簡介：身份證英文翻譯模板身份證英文翻譯模板正面（FRONTSIDE）背面（BACKSIDE）姓名NAMEXXXX性別SEXFEMALE/MALE民族ETHNICITYHAN出生DATEOFBIRTH18/03/1993住址RESIDENTIALADDRESSNOXUNITX,NOX,XXXSTREET,XXXDISTRICT,XXX,XXXPROVINCECITIZENIDNUMBERXXXXXXXXXXXXX中國人民共和國居民身份證CITIZENIDENTITYCARDOFTHEPEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINA簽發(fā)機(jī)關(guān)XX省XX市XX區(qū)（縣）公安局AUTHORITYPUBLICSECURITYSUBBUREAUOFXXDISTRICT（COUNTY），XXCITY，XXPROVINCE有限期限2008031220180312VALIDTHROUGH2008031220180312東鄉(xiāng)DONGXIANG/SARTA高山（這是大陸叫法，是個(gè)統(tǒng)稱。臺灣原住民有若干族系，因此臺灣早已不用這個(gè)稱呼。姑且按大陸漢語拼音寫作GAOSHAN。）拉祜族LAHU/LADHULL水SHUI/SUI佤VA納西NAKHI羌QIANG土MONGUOR仫佬MULAO/MULAM錫伯XIBE/SIBE/SIBO柯爾克孜KYRGYZ/KHALKHAS達(dá)斡爾DAUR景頗JINGPO/JINGHPAW毛南MAONAN/ANAN撒拉SALAR布朗BLANG塔吉克TAJIK/TADZHIK阿昌ACHANG/NGACANG普米PUMI/PRIMI鄂溫克EVENK/EVENKI怒NU京KINH基諾JINO德昂DEANG/PALAUNG保安BONAN俄羅斯RUSSIAN裕固YUGHUR

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簡介：精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上專心專注專業(yè)HOUSEHOLDREGISTERUNDERSUPERVISIONOFTHEMINISTRYOFPUBLICSECURITYOFPRCPOINTSFORATTENTION1THEHOUSEHOLDREGISTERHASALEGALFORCETOIDENTIFYTHESTATUSOFACITIZENANDTHERELATIONSHIPOFFAMILYMEMBERSITISAMAINBASISFORTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONOFFICETOMAKERESIDENCEINVESTIGATIONANDCHECKWHENTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONOFFICEMAKESRESIDENCEINVESTIGATIONANDCHECK,THEHOUSEHOLDERORANYONEOFTHEFAMILYMEMBERSSHALLBRINGFORTHONHIS/HEROWNINITIATIVETHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTER2THEHOUSEHOLDREGISTERSHALLBEUNDERPROPERKEEPOFTHEHOUSEHOLDERNOALTER,TRANSFERANDLEASEISALLOWEDTHELOSSOFTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTERMUSTBEREPORTEDTOTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONOFFICEPROMPTLY3ONLYTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONOFFICEHASTHEPOWERTOMAKEREGISTRATIONONTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTERNOANYOTHERUNITSANDINDIVIDUALSAREALLOWEDTOMAKEANYRECORDSONIT4ANYINCREASEORDECREASEOFFAMILYMEMBERSINTHEHOUSEHOLDORANYALTERATIONOFTHEREGISTRATIONITEMSSHALLBEREGISTEREDONTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTERBYREPORTINGTOTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONOFFICE5IFTHEWHOLEFAMILYHASMOVEDOUTOFTHEJURISDICTIONALAREAOFTHERESIDENCE,THEHOUSEHOLDREGISTERSHALLBESUBMITTEDTOTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONOFFICEFORCANCELLATIONBASICINFORMATIONOFHOUSEHOLDRESIDENCETYPENONAGRICULTURERESIDENCENAMEOFTHEHOUSEOWNERRESIDENCENUMBERADDRESSCERTIFIEDSEALOFREGISTRATIONOFFICEPUBLICSECURITYBUREAUOFCHONGQINGSEALEDONLYFORHOUSEHOLDREGISTERCERTIFICATEAUTHORIZEDADMINISTRATORXIEJIAWANPOLICESTATIONSEALEDONLYFORHOUSEHOLDREGISTERCERTIFICATEREGISTRATIONOFFICERWANGHUAHUA（SEALED）ISSUEDATECOMMENTEDA1RIGHTS精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上專心專注專業(yè)CHANGEOFADDRESSREGISTRATIONCHANGEADDRESSDATEOFCHANGEREGISTRATIONOFFICERREGISTRATIONRECORDSFORTHERESIDENTNAMEOWNERORRELATIONSWITHTHEOWNERFORMERNAMEGENDERPLACEOFBIRTHETHNICGROUPHANNATIVEPLACEDATEOFBIRTHOTHERADDRESSRELIGIONCITIZENIDNOHEIGHTBLOODTYPEEDUCATIONLEVELMARITALSTATUSMILITARYSERVICECOMPANYOCCUPATIONPREVIOUSADDRESSANDTHEDATEOFMOVEINTOCITY/TOWNPREVIOUSADDRESSANDTHEDATEOFMOVINGINTOPRESENTADDRESSREGISTRATIONOFFICERISSUEDDATE

簡介：CHOICEOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORRESIDENTIALSTRATADEVELOPMENTSINSINGAPORETHISSECTIONPRESENTSACASESTUDYOFTWORESIDENTIALSTRATADEVELOPMENTSINSINGAPORE–REFERREDTOHEREAS“STRATADEVELOPMENTA”AND“STRATADEVELOPMENTB”THECASESTUDYPROVIDESINSIGHTSINTOTHETWODEVELOPMENTS’CHOICEOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDITSIMPLICATIONSBASEDONINTERVIEWSWITHTHEPROPERTYMANAGERANDMANAGINGAGENTOFTHETWODEVELOPMENTS,THEDIFFERENTPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSAREEXAMINEDTOESTABLISHHOWAPPROPRIATEANDSUITABLETHEYAREFOREACHSTRATADEVELOPMENTTHESEPROVIDEVALUABLELESSONSFOROTHERRESIDENTIALSTRATADEVELOPMENTSONTHEIMPLICATIONSOFEACHPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMCHOICEOFRESIDENTIALSTRATADEVELOPMENTSFORCASESTUDYTHETWODEVELOPMENTSWERESELECTEDFORTHECASESTUDYBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGCRITERIALOCATIONTHETWOSTRATDEVELOPMENTSARELOCATEDINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOEACHOTHERINAPRIMERESIDENTIALAREAINSINGAPOREASSUCHTHEYSHARESIMILARLOCATIONALATTRIBUTESLIKEDISTANCETOAMENITIESANDACCESSTOPUBLICTRANSPORTAGETHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHETWOSTRATADEVELOPMENTSWERECOMPLETEDAROUNDTHESAMETIMESTRATADEVELOPMENTAIN1977ANDSTRATADEVELOPMENTBIN1979THEIMPLICATIONOFTHEAGEOFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTSISTHATITPROVIDESAGOODCOMPARISONWITHREGARDTOTHEPHYSICALDETERIORATIONANDTHEEXTENTOFUPKEEPANDMAINTENANCEREQUIREDFORBOTHOFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTSTENURETHETWOSTRATADEVELOPMENTSSHARESIMILARTENURES–BOTHHOLD999YEARLEASEHOLDTITLESDIFFERENTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSSTRATADEVELOPMENTAHASALWAYSEMPLOYEDANINHOUSEMANAGEMENTTEAMFORTHEIRSTRATADEVELOPMENT,OFFICERANADMINISTRATIVEOFFICERANDTWOACCOUNTSOFFICERSINADDITIONTHEPROPERTYOFFICERLEADSATEAMOFSIXMAINTENANCESTAFFTHATTAKECAREOFTHEDAILYPHYSICALMAINTENANCEOFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTINCLUDINGTHEPERIODICSERVICINGOFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENT’SWATERTANKSANDPUMPSANDREPLACEMENTANDREPAIROFANYFAULTYELECTRICALDEVICESTHECHIEFSECURITYOFFICERLEADSATEAMOFSIXTEENSECURITYGUARDSWHOSEJOBINCLUDESTHEMANNINGOFTHEDEVELOPMENT’STHREEENTRYEXITPOINTSANDTHEPATROLLINGOFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTTOENSURETHESAFETYOFTHERESIDENTSINTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTTHEONLYASPECTOFTHERUNNINGOFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTWHICHISNOTHANDLEDBYTHEINHOUSEMANAGEMENTTEAMISCLEANINGANDWASTEDISPOSALWHICHISSUBCONTRACTEDTOANEXTERNALCLEANING2COMPANYBYHAVINGTHEENTIRETEAMUNDERTHEDIRECTEMPLOYMENTOFTHEMANAGEMENTCORPORATIONTHEISSUEOFCOMMANDANDCONTROLISMOREEFFICACIOUSASWHENCOMPAREDTOTHESITUATIONIFTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTWASRUNBYAMANAGINGAGENTBYHAVINGALLTHESTAFFREPORTTOHIMTHEPROPERTYMANAGERHASABETTERGRASPOFTHEDAYTODAYHAPPENINGSINTHESTRATADEVELOPMENTWITHTHISOVERVIEWHEISABLETORESPONDMOREQUICKLYTOSITUATIONSOREMERGENCIESTHATARISETHEPROPERTYMANAGERALSOPOINTEDOUTTHATINHISEXPERIENCEATTHEDEVELOPMENTBEYONDTHEPHYSICALASPECTSOFRUNNINGANINHOUSEMANAGEMENTTEAM,HEHASFOUNDTHATTHESTAFFINTHETEAMDEMONSTRATEAHIGHDEGREEOFCOMMITMENTANDLOYALTYTOTHEIREMPLOYERTHISMAYBECONTRASTEDWITHASTRATADEVELOPMENTMANAGEDBYAMANAGINGAGENTWHERETHESTAFFAREEMPLOYEDBYTHEMANAGINGAGENT’SFIRMANDTYPICALLYROTATEDBETWEENDEVELOPMENTSINSUCHACASEITISMORELIKELYTHATTHEIRCOMMITMENTISDIRECTEDTOWARDSTHEIREMPLOYERTHEMANAGINGAGENT’SFIRMRATHERTHANTOTHEMANAGEMENTCOUNCILSTHATTHEYAREASSIGNEDTOWORKWITHWHICHMAYINTURNCHANGEFROMTIMETOTIMETHESTUDYOFSTRATADEVELOPMENTAALSOREVEALSTHATTHEEMPLOYMENTOFANINHOUSEMANAGEMENTTEAMNOTONLYALLOWSBUT

簡介：附錄THESPINTESTERFORTHEAUTOMOBILECLUTCHTESTWITHHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYSYSTEMABSTRACTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWTYPESPINTESTERFORTHEAUTOMOBILECLUTCHTESTISINTRODUCEDAVERTICALFLEXIBLESHAFTSYSTEMWITHRUBBERDAMPERISAPPLIEDTOTHETESTERTHECRUSHINGTESTOFTHECLUTCHASSEMBLYCANBEDONEFREQUENTLYONTHESPINTESTER,ANDTHEHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYSYSTEMADOPTINGORDINARYCAMERACANRECORDTHECRUSHINGWINKTHECRUSHINGTESTOFACLUTCHONTHISTESTERISALSOINTRODUCEDANDTHEWEAKLINKOFTHECLUTCHASSEMBLYCANBEFOUNDFROMTHEPHOTOGRAPHOFCRUSHINGWINKKEYWORDSSPINTESTERAUTOMOBILECLUTCHHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYCLUTCHBYGLANDASSEMBLYANDPLATENASSEMBLYWHICH,INTHEIRROTATIONSTRENGTHISTHEKEYPARTSOFTHEQUALITYEVALUATIONCARISANIMPORTANTINDEX,RULESANDREGULATIONSSHOULDBEACCELERATIONINTHEIRSTATEOFTHEROTATINGSPEEDISHIGHERTHANSPEEDINGSTRENGTHTESTTODETERMINETHESAFETYANDRELIABILITYOFTHECLUTCHDISCFOREXAMPLE,SANTANACLUTCHDISCASSEMBLYANDDRIVENPLATETOTALCHENGDUINORDINARYTEMPERATUREREQUIREMENTSINARAD/S2ACCELERATIONOF50ACCTO12000R/MIN,ANDPLATENASSEMBLYALSOREQUIRESINHIGHTEMPERATURE250℃ATARAD/S2ACCELERATIONOF50ACCTO10000R/MINWITHOUTFRACTURETHESETESTSREQUIREINTHESPECIALIZEDTESTINGMACHINEATPRESENT,THEDOMESTICISNOCLUTCHASSEMBLYSTRENGTHTESTONTHESPECIALEQUIPMENTTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEAUTHORDEVELOPEDAVERTICALMULTIFUNCTIONOFCLUTCHROTATINGSTRENGTHTESTERSEECHART1ITHASASTRONGDRIVEABILITY1,CANGENERATEENOUGHACCELERATION,THEMAXIMUMWEIGHT50KG,WITHTHEHIGHESTSPEED18000R/MIN,MAXIMUMACCELERATION20RADPI/S2THECLUTCHASSEMBLYSTRENGTHTEST2THESTRONGVIBRATIONABSORBERSYSTEM,TOABSORBTHECLUTCHASSEMBLYHIGHSPEEDROTATINGVIBRATIONENERGY3THERELIABLEANDSTEADYAUTOMATIONCONTROLSYSTEMANDABSOLUTESAFETYOFLEADBRICKPROTECTIONRECESSED4TOOBSERVETHECLUTCHASSEMBLYROTATIONEXPERIMENTPROCESSANDTHERUPTUREINSTANTANEOUSSTATESURVEILLANCEANDHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYSYSTEMTOALLSORTSOFCLUTCHASSEMBLY,THEMACHINECANSTRENGTHTEST,ESPECIALLYFORHIGHSPEEDCANBEFREQUENTLYDODESTRUCTIVETESTING,USECONVENIENT,SAFEANDRELIABLEFIGURE2RUBBERDAMPERWITHFLEXIBLESHAFT12THECLUTCHASSEMBLYDAMAGEMOMENTSOFHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYSYSTEMTHECLUTCHASSEMBLYBYMANYPARTSASSEMBLYANDBECOME,THEPARTSQUALITYISDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEQUALITYOFTHEASSEMBLYIFCANTHROUGHTHEHIGHSPEEDSTRENGTHTESTFINDASSEMBLYPARTSTHEWEAKLINKS,HADBETTERBETOBEINTESTCHAMBERTOTAKETHEPARTSASSEMBLYBYDEFORMATIONANDDESTRUCTIONANDYIELDSPREADTOTHEWHOLEPROCESSOF,THATWILLBEVERYSIGNIFICANTALTHOUGHCURRENTLYNOTATACLOSERANGEINADVANCE,DONOTKNOWWHENTHECLUTCHASSEMBLYOFTHEDAMAGEHAPPENEDPRODUCEDHIGHSPEEDTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFDESTRUCTION,BUTTHEYCANTAKETODESTROYTHEMOMENTALONEPHOTOSFOREIGNISWIDELYACCEPTEDINTHESPECIMENOUTSIDETRIGGERCOILROTORSET,ASTHEROTORFLYCRACK,DEBRISFLYINGOUTOFLINE,METTRIGGERTRIGGERCIRCUITTRIGGEREDBYHIGHSPEEDCAMERASHUTTEROPEN,TOOKADAMAGETHEIMAGEOFTHEROTORMOMENTOBVIOUSLYTHISDESIGNREQUIREMENTSMUSTHAVETAKENTHECAMERAVERYHIGHSPEEDFOREXAMPLETHECLUTCHASSEMBLYDESTRUCTIONSPEEDTHAN10000R/MIN,THELINEARVELOCITYINTHE200M/SABOVE,IFWANTTOTAKECLEARDEBRISFLYINGOUTOFTHEINSTANTANEOUSMOVEMENTCONDITIONWHEN,CAPTUREDFRAGMENTSOFTHEDISTANCEFROMTHE2MMMOVINGIMAGESSO,THECAMERAATLEASTSHOULDHAVET2MM/200M/S1X105SSHOOTINGSPEED,FORORDINARYCAMERAITISCLEARLYTHEDEFICITSINORDERTOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,WEDEVELOPEDACOMMONCAMERASWITHTHEHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYINTHETECHNOLOGY,WITHTHECLUTCHHIGHSPEEDSTRENGTHTESTMACHINE,TOOKTHECLUTCHASSEMBLYDESTRUCTIONOFPHOTOGRAPHSTHEMOMENTTHEHIGHSPEEDPHOTOGRAPHYWORKPRINCIPLEOFTHESYSTEMISSHOWNINFIGURE3THESPECIFICPRACTICESFORORDINARYCAMERA,WILLCOVERTHEWINDOWSINTESTINGMACHINEINTHEDARKNESSOFTHETESTCHAMBEROUTSIDE,OPENSHUTTER,INADVANCEFORSHOOTINGSTATEATTHESAMETIME,ADDTHEREARCOVEROUTSIDETHEWINDOWBETWEENTHETWOSTEELBALLMUST

簡介：江蘇省蘇州市2021年中考一模英語試題精選匯編句子翻譯專題江蘇省常熟市2021年中考英語一模試題六、句子翻譯（共5小題；每小題3分，滿分15分）將下列句子翻譯成英語，并將所譯句子寫在答題卷上標(biāo)有題號的橫線上。48LINDA離開蘇州多久了▲49和你的鄰居友好相處是必要的。▲50我想知道這個(gè)節(jié)目是否會現(xiàn)場直播?！?1這個(gè)小女孩別無選擇只能向媽媽求助了。▲52大自然如此重要，我們應(yīng)該理智地保護(hù)它?！?8HOWLONGHASLINDABEENAWAYFROMSUZHOU49ITISNECESSARYTOGETONWELLWITHYOURNEIGHBOURS50IWONDERIFTHEPROGRAMWILLBECOVEREDLIVE51THELITTLEGIRLHADNOCHOICEBUTTOASKHERMOTHERFORHELP52NATUREISSOIMPORTANTTHATWESHOULDPROTECTITWISELY江蘇省蘇州市吳中、吳江、相城區(qū)2021年中考英語一模試題第六部分句子翻譯（共5小題；每小題3分,滿分15分）將下列句子譯成英語,并將所譯句子寫在答題卡標(biāo)有題號的橫線上。48他們找到了那個(gè)失蹤的小女孩嗎49學(xué)好英語能幫助我們更好地了解世界。50學(xué)生不允許將手機(jī)帶入教室。51,我不確定他是否對這個(gè)房間的顏色感到滿意。52袁隆平是如此偉大的一位科學(xué)家,我們都非常尊敬他。六、句子翻譯48HAVETHEYFOUNDTHEMISSINGLITTLEGIRL52中國在高速鐵路的建造上已經(jīng)取得了多么令人驚嘆的進(jìn)步啊48THATDOCTORISSOKINDTHATHEISALWAYSWILLINGTOHELPOTHERS49DON’TLEAVETHETAPON/RUNNINGWHENYOUBRUSH/AREBRUSHINGYOURTEETH50HEISNOTONLYTHEWISESTTEACHERINOURSCHOOL,BUTALSOOURCLOSESTFRIEND51NOWTHEIRGROUPAREDISCUSSINGWHETHERTHEPROJECTISWORTHCARRYINGON52WHATAMAZINGPROGRESSCHINAHASMADEINBUILDINGHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYS江蘇省蘇州市姑蘇區(qū)七校聯(lián)考2021年九年級第一次模擬英語試卷六、中譯英（本題共5小題；每小題3分，滿分15分）48這學(xué)期這個(gè)男孩在英語方面已經(jīng)取得了很大的進(jìn)步?！?9你能告訴我這樣潮濕的天氣將持續(xù)多久▲50他們寧愿依靠自己也不指望別人。▲51直到戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，他才被迫離開了家鄉(xiāng)?！?2把這么多的時(shí)間投入到做慈善工作上是值得的。▲六、中譯英48THEBOYHASMADEGREAT/MUCHPROGRESSINENGLISHTHISTERM49CANYOUTELLMEHOWLONGSUCHWETWEATHERWILLLAST50THEYWOULDRATHERDEPENDONTHEMSELVESTHANEXPECTOTHERS51HEWASN’TFORCEDTOLEAVEHISHOMETOWNUNTILTHEWARBROKEOUT52ITISWORTHDEVOTINGSOMUCHTIMETODOINGCHARITYWORK

簡介：外文原文ABSTRACTDIEDESIGNINGISADEMANDINGANDHARDWORK．TODESIGNASEPARATEDIEFOREACHPRODUCTISTIMECONSUMINGANDEXPENSIVETASK．THISPAPERPRESENTSANIDEAOFSETSOFSTANDARDREFERENCEDIES．ITGIVESACONCEPTOFFLEXIBLEDIEDESIGNINGUSINGAREFERENCESTANDARDDIEDESIGNEDINAPOPULARCOMMERCIALCAD／CAMSOFTWAREPRO／ENGINEER．RATHERTHANDESIGNINGASEPARATEDIEFOREACHPART，JUSTUPDATETHEDIEDESIGNBYSELECTINGTHEDIEDIMENSIONSASREQUIRED．THEUSEOFTHISCONCEPTWILLPROVETOREDUCETIMEANDCOSTOFPRODUCTINMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY．KEYWORDSDIE；FLEXIBLEDIEDESIGNINGSYSTEM；STANDARDIZATION；PRO/E；SECONDARYDEVELOPMENTATPRESENT,THEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSINTHEMOLDINDUSTRYHASBEENGRADUALLYSTANDARDIZEANDSERIALIZATIONINCHINA,ALTHOUGHTHEMAJORITYDIEWITHINTHEENTERPRISESHAVEBUSINESSSTANDARDS,BUTGENERALLYNOTHIGHDEGREEOFSTANDARDIZATION,STANDARDIZATIONOFSTAMPINGDIEINTHEDIELIMITEDPARTSOFTHEPARTSTOACHIEVEREALSAVINGSSTAMPINGDIEDESIGNTIMEANDSHORTENTHEPROCESSINGCYCLE,COSTSAVINGS,REDUCEDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGSTAFFWORKLOADPURPOSES,ITNEEDSTODEVELOPAFLEXIBLESTAMPINGDIEDESIGNSYSTEMATTHESAMETIME,STAMPINGDIESERIALIZATIONOFTHESCOPEOFSTANDARDIZATIONANDCANNOTBECONFINEDTODIEPARTOFTHEFIXEDPANELS,BOARDS,THETOPPLATEUNLOADINGDEVICECOMMONLYUSEDCOMPONENTSSUCHASSTAMPINGOREVENDIESTRUCTURE,WESHOULDACHIEVESERIALIZATIONANDSTANDARDIZATIONASCAD/CAMTECHNOLOGYINTHEDESIGNANDMANUFACTUREDIEINTHECOURSEOFEXTENSIVEAPPLICATION,ITSHOULDFIRSTBESTANDARDIZEDSTAMPINGDIEFROMTHECADSYSTEMBEGANSOMELARGESCALECOMMERCIALIZATIONOFTHECAD/CAMSOFTWARE,SUCHASPRO/E,UG,ANDSOONHAVEDEVELOPEDASPECIALIZEDINJECTIONMOLDDESIGNPACKAGEANDSTAMPINGDIEDESIGNFORTHESPECIALSOFTWARE,USERSNEEDTOBEDEVELOPEDLTHEAPPLICATIONTOOLSPRO/EINSTAMPINGDIEDESIGNFLEXIBILITYINTHESYSTEMDEVELOPMENTPRO/ENGINEERBYTHEUNITEDSTATESHASDEVELOPEDASETOFPTCCAD/CAM/CAESOFTWAREPRO/EUSINGASINGLEDATABASEANDFEATUREBASED,THEDESIGNPARAMETERSOFTHEMODEL,PROVIDESUSERSWITH1THEDEVELOPMENTISVERYCONVENIENTFORSTAMPINGDIEFLEXIBLESYSTEMOFTOOLSJUICE11FAMILYTABLEFANAILYFABLEKNOWNASTHEFAMILYTABLE,THESTRUCTUREUSEDTOCREATETHESAMEORSIMILARPARTSOFTHESIZEANDCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESTANDARDIZEDDATABASETABLES,ISDEVOTEDTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFASTANDARDPARTSLIBRARYTOOLTHEUSEOFTHEFORMERPARTSRELATIONSBETWEENTHEASSEMBLYANDPARTSASSEMBLYINTHEPRESENCEOFMIDDLEANUMBEROFFEATURES13PRO／PROGRAMPRO/PROGRAMPROGRAMISTHEPRO/EOFAPROCEDURALTOOL,SIMILARTOITSGRAMMARVBAANDOFFICESOFTWAREINTHEMACROACERWHENUSERSUSEOFPRO/ENGINEERTODESIGNTHEPRODUCTOFVARIOUSKINDSOFINFORMATIONTODOCUMENTTHEFORMATWILLBERECORDEDTHROUGHTHEPRO/PROGRANDOCUMENTEDITING,CANBEACHIEVEDONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEHIDE,DELETEANDREORDERTHEASSEMBLYOFCOMPONENTSTOADDANDREPLACEMENTOPERATIONTHESEFEATURESSTAMPINGDIESFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFSTANDARDPARTSLIBRARY,STANDARDSANDFLEXIBLEDESIGNSTRUCTUREOFTHESYSTEMISVERYUSEFULPROGRAMFILESINTHESTRUCTURECANBEBROADLYCLASSIFIEDINTOTHETITLE,SETOFPARAMETERSRELATIONSHIP,TOADDFEATURESPARTSANDUPDATINGTHEQUALITYATTRIBUTES,SUCHASFIVEPARTSIN“INPUTENDINPUT“XIAOLOCATEDBETWEENTHEPARAMETERSOFTHE“RE1ATIONSENDREALATIONS“RELATIONSBETWEENTHEVARIOUSADDINTHE“ADDENDADD“ANDADDEDFEATURESPARTMODULEORPARTSASSEMBLYMODULEPRO/PROGRAMPROVIDESTHREETYPESOFPARAMETERSNUMBERNUMERICALSTRINGSTRINGANDYESNOIT2STANDARDSMOLDBASEOFTHEDEVELOPMENT21STANDARDSMOLDBASECLASSIFICATIONANDORGANIZATIONSDIESTAMPINGDIEISANIMPORTANTPARTTHETYPICALMODELTHEREARETHREETYPESREARGUIDEDMODEBACKPILLARSETS,THEMIDDLEGUIDEDMODECENTERPILLARSETSANDTHEGUIDEDMODEANGLEDIAGONALPILLARSETSEACHTYPEOFDIEALSOINCLUDESAVARIETYOFSPECIFICATIONSACCORDINGTODIEBOUNDARYDEMARCATIONSIZE,REARGUIDED,INALB22SPECIFICATIONS,D0SPECIFICATIONS6LB,MIDDLEGUIDED,INTHENINED0SPECIFICATIONS,THEGUIDEDMODEKOKLBSPECIFICATIONS723INORDERTOFACILITATETHEMANAGEMENTANDDATACALLS,THESTANDARDMODEOFTHEDIRECTORYOFTHEBESTESTABLISHEDINTHEPRO/EINSTALLATIONDIRECTORYASTHREECATEGORIESTHELARGERSTRUCTURALDIFFERENCES,ITMAYDIETHEROOTOFTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHREEOTHERSUBDIRECTORIES,EACHSUBDIRECTORYCONTAINSALLTHECOMPONENTPARTSMODE,ANDEACHTYPEOFPARTSCANBEADOPTEDPRO/ESOFTWAREFORTHEFAMILYTABLE,ANDTOOLS

簡介：精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上專心專注專業(yè)外文出處MANUFACTURINGENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGYMACHINING外文原文MANIPULATORROBOTDEVELOPEDINRECENTDECADESASHIGHTECHAUTOMATEDPRODUCTIONEQUIPMENTINDUSTRIALROBOTISANIMPORTANTBRANCHOFINDUSTRIALROBOTSITFEATURESCANBEPROGRAMMEDTOPERFORMTASKSINAVARIETYOFEXPECTATIONS,INBOTHSTRUCTUREANDPERFORMANCEADVANTAGESOFTHEIROWNPEOPLEANDMACHINES,INPARTICULAR,REFLECTSTHEPEOPLESINTELLIGENCEANDADAPTABILITYTHEACCURACYOFROBOTOPERATIONSANDAVARIETYOFENVIRONMENTSTHEABILITYTOCOMPLETETHEWORKINTHEFIELDOFNATIONALECONOMYANDTHEREAREBROADPROSPECTSFORDEVELOPMENTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALAUTOMATION,THEREHASBEENCNCMACHININGCENTER,ITISINREDUCINGLABORINTENSITY,WHILEGREATLYIMPROVEDLABORPRODUCTIVITYHOWEVER,THEUPPERANDLOWERCOMMONINCNCMACHININGPROCESSESMATERIAL,USUALLYSTILLUSEMANUALORTRADITIONALRELAYCONTROLLEDSEMIAUTOMATICDEVICETHEFORMERTIMECONSUMINGANDLABORINTENSIVE,INEFFICIENTTHELATTERDUETODESIGNCOMPLEXITY,REQUIREMORERELAYS,WIRINGCOMPLEXITY,VULNERABILITYTOBODYVIBRATIONINTERFERENCE,WHILETHEEXISTENCEOFPOORRELIABILITY,FAULTMOREMAINTENANCEPROBLEMSANDOTHERISSUESPROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERPLCCONTROLLEDROBOTCONTROLSYSTEMFORMATERIALSUPANDDOWNMOVEMENTISSIMPLE,CIRCUITDESIGNISREASONABLE,WITHASTRONGANTIJAMMINGCAPABILITY,ENSURINGTHESYSTEMSRELIABILITY,REDUCEDMAINTENANCERATE,ANDIMPROVEWORKEFFICIENCYROBOTTECHNOLOGYRELATEDTOMECHANICS,MECHANICS,ELECTRICALHYDRAULICTECHNOLOGY,AUTOMATICCONTROLTECHNOLOGY,SENSORTECHNOLOGYANDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYANDOTHERFIELDSOFSCIENCE,ISACROSSDISCIPLINARYINTEGRATEDTECHNOLOGYFIRST,ANOVERVIEWOFINDUSTRIALMANIPULATORROBOTISAKINDOFPOSITIONINGCONTROLCANBEAUTOMATEDANDCANBEREPROGRAMMEDTOCHANGEINMULTIFUNCTIONALMACHINE,WHICHHASMULTIPLEDEGREESOFFREEDOMCANBEUSEDTOCARRYANOBJECTINORDERTOCOMPLETETHEWORKINDIFFERENTENVIRONMENTSLOWWAGESINCHINA,PLASTICPRODUCTSINDUSTRY,ALTHOUGHSTILLALABORINTENSIVE,MECHANICALHANDUSEHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYPOPULARELECTRONICSANDAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRIESTHATEUROPEANDTHEUNITEDSTATESMULTINATIONALCOMPANIESVERYEARLYINTHEIRFACTORIESINCHINA,THEINTRODUCTIONOFAUTOMATEDPRODUCTIONBUTNOWTHECHANGESARETHOSEFOUNDININDUSTRIALINTENSIVESOUTHCHINA,EASTCHINASCOASTALAREAS,LOCALPLASTICPROCESSINGPLANTSHAVEALSOEMERGEDINMECHANICALWATCHESBEGANTOBECOMEINCREASINGLYINTERESTEDIN,BECAUSETHEYHAVETOFACEAH精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上專心專注專業(yè)NDTOTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEENTIREPNEUMATICSYSTEMSIZEINCREASEDWITHPNEUMATICDRIVEANDCOMPAREWITHOTHERENERGYSOURCESDRIVEHASTHEFOLLOWINGADVANTAGESAIRINEXHAUSTIBLE,USEDLATERDISCHARGEDINTOTHEATMOSPHERE,WITHOUTRECYCLINGANDDISPOSAL,DONOTPOLLUTETHEENVIRONMENTACCIDENTALORASMALLAMOUNTOFLEAKAGEWOULDNOTBEASERIOUSIMPACTONPRODUCTIONVISCOSITYOFAIRISSMALL,THEPIPELINEPRESSURELOSSALSOISVERYSMALL,EASYLONGDISTANCETRANSPORTTHELOWERWORKINGPRESSUREOFCOMPRESSEDAIR,PNEUMATICCOMPONENTSANDTHEREFORETHEMATERIALANDMANUFACTURINGACCURACYREQUIREMENTSCANBELOWEREDINGENERAL,RECIPROCATINGTHRUSTIN1TO2TONSPNEUMATICECONOMYISBETTERCOMPAREDWITHTHEHYDRAULICTRANSMISSION,ANDITSFASTERACTIONANDREACTION,WHICHISONEOFTHEOUTSTANDINGMERITSOFPNEUMATICCLEANAIRMEDIUM,ITWILLNOTDEGENERATE,NOTEASYTOPLUGTHEPIPELINEITCANBESAFELYUSEDINFLAMMABLE,EXPLOSIVEANDTHEDUSTBIGOCCASIONSALSOEASYTOREALIZEAUTOMATICOVERLOADPROTECTIONSECOND,THECOMPOSITION,MECHANICALHANDROBOTINTHEFORMOFAVARIETYOFFORMS,SOMERELATIVELYSIMPLE,SOMEMORECOMPLICATED,BUTTHEBASICFORMISTHESAMEASTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHE,USUALLYBYTHEIMPLEMENTINGAGENCIES,TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMS,CONTROLSYSTEMSANDAUXILIARYDEVICESCOMPOSED1IMPLEMENTINGAGENCIESMANIPULATOREXECUTINGAGENCYBYTHEHANDS,WRISTS,ARMS,PILLARSHANDSARECRAWLINGINSTITUTIONS,ISUSEDTOCLAMPANDRELEASETHEWORKPIECE,ANDSIMILARTOHUMANFINGERS,TOCOMPLETETHESTAFFINGOFSIMILARACTIONSWRISTANDFINGERSANDTHEARMCONNECTINGTHECOMPONENTSCANBEUPANDDOWN,LEFT,ANDROTARYMOVEMENTASIMPLEMECHANICALHANDCANNOTWRISTPILLARSUSEDTOSUPPORTTHEARMCANALSOBEMADEMOBILEASNEEDED2TRANSMISSIONTHEACTUATORTOBEACHIEVEDBYTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMSUBTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMCOMMONLYUSEDMANIPULATORMECHANICALTRANSMISSION,HYDRAULICTRANSMISSION,PNEUMATICANDELECTRICPOWERTRANSMISSIONANDOTHERDRIVESEVERALFORMS3CONTROLSYSTEMMANIPULATORCONTROLSYSTEMSMAINROLEISTOCONTROLTHEROBOTACCORDINGTOCERTAINPROCEDURES,DIRECTION,POSITION,SPEEDOFACTION,ASIMPLEMECHANICALHANDISGENERALLYNOTSETUPADEDICATEDCONTROLSYSTEM,USINGONLYTRIPSWITCHES,RELAYS,CONTROLVALVESANDCIRCUITSCANBEACHIEVEDDYNAMICDRIVESYSTEMCONTROL,SOTHATIMPLEMENTINGAGENCIESACCORDINGTOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFACTIONACTIO

簡介：外文出處ELLEKILDE,L,CHRISTENSEN,HI2009CONTROLOFMOBILEMANIPULATORUSINGTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACHROBOTICSANDAUTOMATION,ICRA09,IEEEINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONPP13701376IEEE機(jī)械臂動力學(xué)與控制的研究機(jī)械臂動力學(xué)與控制的研究拉斯彼得ELLEKILDE摘要摘要操作器和移動平臺的組合提供了一種可用于廣泛應(yīng)用程序高效靈活的操作系統(tǒng),特別是在服務(wù)性機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域。在機(jī)械臂眾多挑戰(zhàn)中其中之一是確保機(jī)器人在潛在的動態(tài)環(huán)境中安全工作控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。在本文中,我們將介紹移動機(jī)械臂用動力學(xué)系統(tǒng)方法被控制的使用方法。該方法是一種二級方法,是使用競爭動力學(xué)對于統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化移動平臺以及較低層次的融合避障和目標(biāo)捕獲行為的方法。I介紹介紹在過去的幾十年里大多數(shù)機(jī)器人的研究主要關(guān)注在移動平臺或操作系統(tǒng)，并且在這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域取得了許多可喜的成績。今天的新挑戰(zhàn)之一是將這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域組合在一起形成具有高效移動和有能力操作環(huán)境的系統(tǒng)。特別是服務(wù)性機(jī)器人將會在這一方面系統(tǒng)需求的增加。大多數(shù)西方國家的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)量顯示需要照顧的老人在不斷增加,盡管將有很少的工作實(shí)際的支持他們。這就需要增強(qiáng)服務(wù)業(yè)的自動化程度，因此機(jī)器人能夠在室內(nèi)動態(tài)環(huán)境中安全的工作是最基本的。A相關(guān)工作動力學(xué)系統(tǒng)接近5，6為控制機(jī)器人提供一套動作的框架，例如障礙退避和目標(biāo)捕捉。每個(gè)動作通過一套一個(gè)非線性動力學(xué)系統(tǒng)的ATTRACTORS和REPELLORS來完成。這些通過向量場的簡單的加法被結(jié)合在一起來完成系統(tǒng)的整體動作。動力系統(tǒng)的方法涉及到更廣泛的應(yīng)用勢場法7，但具有一定的優(yōu)勢。這里勢場法的行為是由后場梯度形成的結(jié)果，行為變量，如航向和速度，可直接運(yùn)用動力系統(tǒng)控制的方法。成本相對較低的計(jì)算與方法有關(guān)，使得它在動態(tài)環(huán)境中在線控制適宜，允許它即使在相當(dāng)?shù)偷乃接邢薜挠?jì)算能力平臺8實(shí)施。傳感器的魯棒性在人聲嘈雜中顯示9和10其中一個(gè)是由紅外傳感器和麥克風(fēng)的結(jié)合，當(dāng)避障和目標(biāo)獲取時(shí)使用。盡管能解決各種各樣的任務(wù)，但它僅是一個(gè)局部的方法，為了其他的任務(wù)和使命級計(jì)劃即參見11其他的方法應(yīng)該被采用。當(dāng)多行為被結(jié)合時(shí)，在5和6的缺點(diǎn)是由潛在的假的因子引起的。為了克服這個(gè)問題12介紹了一種基于競爭動態(tài)的行為比重。每個(gè)行為的影響是控制使用一個(gè)相關(guān)的競爭優(yōu)勢，再加上定義的行為之間有競爭力的相互作用，控制重物。如果所有的行為之間的競爭性相互作用是必需的，這種方法可以推廣到任意數(shù)N，行為，除了這樣一個(gè)最壞情況的復(fù)雜度。??2N?在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中使用這種方法的競爭態(tài)勢室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中可以找到13，14。13是只在有標(biāo)題方向的車輛上使用，而在14中航向和速度均得到控制。15提供了一個(gè)為速度性能簡短的策略討論。在16中提到動力系統(tǒng)的方法不僅被用于平面移動機(jī)器人，同時(shí)也可以作為控制機(jī)械手工具。另外運(yùn)用產(chǎn)生極限環(huán)HOPF振蕩器動力系統(tǒng)的更復(fù)雜的動力系統(tǒng)也可被使用。17展現(xiàn)出不同形狀的極限環(huán)是如何產(chǎn)生的，其可運(yùn)用于避障軌跡的生成。18中介紹到使用HOPF振蕩器產(chǎn)生一個(gè)定時(shí)的軌跡，實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械手可以接住從桌子上面滾下來的球。動力系統(tǒng)的方法不僅可以用于控制的工具，也可以控制7自由度機(jī)械手多余的動作這一點(diǎn)在19中得到論證。II總體結(jié)構(gòu)我們整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的整體架構(gòu)如圖2所示。在賽格威平臺中為了控制移動平臺，兩個(gè)低級別的性能被使用一個(gè)用于目標(biāo)捕獲和另一個(gè)是避障。運(yùn)用競爭動態(tài)的動作被混合在

