGCAPACITY,OFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSTHISTYPEOFSUPPORTMECHANISMNOTONLYHELPSPROVIDESUPPORTTOPILLARSANDWALLS,BUTALSOHELPSTOPREVENTCAVINGANDROOFFALLS,MINIMIZESURFACESUBSIDENCE,ANDENHANCEPILLARRECOVERYCOATES,1981ALTHOUGHTHESUPPORTCAPABILITYOFBACKFILLISWELLKNOWNITSTILLREMAINSFAIRLYDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYMODELSANDEQUATIONSFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFBACKFILLSUPPORTHAVEBEENPROPOSEDCAI,1983GUANGXUANDMAOYUAN,1983ANDPILLARBACKFILLSYSTEMSHAVEBEENMODELEDUSINGLABORATORYSETUPSINORDERTOCORRELATETHEACTUALSUPPORTBEHAVIOROFFILLWITHPROPOSEDMODELSYAMAGUCHIANDYAMATOMI,1989BLIGHTANDCLARKE,1983SWANANDBOARD,1989AITCHISONETAL,1973BUTINGENERALTHESEMODELSANDLABTESTSAREDEPENDENTONLOCALEXPERIENCEANDEMPIRICALLYDERIVEDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENBACKFILLSUPPORT,MATERIALPROPERTIES,ANDMINELEFTATTHEENDSOFTHEPANELSTOPROTECTTHECROSSCUTSFIGURE2ISACROSSSECTIONALVIEWOFTHECUTTINGFACETHEFACEEVOKESTHEHIGHWALLMINECOMPARISONTHECOALSEAMRUNSTHROUGHTHEMIDDLEOFTHEPANELANDAPORTIONOFTHEPANEL‘MATERIAL’ISLEFTABOVEANDBELOWEACHCUTTHECUTWIDTHIS3M10FTANDTHECUTHEIGHTISEQUIVALENTTOTHESEAMHEIGHTLESSTHAN90CM36INITISINTENDEDTHATASTHESAMRETREATSFROMEACHCUT,BACKFILLWILLBEEITHERHYDRAULICALLYORPNEUMATICALLYPLACEDINTHEMINEDOUTVOID3APPLICATIONOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTHEIDEATHATTHEBACKFILLSUPPORTMECHANISMDESCRIBEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONCANBEQUANTIFIEDUSINGPRINCIPLESTAKENFROMSOILMECHANICSISNOTNEWABROADUNDERSTANDINGOFFILLBEHAVIORHASALWAYSBEENDEPENDENTONKNOWLEDGEOFEARTHPRESSURESHOWEVER,EARTHPRESSURETHEORIESANDCONCEPTSHAVENOTGENERALLYBEENCONSIDEREDADEQUATEINPROPERLYQUANTIFYINGTHEMAGNITUDEOFFILLSUPPORTINUNDERGROUNDMINESLIMITEDUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHETRANSFEROFLOADSFROMTHESURROUNDINGROCKTOTHEFILLANDFRICTIONALEFFECTS,ALONGWITHMINEGEOMETRY,HAVEMADEITDIFFICULTTOAPPLYTHECONCEPTSOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTOBACKFILLSUPPORTTHOMAS,1979WHATMAKESTHECASEOFTHESAMOPERATINGINATHINSEAMCOALMINEDIFFERENTISTHECONCEPTOF‘DESIGNEDFAILURE’OFTHEPILLARSSOTHATDEFORMATIONSCAPABLEOFMOBILIZINGTHEPASSIVERESISTANCEOFTHEBACKFILLWILLOCCURFROMCIVILENGINEERINGDESIGNOFRETAININGWALLSITHASBEENSHOWNTHATTHEMOVEMENTREQUIREDTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSUREWITHININALOOSESANDYSOILIS4OFTHEWALLHEIGHTCLOUGHANDDUNCAN,1971THEDENSERTHESOIL,THELESSMOVEMENTREQUIREDAPPLYINGTHISGUIDELINETOTHETHINSEAMCOALMINEFORAPILLARHEIGHTOF90CMLATERALDEFORMATIONOFTHEPILLARMUSTBEATLEAST36CMFORALOOSE,SANDYBACKFILLTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSURECONDITIONSTHEINITIALSTAGESOFPILLARFAILUREMAYNOTPRODUCEMOVEMENTSTHATLARGE,BUTOVERTIMECREEPDEFORMATIONWILLALMOSTCERTAINLY

簡介：BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT362001939–948WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BUILDENVSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMANALYSISUTILISINGUNSTEADY?OWTHEORYSARTHUR?,JASWA?ELDDEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGENGINEERINGANDSURVEYING,HERIOTWATTUNIVERSITY,EDINBURGH,SCOTLAND,EH144AS,UKRECEIVED17APRIL2000RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM17APRIL2000ACCEPTED12JUNE2000ABSTRACTOVERTHEPASTTHREEYEARSAUKEPSRCRESEARCHPROGRAMMEHASBEENUNDERWAYATHERIOTWATTUNIVERSITYINVESTIGATINGSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERSYSTEMSTHISTEXTAIMSTOREPORTTHEPRINCIPLE?NDINGSOFTHEPROJECTTODATEABRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFEXPERIMENTALANDNUMERICALAIMSISGIVENTHEPRIMINGPROCEDUREWHICHOCCURSINANIDEALISEDSYSTEMISDOCUMENTEDTHETESTPROCEDURESEMPLOYEDAREDESCRIBED,ANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREILLUSTRATEDTHEFRAMEWORKEMPLOYEDTONUMERICALLYMODELTHEAMBIENTHYDRAULICSISDESCRIBEDINSOMEDETAILEDCONCLUSIONSAREDRAWNREGARDINGTHEOPERATIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERSYSTEMSASAWHOLEC?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSROOFDRAINAGESIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMMETHODOFCHARACTERISTICS1BACKGROUNDSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSHAVEBEENINEXISTENCEFORAPPROXIMATELY30YEARSINTHISTIME,THECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHASBEENGRADUALLYPERSUADEDBYTHEBENE?TSWHICHTHESESYSTEMSO?ERWHENCOMPAREDTOTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHMUCHOFTHESEBENE?TSARISEFROMTHEFACTTHATSYSTEMSCANBECOMEDEPRESSURISEDHOWEVER,MUCHOFTHEDESIREDBENE?TSONLYARISEATTHEDESIGNCONDITIONTYPICALLYASTORMWITHARETURNPERIODINEXCESSOF30YEARSWHENTHEAPPLICATIONWASBEINGMADEFORTHEWORKREPORTED,ITWASRECOGNISEDTHATTHEOVERWHELMINGMAJORITYOFRAINFALLEVENTSANYSIPHONICSYSTEMWOULDHAVETODRAINWOULDBEWELLBELOWTHEDESIGNCONDITIONTHIS,COUPLEDWITHREPORTSOFSIPHONICSYSTEMFAILURES,CONVINCEDTHEINVESTIGATORSTHATTHISWASANAREAWORTHYOFFUTURERESEARCH2AIMSANDOBJECTIVESOFRESEARCHSIPHONICRAINWATERDRAINAGEDEPENDSUPONTHEESTABLISHMENTOFFULLBORE?OWWITHINTHEPIPENETWORKLINKINGROOFCOLLECTIONOUTLETSTOTHESTORMSEWERTHERE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSSARTHURHWACUKSARTHURPLACEMENTOFCONVENTIONALMULTIPLEDOWNPIPESBYANETWORKOFCLOSEDCONDUITSO?ERSSIGNI?CANTADVANTAGESTOTHEBUILDINGDESIGNER,ASEVIDENCEDBYTHEINCREASINGINSTALLATIONOFSUCHSYSTEMSINBUILDINGSSUCHASAIRPORTTERMINALS,LARGEWAREHOUSESANDPRESTIGEO?CEDEVELOPMENTSHOWEVER,THEESTABLISHMENTOFSIPHONICACTIONDEPENDSUPONTHEMATCHINGOFTHENETWORKTOTHEEXPECTEDSTORMHYETOGRAPHANDTHEMAINTENANCEOFSIPHONICCONDITIONSTHROUGHOUTTHESTORMEVENTONLYONESTORMMATCHESANYPARTICULARSYSTEMERRORSINDESIGNMAYLEADTOSYSTEMSOPERATINGINANINE?CIENT,NONSIPHONICMODE,ORTOINSUF?CIENTCAPACITY?OODINGGENERATIONOFNEGATIVEPRESSURETRANSIENTSMAYLEADTOSYSTEMFAILUREDUETOPIPEWALLCOLLAPSE1WHILESIPHONICSYSTEMSHAVEBEENINSTALLEDINTHEUKOVERTHEPASTDECADE,THEREISNORECOGNISEDDESIGNSTANDARD,ANDSYSTEMDESIGNISBASEDONSTEADYSTATECALCULATIONSWHICHASSUMEANEARINSTANTANEOUSSTEADYFULLBOREENTRAINEDAIRFREE?OWTHEAIMOFTHEWORKREPORTEDWASTODEVELOPANUNSTEADY?OWMODELWHICHCOULDSIMULATECONDITIONSWITHINANIDEALISEDSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERDRAINAGESYSTEMDRIVENBYASTORMHYETOGRAPHDURINGPRIMINGTHISWOULDENABLE?OWCONDITIONSWITHINTHERAINWATERDRAINAGESYSTEMTOBEREPRESENTEDWITHINAIDEALISEDSIPHONICDRAINAGESYSTEM,FROMINITIALFREESURFACE?OWASTHESTORMDEVELOPS,THROUGHATWOPHASE?OWSTAGE,WHILEAIRENTERTAINED,ORINITIALLYPRESENT,INTHESYSTEMIS?USHEDOUT,UNTILTHEFULLBORE?OW03601323/01/SEEFRONTMATTERC?