簡介：外文文獻(xiàn)PROJECTCOSTCONTROLTHEWAYITWORKSBYRMAXWIDEMANINARECENTCONSULTINGASSIGNMENTWEREALIZEDTHATTHEREWASSOMELACKOFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROL,HOWITISSETUPANDAPPLIEDSOWEDECIDEDTOWRITEUPADESCRIPTIONOFHOWITWORKSPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISNOTTHATDIFFICULTTOFOLLOWINTHEORYFIRSTYOUESTABLISHASETOFREFERENCEBASELINESTHEN,ASWORKPROGRESSES,YOUMONITORTHEWORK,ANALYZETHEFINDINGS,FORECASTTHEENDRESULTSANDCOMPARETHOSEWITHTHEREFERENCEBASELINESIFTHEENDRESULTSARENOTSATISFACTORYTHENYOUMAKEADJUSTMENTSASNECESSARYTOTHEWORKINPROGRESS,ANDREPEATTHECYCLEATSUITABLEINTERVALSIFTHEENDRESULTSGETREALLYOUTOFLINEWITHTHEBASELINEPLAN,YOUMAYHAVETOCHANGETHEPLANMORELIKELY,THEREWILLBEORHAVEBEENSCOPECHANGESTHATCHANGETHEREFERENCEBASELINESWHICHMEANSTHATEVERYTIMETHATHAPPENSYOUHAVETOCHANGETHEBASELINEPLANANYWAYBUTPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISALOTMOREDIFFICULTTODOINPRACTICE,ASISEVIDENCEDBYTHENUMBEROFPROJECTSTHATFAILTOCONTAINCOSTSITALSOINVOLVESASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFWORK,ASWESHALLSEE,ANDWEMIGHTASWELLSTARTATTHEBEGINNINGSOLETUSFOLLOWTHETHREADOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROLTHROUGHTHEENTIREPROJECTLIFESPANAND,WHILEWEAREATIT,WEWILLTAKETHEOPPORTUNITYTOPOINTOUTTHEPROPERPLACESFORSEVERALSIGNIFICANTDOCUMENTSTHESEINCLUDETHEBUSINESSCASE,THEREQUESTFORACAPITALAPPROPRIATIONFOREXECUTION,WORKPACKAGESANDTHEWORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTURE,THEPROJECTCHARTERORBRIEF,THEPROJECTBUDGETORCOSTPLAN,EARNEDVALUEANDTHECOSTBASELINEALLOFTHESECONTRIBUTETOTHEORGANIZATIONSABILITYTOEFFECTIVELYCONTROLPROJECTCOSTSFOOTNOTEIAMINDEBTEDTOMYFRIENDQUENTINFLEMING,THEGURUOFEARNEDVALUE,FORCHECKINGANDCORRECTINGMYWORKONTHISTOPICTHEBUSINESSCASEANDAPPLICATIONFOREXECUTIONFUNDINGITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISMOSTEFFECTIVEWHENTHEEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTRESPONSIBLEHASAGOODUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWPROJECTSSHOULDUNFOLDTHROUGHTHEPROJECTLIFESPANTHISMEANSTHATTHEYEXERCISETHEIRRESPONSIBILITIESATTHEKEYDECISIONPOINTSTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLAN,PROJECTBRIEFORPROJECTCHARTERIFTHEDELIVERABLECONSISTSOFANUMBEROFDIFFERENTELEMENTS,THESEAREIDENTIFIEDANDASSEMBLEDINTOWORKPACKAGESWPSANDPRESENTEDINTHEFORMOFAWORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTUREWBSEACHWPINVOLVESASETOFACTIVITIES,THE“WORK“THATISPLANNEDANDSCHEDULEDASAPARTOFTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLANNOTE,HOWEVER,THATTHEPLANNINGWILLSTILLBEATARELATIVELYHIGHLEVEL,ANDMOREDETAILEDPLANNINGWILLBENECESSARYDURINGEXECUTIONIFTHEPROJECTISGIVENTHEGOAHEADTHISPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLAN,BYTHEWAY,SHOULDBECOMETHE“BIBLE“FORTHEEXECUTIONPHASEOFTHEPROJECTANDISSOMETIMESREFERREDTOASTHE“PROJECTBRIEF“ORTHE“PROJECTCHARTER“THECOSTOFDOINGTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESISTHENESTIMATEDANDTHESEESTIMATEDCOSTSAREAGGREGATEDTODETERMINETHEESTIMATEDCOSTOFTHEWPTHISAPPROACHISKNOWNAS“DETAILEDESTIMATING“OR“BOTTOMUPESTIMATING“THEREAREOTHERAPPROACHESTOESTIMATINGTHATWELLCOMETOINAMINUTEEITHERWAY,THERESULTISANESTIMATEDCOSTOFTHETOTALWORKOFTHEPROJECTNOTETHATPROJECTRISKMANAGEMENTPLANNINGISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHISEXERCISETHISSHOULDEXAMINETHEPROJECTSASSUMPTIONSANDENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSTOIDENTIFYANYWEAKNESSESINTHEPLANTHUSFAR,ANDIDENTIFYTHOSEPOTENTIALRISKEVENTSTHATWARRANTATTENTIONFORMITIGATIONTHISMIGHTTAKETHEFORMOFSPECIFICCONTINGENCYPLANNING,AND/ORTHESETTINGASIDEOFPRUDENTFUNDINGRESERVESREQUESTFORCAPITALCONVERTINGTHEESTIMATEHOWEVER,ANESTIMATEOFTHEWORKALONEISNOTSUFFICIENTFORACAPITALREQUESTTOARRIVEATACAPITALREQUESTSOMECONVERSIONISNECESSARY,FOREXAMPLE,BYADDINGPRUDENTALLOWANCESSUCHASOVERHEADS,ACONTINGENCYALLOWANCETOCOVERNORMALPROJECTRISKSANDMANAGEMENTRESERVESTOCOVERUNKNOWNSANDPOSSIBLESCOPECHANGESINADDITION,ITMAYBENECESSARYTOCONVERTTHEESTIMATINGDATAINTOAFINANCIALACCOUNTINGFORMATTHATSATISFIESTHECORPORATEORSPONSORSFORMATFORPURPOSESOFCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPROJECTSANDCONSEQUENTFUNDINGAPPROVALINPRACTICEALLTHEDATAFORTHETYPEOF“BOTTOMUP“APPROACHJUSTDESCRIBEDMAYNOTBEAVAILABLEINTHISCASEALTERNATIVEESTIMATINGAPPROACHESAREADOPTEDTHATPROVIDEVARIOUSDEGREESOFRELIABILITYINA“TOPDOWN“FASHIONFOREXAMPLE

簡介：史通六家譯文自古以來稱帝稱王的人編輯著述文章典籍的情況，在史通外篇古今正史篇中已經(jīng)詳細(xì)地介紹它們了。從古到今，實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容與外在形式交替變化；各種史書的創(chuàng)作，不拘泥在同一種史書體上。加以探討以后做出結(jié)論，這些史書的流派有六種第一叫做尚書流派，第二叫做春秋流派，第三叫做左傳流派，第四叫做國語流派，第五叫做史記流派，第六叫做漢書流派?，F(xiàn)在就簡略地陳述一下六大流派的旨義，在后面將它們列舉出來。尚書流派的史書，它的誕生產(chǎn)生于遠(yuǎn)古。易經(jīng)上說“黃河出現(xiàn)背上有圖形的龍馬，洛水出現(xiàn)背上有圖形的神，圣人仿照它制作八卦、文字?！彼灾罆钠鹪从蓙硪丫昧恕５娇鬃訒r(shí)在周王室觀看書，得到虞（舜）、夏、商、周四代的典籍，于是刪取其中較好的部分，確定為尚書一百篇。漢代孔安國說“因?yàn)樗巧瞎艜r(shí)期的書籍，所以叫它尚書?！鄙袝^鈐說“尚是上的意思。上天降下日月星變化的跡象，顯示節(jié)令的順序季節(jié)變化的度數(shù)，如同天體的運(yùn)行一樣。”三國王肅說“君上所說的話，在下面被史官記載下來，所以叫做尚書?！边@三種說法，它們的意義各不相同。大概書的主要旨義，本始于發(fā)號令；是用來宣揚(yáng)以仁義治理天下的正當(dāng)?shù)览?，向臣子屬下發(fā)布言論。所以尚書所記載的，都是典章、謀議、訓(xùn)誡、誥令、誓詞、冊命等六方面的文字。至于堯典、舜典這二種典章，徑直敘述人事；禹貢這一篇，記載的都是地理知識；洪范篇是概括敘述災(zāi)害祥瑞；顧命篇陳述的全都是喪葬禮儀這五篇也都是作為記言史書體例不純粹的部分。又有一部周書，和尚書的體裁相類似，也就是孔子刪削一百篇以外的周朝典籍，總共是七十一章。上起自周文王，周武王，下終于周靈王、周景王。大多都嚴(yán)明恰當(dāng)、切實(shí)忠誠，言辭莊重高雅擁有正大的道理；有時(shí)也有膚淺的平庸之言，污濁不堪的東西相列參錯，大概好象后來喜歡多事的人所增添的。至于職方篇的言論，與周禮的記載沒有什么區(qū)別；時(shí)訓(xùn)篇的敘述，與禮記月令篇相比大多相同。這都是歷代帝王經(jīng)、史一類的典籍，是詩、書、禮、易、春秋等五部分儒家經(jīng)典的單獨(dú)撰述。自從周王朝衰落下去以后，書這種記言體例于是被廢止。一直到漢、魏時(shí)期，沒有能夠繼承這種史書體例的人。直到東晉廣陵相魯國人孔衍，認(rèn)為國史是因來表彰言論行為、昭示法規(guī)制度的東西，至于做人的道德規(guī)范，常有的事情，不值得詳細(xì)列舉，于是刪取漢、魏時(shí)期的各種史書，選取其中美好動聽的詞句、典文有據(jù)的言辭、足以作為借鑒的內(nèi)容，確定它們的篇章順序，纂寫成獨(dú)立的一種史書體裁。由此便有漢尚書、后漢尚書、漢魏尚書的創(chuàng)作，總共是二十六卷。到了隋朝秘書監(jiān)太原人王劭，又記錄開皇、仁壽時(shí)期的史事，按次序?qū)λ鼈冞M(jìn)行編排，按照類別相互統(tǒng)屬，各自確立它們的篇目，編纂成隋書八十卷。探尋該書著書的主旨和體例，全都是以尚書作為仿效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。推究尚書所記載的內(nèi)容，像君主臣子之間的相互對話，如果言詞意旨可以稱贊，那么一時(shí)的言論，篇篇都接連記載；如果言論不值得記載，話語沒有能夠稱述的，像這些過去的事情，即使有所脫漏省略，而閱讀的人卻不認(rèn)為這種作法是錯的。等到隋朝中期以后，文獻(xiàn)典籍大豐富了，一定要剪裁取當(dāng)代的史文，效法古書的編纂方法，記載事情并不是改變了作法，而道理上卻似乎有些像守株待兔一樣墨守成規(guī)。所以孔衍所撰寫的漢尚書、后漢尚書、漢魏尚書等尚書體著作不能流傳于社會了。至于稱帝稱王的人沒有本紀(jì)，三公九卿缺少傳記，就會使紀(jì)年月份失去順序，官爵和鄉(xiāng)里難以周詳。這都是以前所忽視，而當(dāng)今所要重視的，比如王劭的隋書，雖然想要仿效商書、周書，效法虞書、夏書，考察該書的體例，竟然與三國王肅所撰孔子家語、臨川王劉義慶所撰世說新語相類似，可以說是“畫虎沒有畫成卻反而像條狗”了。所以王劭的隋書在隋代受人嗤笑，確實(shí)是有原因的啊。左傳編年體例，把它作為編纂史書奉行的準(zhǔn)則。國語流派的史書，它的產(chǎn)生也起源于左丘明。左丘明著作春秋內(nèi)傳即左傳后，又搜稽左傳逸漏的史文，纂集那些其它的觀點(diǎn)，分為周、魯、齊、晉、鄭、楚、吳、越八國，記事起自于周穆王，結(jié)束于魯?shù)抗?，另外著作了春秋外傳，即國語，加起來是二十一篇。國語的史文主要仿照春秋內(nèi)傳；有的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)而與左傳略有不同。然而自古以來著名的儒家學(xué)者東漢賈逵、三國魏王肅、三國吳虞翻、三國吳韋昭等人，都引申加以注釋，研讀其書的章節(jié)句讀。這也是詩、書禮、易、春秋、樂六經(jīng)同一流派，春秋三傳的繼承者。等到戰(zhàn)國合縱連橫的主張相繼誕生，諸侯武力作戰(zhàn)爭著稱雄，秦朝最終兼并天下，于是著作了戰(zhàn)國策。它的篇目有東周、西周、秦、齊、燕、楚、三晉（韓、趙、魏）、宋、衛(wèi)、中山，加起來是十二國，分為三十三卷。之所以稱之為策，大概只是記錄而不評論它，所以就用策作為它簡化的名稱。有人說漢代劉向認(rèn)為是戰(zhàn)國游說之士為合縱連橫出謀劃策，所以叫它戰(zhàn)國策。到了漢朝孔衍時(shí)，又認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)國策所記載的不能盡善盡美，于是援引太史公司馬遷的記載，比較史記和戰(zhàn)國策的不同與相同，刪削這二種史書，匯聚成一種記載，起名稱叫做春秋后語。除掉東周、西周二周和宋、衛(wèi)、中山四國史事，它所保留的只是剩下的秦、齊、燕、楚、三晉七國罷了。春秋后語記事起自于秦孝公，結(jié)束于楚漢之際，和春秋相比，也敘述完了二百四十多年的往事。開始時(shí)孔衍撰寫了春秋時(shí)國語，后來又撰寫了春秋后語，編成這二部書，各自分為十卷。如今在社會上流傳的，只有春秋后語得以保存下來。考察春秋后語的序中說“即使左丘明本人也不能超過該書?！笔郎系娜硕贾肛?zé)孔衍不能估量自己能力，不會評估自己的德行。探尋孔衍這句話的意思，把自己的春秋后語同左丘明的相比較的，應(yīng)當(dāng)是指國語，而不是指春秋內(nèi)傳即左傳。一定要比較就要把同一類別放在一起才行，怎能對孔衍多加嘲笑呢正當(dāng)漢朝政權(quán)失掉統(tǒng)治人民的能力，各路英雄豪杰角逐力量時(shí)，西晉人司馬彪又記錄那時(shí)發(fā)生過的事情，于是著作了九州春秋，冀、徐、兗、青、荊、揚(yáng)、涼、益、幽九州各寫成一篇，加起來共是九卷。探討它的體例，也是近代的國語了。自從曹魏遷都許昌，定都洛陽，魏蜀吳三國像鼎足一樣峙立；東晉建都長江、淮河的分界建康時(shí)，國家分裂；那時(shí)的國君雖然名號也與稱王天下的人相同，而在占地上卻實(shí)際上等同于割據(jù)一方的諸侯。各分裂據(jù)政權(quán)管轄下的史官，記錄它們的國家事情；寫紀(jì)傳體裁的人，就仿效班固、司馬遷；創(chuàng)立編年體裁的人，就模擬荀悅、袁宏。在這時(shí)候，史記、漢書創(chuàng)立的紀(jì)傳體廣泛流傳于社會，而國語創(chuàng)立的國別史風(fēng)氣就逐漸衰微不振了。史記流派的史書，它的起源產(chǎn)生于司馬遷。自以詩、書、禮、易、春秋流行衰微，諸子百家競相陳列，事跡錯雜，前后不一。到了司馬遷時(shí)，便收集本朝修纂的歷史，采訪平民之家，上起自于傳說中的黃帝，下至漢武帝時(shí)期，本紀(jì)、列傳用來統(tǒng)領(lǐng)君臣，史書、史表用來接照類別編排記錄年代，加起來共一百三十卷，因襲魯國史書的舊有名稱，給它起名叫做史記。從此以后漢代史官所續(xù)寫的紀(jì)傳體史書，都將史記作為名稱。等到東漢著作史書，仍然稱作東觀漢紀(jì)。到梁武帝的時(shí)候，又動員他手下的眾位大臣，上起自于太初，下終于齊王室，撰成通史六百二十卷。這部通史從秦朝以上，都以史記作為藍(lán)本，而另外采集其它說法來擴(kuò)大不同的見聞；到兩漢以來，就全部記錄當(dāng)時(shí)的本紀(jì)、列傳，以而使上下通暢，風(fēng)格相互一致；還有三國時(shí)期吳、蜀二國的君主，都列入世家；五胡（鮮卑、匈奴、羌、氐、羯）和拓拔氏，都列在夷狄列傳，大致上該書的體例都像史記一樣，其中有所不同的，只是沒有表格罷了。此后元魏濟(jì)陰王暉業(yè)又寫成科錄二百七十卷?？其浀臄嘞抟财鹱杂谏瞎?，而終于劉宋時(shí)期。該書的編次大多仿效通史的體例，而選取其中的舊事尤其相似的內(nèi)容編為一科，所以就用科錄作為它的名稱。本朝顯慶年間，符璽郎隴西人李延壽抄集近代各種史書，南方起

簡介：動態(tài)能力和戰(zhàn)略管理DAVIDJTEECE1,GARYPISANO2ANDAMYSHUEN3動態(tài)能力結(jié)構(gòu)分析了技術(shù)快速變革環(huán)境中由個(gè)體經(jīng)營的個(gè)體企業(yè)公司所獲取的可以贏利的資源和方法。人們認(rèn)為，公司的競爭優(yōu)勢是在特定過程（協(xié)同和合并）基礎(chǔ)上建立的，并由公司特有的資產(chǎn)定位（例如公司中相對不易交換的知識資本及其他互補(bǔ)資產(chǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)）和已采納或繼承的發(fā)展方式中形成的。路徑依賴的重要性在于詳述持續(xù)贏利能力條件的存在方式。一個(gè)企業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢能否以及何種程度上被削弱取決于市場需求的穩(wěn)定性以及其自身在內(nèi)部被傳播和被競爭中模仿的難易程度。若假設(shè)成立，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)為在技術(shù)快速變革體質(zhì)下一個(gè)個(gè)體的贏利能力很大程度上取決于公司內(nèi)部技術(shù)發(fā)展、組織和管理的過程。簡言之，識別新機(jī)會、有效組織以及兩者的高效結(jié)合在通常情況下比戰(zhàn)略更加重要。戰(zhàn)略意味著開發(fā)新的商業(yè)產(chǎn)品服務(wù)以打破競爭對手的平衡、提高競爭對手的成本、驅(qū)逐新進(jìn)入者。1997BYJOHNWILEY＆SOSNSLTD引言在戰(zhàn)略管理領(lǐng)域中，最基本的問題是企業(yè)如何獲得并保持競爭優(yōu)勢。我們在此用動態(tài)能力（既企業(yè)得以贏利的資源）觀點(diǎn)來探討這個(gè)問題。對這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展源于作者的一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)，即戰(zhàn)略原理在分析公司層次上分析如何保持和防護(hù)現(xiàn)存競爭優(yōu)勢上非常圓滿，但在對幫助理解一個(gè)公司為何以及怎樣在快速變化的體制中建立競爭優(yōu)勢上稍顯遜色。我們的方法是與基于創(chuàng)新的競爭、價(jià)格質(zhì)量對抗、持續(xù)盈利、“富有創(chuàng)造性摧毀”現(xiàn)存競爭的社會中緊密相關(guān)的。