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0360132300000494SARTHUR,JASWA?ELD/BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT362001939–948941FIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFATESTRIGCON?GURATIONILLUSTRATINGTHEMAINDIMENSIONSFIG2AMBIENTPRESSURESINTHESYSTEMFORASTEADYGUTTERIN?OWRATEOF42OFTHEMEASUREDCAPACITYOFTHESYSTEMILLUSTRATEDINFIG1THE?GUREILLUSTRATESHOW,UNDERPARTICULARCONDITIONS,ACYCLICPRESSUREREGIMEMAYBEESTABLISHEDINTHESYSTEMTHEFREQUENCYOFTHECYCLICRESPONSEOFTHESYSTEMISRELATEDTOTHERATEOFIN?OW,ANDTHELENGTHSOFTHEHORIZONTALANDVERTICALPIPEWORK5CURRENTDESIGNPRACTICECURRENTLY,SIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSAREDESIGNEDTOACCOMMODATEASPECI?EDSTORMWHICH?LLS,ANDPRIMES,THEWHOLESYSTEMRAPIDLYWITH100WATERTHISASSUMPTIONMEANSTHATTHESYSTEMMAYBEDESIGNEDEASILYUSINGELEMENTARYSTEADYSTATEHYDRAULICRELATIONSHIPSTHESTEADY?OWENERGYEQUATIONISUSEDALMOSTUNIVERSALLY3ASTHEBACKBONEOFTHEDESIGNPROCEDUREFORSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSTHEPRESSUREDROPBETWEENANYTWOPOINTSXANDYCANBEDETERMINEDUSING?HQ22GA2Z?POINTX??HQ22GA2Z?POINTY?HXY1THEPRESSUREDROPBETWEENTWOPOINTS,?HXY,ISACCOUNTEDFORBYLOSSESDUETOTHEHYDRAULICRESISTANCEOFTHEPIPEWALLSANDADDITIONALLOSSESDUETO?TTINGSWHERETHESEAREPRESENTTHEDESIGNAPPROACHOUTLINEDABOVEWASUSEDTOESTIMATETHE?OWCAPACITYANDPRESSUREDISTRIBUTIONFORA

簡介：翻譯部分翻譯部分英文原文英文原文DESIGNOFBACKFILLEDTHINSEAMCOALPILLARSUSINGEARTHPRESSURETHEORY1INTRODUCTIONTHESELFADVANCINGMINERHASBEENDESIGNEDTOEXTRACTCOALFROMSEAMSLESSTHAN90CENTIMETERSTHICKTHESAMALLOWSFOREXTRACTIONOFTHEFULLSEAMHEIGHTWHILEMINIMIZINGWASTEROCK,ANDUTILIZESREMOTEOPERATIONTHATALLOWSTHEMINERTOADVANCEUPTO180M600FTINTOTHESEAMHOWEVER,THECOALSEAMSARESOTHINTHATTHERECOVERYRATESOFTHISMININGMETHODWILLBEFAIRLYLOWANDWILLDECREASERAPIDLYWITHTHEDEPTHOFMININGINORDERTOINCREASETHERECOVERYFROMTHINSEAMMINES,PILLARSMUSTBEDESIGNEDASSMALLASPOSSIBLEWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEMINEBACKFILLCANPROVIDETHESUPPORTNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHEINTEGRITYOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWORKINGSWHILEALLOWINGFORINCREASEDEXTRACTIONTHEPLACINGOFBACKFILLUNDERGROUNDHASPREDOMINANTLYBEENAPRACTICEEMPLOYEDINCUTANDFILLMINESTHOMAS,1979BACKFILLMATERIALISINTRODUCEDUNDERGROUNDINTOPREVIOUSLYMINEDSTOPESTOPROVIDEAWORKINGPLATFORMANDLOCALIZEDSUPPORT,REDUCINGTHEVOLUMEOFOPENSPACEWHICHCOULDPOTENTIALLYBEFILLEDBYACOLLAPSEOFTHESURROUNDINGPILLARSBARRETETAL,1978THEPRESENCEOFFILLINANOPENINGPREVENTSLARGESCALEMOVEMENTSANDCOLLAPSEOFOPENINGSMERELYBYOCCUPYINGVOIDSLEFTBYMININGAITCHISONETAL1973THEREFORE,THEPLACEMENTOFFILLINOPENSPACESUNDERGROUNDTENDSTOPREVENTTHEUNRAVELING/SPALLINGOFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSINTOTHEMINEDOUTSPACE,EFFECTIVELYINCREASINGTHESTRENGTH,ORLOADBEARINGCAPACITY,OFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSTHISTYPEOFSUPPORTMECHANISMNOTONLYHELPSPROVIDESUPPORTTOPILLARSANDWALLS,BUTALSOHELPSTOPREVENTCAVINGANDROOFFALLS,MINIMIZESURFACESUBSIDENCE,ANDENHANCEPILLARRECOVERYCOATES,1981ALTHOUGHTHESUPPORTCAPABILITYOFBACKFILLISWELLKNOWNITSTILLREMAINSFAIRLYDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYMODELSANDEQUATIONSFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFBACKFILLSUPPORTHAVEBEENPROPOSEDCAI,1983GUANGXUANDMAOYUAN,1983ANDPILLARBACKFILLSYSTEMSHAVEBEENMODELEDUSINGLABORATORYSETUPSINORDERTOCORRELATETHEACTUALSUPPORTBEHAVIOROFFILLWITHPROPOSEDMODELSYAMAGUCHIANDYAMATOMI,1989BLIGHTANDCLARKE,1983SWANANDBOARD,1989AITCHISONETAL,1973BUTINGENERALTHESEMODELSANDLABTESTSAREDEPENDENTONLOCALEXPERIENCEANDEMPIRICALLYDERIVEDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENBACKFILLSUPPORT,MATERIALPROPERTIES,ANDMINELEFTATTHEENDSOFTHEPANELSTOPROTECTTHECROSSCUTSFIGURE2ISACROSSSECTIONALVIEWOFTHECUTTINGFACETHEFACEEVOKESTHEHIGHWALLMINECOMPARISONTHECOALSEAMRUNSTHROUGHTHEMIDDLEOFTHEPANELANDAPORTIONOFTHEPANEL‘MATERIAL’ISLEFTABOVEANDBELOWEACHCUTTHECUTWIDTHIS3M10FTANDTHECUTHEIGHTISEQUIVALENTTOTHESEAMHEIGHTLESSTHAN90CM36INITISINTENDEDTHATASTHESAMRETREATSFROMEACHCUT,BACKFILLWILLBEEITHERHYDRAULICALLYORPNEUMATICALLYPLACEDINTHEMINEDOUTVOID3APPLICATIONOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTHEIDEATHATTHEBACKFILLSUPPORTMECHANISMDESCRIBEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONCANBEQUANTIFIEDUSINGPRINCIPLESTAKENFROMSOILMECHANICSISNOTNEWABROADUNDERSTANDINGOFFILLBEHAVIORHASALWAYSBEENDEPENDENTONKNOWLEDGEOFEARTHPRESSURESHOWEVER,EARTHPRESSURETHEORIESANDCONCEPTSHAVENOTGENERALLYBEENCONSIDEREDADEQUATEINPROPERLYQUANTIFYINGTHEMAGNITUDEOFFILLSUPPORTINUNDERGROUNDMINESLIMITEDUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHETRANSFEROFLOADSFROMTHESURROUNDINGROCKTOTHEFILLANDFRICTIONALEFFECTS,ALONGWITHMINEGEOMETRY,HAVEMADEITDIFFICULTTOAPPLYTHECONCEPTSOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTOBACKFILLSUPPORTTHOMAS,1979WHATMAKESTHECASEOFTHESAMOPERATINGINATHINSEAMCOALMINEDIFFERENTISTHECONCEPTOF‘DESIGNEDFAILURE’OFTHEPILLARSSOTHATDEFORMATIONSCAPABLEOFMOBILIZINGTHEPASSIVERESISTANCEOFTHEBACKFILLWILLOCCURFROMCIVILENGINEERINGDESIGNOFRETAININGWALLSITHASBEENSHOWNTHATTHEMOVEMENTREQUIREDTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSUREWITHININALOOSESANDYSOILIS4OFTHEWALLHEIGHTCLOUGHANDDUNCAN,1971THEDENSERTHESOIL,THELESSMOVEMENTREQUIREDAPPLYINGTHISGUIDELINETOTHETHINSEAMCOALMINEFORAPILLARHEIGHTOF90CMLATERALDEFORMATIONOFTHEPILLARMUSTBEATLEAST36CMFORALOOSE,SANDYBACKFILLTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSURECONDITIONSTHEINITIALSTAGESOFPILLARFAILUREMAYNOTPRODUCEMOVEMENTSTHATLARGE,BUTOVERTIMECREEPDEFORMATIONWILLALMOSTCERTAINLY