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)試圖解釋在公司層次上的失敗。我們對為公司表現(xiàn)建立一個(gè)更好的理論以及告知經(jīng)理實(shí)踐兩者都有興趣。為使我們的分析在一定程度上和現(xiàn)存方法展現(xiàn)出異同點(diǎn)，我們從簡短回顧以往的戰(zhàn)略管理中所采取的結(jié)構(gòu)開始。我們試圖挖掘出其中暗含的假設(shè)，并且識別現(xiàn)在的競爭狀況（作為對競爭戰(zhàn)略即是一種有用描述工具優(yōu)勢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論的每個(gè)典范觀點(diǎn)都會展現(xiàn)出一些比較優(yōu)勢）。在1980年主流的觀點(diǎn)是由波特1980發(fā)展的競爭力量模型。這個(gè)方法根源于行業(yè)組織的結(jié)構(gòu)行為績效模型范式（梅森1949、貝恩1959）。強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)企業(yè)可采取的建立防御位置以應(yīng)對競爭力量的行為。第二種方法，被稱為戰(zhàn)略沖突方法，與第一種方法是相關(guān)的，因?yàn)樗鼈兊闹攸c(diǎn)在于產(chǎn)品市場瑕疵，進(jìn)入障礙和戰(zhàn)略相互作用。戰(zhàn)略性沖突方法運(yùn)用了博弈論的方法，并把競爭結(jié)構(gòu)視為企業(yè)通過戰(zhàn)略投資、定價(jià)策略、信號、信息控制擊敗對手的有效作用。競爭力量與戰(zhàn)略沖突方法都認(rèn)為租金來源于先行產(chǎn)品市場的定位。另一種獨(dú)特的方法著重通過獲取企業(yè)租金來建立競爭優(yōu)勢，企業(yè)租金是從公司層次的效率優(yōu)勢中產(chǎn)生的。這些方法來源于一個(gè)很早的關(guān)于公司優(yōu)勢劣勢的討論，他們從現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中獲取的證據(jù)表明公司只有通過效率效力的提高以及將組織經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展和技術(shù)與組織的變革應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)略問題中才能建立持久的優(yōu)勢。這種方法的另一個(gè)分支（即常被稱為是基于資源的觀點(diǎn)）強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)特有的能力和資產(chǎn)以及現(xiàn)有的隔離機(jī)制是企業(yè)績效的重要決定因素。這一觀點(diǎn)承認(rèn)但并不試圖解釋是企業(yè)家的租金、競爭優(yōu)勢得以維持的隔離機(jī)制。另一種基于效率觀點(diǎn)的方法內(nèi)容在本文中也有闡明。我們做了初步的努力老確定可成為企業(yè)優(yōu)勢來源的企業(yè)特定能力大小，并解釋能力和資源的組合是如何開發(fā)、部署、保護(hù)的。我們把這個(gè)稱為動態(tài)能力方法來說明利用企業(yè)現(xiàn)有的內(nèi)外部能力來應(yīng)對不斷變化的環(huán)境，這個(gè)方法的有關(guān)內(nèi)容在在熊彼特（1942），彭羅斯（1959），納爾遜和溫特（1982），普拉哈拉德和哈默（1990），蒂斯（1976,1986A，1986B，1988）和海斯，威爾懷特，和克拉克（1988）的觀點(diǎn)中均有體現(xiàn)。因?yàn)檫@些領(lǐng)域往往被視為超過了傳統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略理論的界限，這個(gè)研究的大致內(nèi)容還沒被納入到現(xiàn)存的解決戰(zhàn)略問題的經(jīng)濟(jì)型方法中。因此動態(tài)能力可以被看成是理解競爭優(yōu)勢來源的一個(gè)新興的、潛在的綜合角度。我們認(rèn)為動態(tài)能力在未來研究趨勢和作為企業(yè)在持續(xù)需要的環(huán)境中作為一個(gè)對管理的幫助。為了說動。因而結(jié)果的定性特征或取決于所采取的價(jià)格競爭方式（貝特朗卡諾歐特）或取決于不對稱戰(zhàn)略的存在與否（例如先發(fā)優(yōu)勢）。利用博弈論進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略行為分析在某種意義上可被認(rèn)為是動態(tài)的，即多期分析即可以直觀獲得也可以正式分析。然而，我們在文中所指的“動態(tài)”具有不同的含義，即指一種特定情形。這個(gè)情形中技術(shù)和市場力量迅速變化，并對公司有反饋效應(yīng)。戰(zhàn)略沖突的研究是和戰(zhàn)略管理有關(guān)的，我們對此有特定的觀點(diǎn)。具有巨大成本或與對手相比擁有其他競爭優(yōu)勢的公司不會對他們對手的行為、對策視而不見。他們的競爭命運(yùn)更多的依賴總體需求條件，而不是競爭對手如何部署以及重新部署自己的競爭資產(chǎn)。換句話說，當(dāng)企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢之間嚴(yán)重失衡時(shí)，用博弈論分析得到的結(jié)果是顯而易見并且無趣的。更強(qiáng)的競爭對手會提前采取行動，即使他們在某些信息不對稱中處于劣勢地位?？梢钥隙ǖ氖牵谖黄髽I(yè)的優(yōu)勢可被一個(gè)具有顯著成本優(yōu)勢的新進(jìn)入者打消，但不參與游戲會轉(zhuǎn)變這一結(jié)果。另一方面，如果企業(yè)間的競爭地位是更加微妙的平衡狀態(tài)，與可口可樂和百事可樂，和美國聯(lián)合航空公司和美國航空公司，戰(zhàn)略利益沖突的結(jié)果很可能是競爭。不用說，有很多這樣的情況，但是在工業(yè)技術(shù)迅速變化、市場情形快速轉(zhuǎn)變的行業(yè)中是很罕見的。簡而言之，在競爭中沒有長期競爭優(yōu)勢時(shí)，競爭對手的動向和對策可以在博弈論方面有效的制定。然而，我們懷疑博弈論如何全面闡明克萊斯勒如何同豐田和本田相競爭的，以及當(dāng)西南航空公司的優(yōu)勢是在聯(lián)合航空公司無法輕易復(fù)雜的情況下建立起來時(shí)，聯(lián)合航空公司如何更好的回應(yīng)對方。實(shí)際上，創(chuàng)業(yè)邊的戰(zhàn)略（新租金流是如何創(chuàng)建和保護(hù)的），被博弈論在很大程度上忽略了。因此我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種重要的方法在很容易確定相關(guān)競爭者人數(shù)和易識別的戰(zhàn)略選擇情況下最相關(guān)。然而，當(dāng)我們考慮到戰(zhàn)略的潛在形成時(shí)，這個(gè)研究方法為我們提供了方向。租金，從博弈論的角度來看，都是一個(gè)經(jīng)理人“玩游戲”的最終智力能力的結(jié)果。在這種方法中，戰(zhàn)略家的格言是“在競爭對手采取行動前占據(jù)有利先機(jī)”。我們擔(dān)心過度沉溺于戰(zhàn)略行為和權(quán)謀魅力會分散經(jīng)理人建立更多持久資源來獲取競爭優(yōu)勢的精力。不幸的是，這種方法忽略了包含在開發(fā)、積累、組合、保護(hù)獨(dú)特能力的過程中的競爭。由于戰(zhàn)略的相互作用是從焦點(diǎn)關(guān)注中得到的，人們從研究中得到的觀點(diǎn)是市場占有率中的復(fù)雜戲劇性和技術(shù)的結(jié)果，這是與通常的情況相違背的。接下來，我們建議對商業(yè)企業(yè)建立一個(gè)動態(tài)的觀點(diǎn)（我們目前所列舉的兩種方法中部包括的內(nèi)容），增強(qiáng)建立可接受的描述性戰(zhàn)略可以協(xié)助參與者建立長期競爭優(yōu)勢和競爭靈活性的戰(zhàn)略理論的可能性。下面，我們首先討論基于資源的觀點(diǎn)，以及我們稱之為動態(tài)能力方法的延伸。（三）強(qiáng)調(diào)效率的戰(zhàn)略模型資源觀基于資源的方法認(rèn)為具有優(yōu)越制度和結(jié)構(gòu)的公司之所以贏利不是因?yàn)樗麄冏柚惯M(jìn)入和提高長期經(jīng)營成本的價(jià)格的投資，而是因?yàn)樗麄冇兄@著的低成本或提供更高質(zhì)量的更好性能產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)勢。這種方法重點(diǎn)關(guān)注企業(yè)特定稀缺資源擁有者累積的租金，而不是產(chǎn)品市場定位中獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤。競爭優(yōu)勢在于上游產(chǎn)品市場，并且依賴于企業(yè)獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格和難以模仿的資源。早期的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)略研究認(rèn)為，一個(gè)組織的能力在于它的表現(xiàn)以及應(yīng)對環(huán)境和競爭對策的潛在能力，不管組織是做什么的。每個(gè)組織都有實(shí)際存在和潛在的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，重要的是把它們找出來并相互區(qū)分開。所以一個(gè)公司可以做的不僅是把握面對的機(jī)遇，還取決于能掌握的資源。據(jù)悉，一個(gè)公司的成功、甚至其未來發(fā)展的真正關(guān)鍵在于它有能力發(fā)現(xiàn)或創(chuàng)造出真正與眾不同的能力。這個(gè)研究你也承認(rèn)了對企業(yè)行為的約束，并特別提出人們不能假定管理能達(dá)到任何效果。這些見解似乎的確敏銳的預(yù)見到以資源為基礎(chǔ)的方法形成，但是他們沒對分析商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略提出了一個(gè)理論或者系統(tǒng)的框架。實(shí)際上，安德魯斯（198746）指出，這個(gè)過程中看似直觀的東西是待證明的。不幸的是，關(guān)于能力的學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)停滯了幾十年的時(shí)間。由于最近在組織行為學(xué)和戰(zhàn)略中理論有了新發(fā)展，以及基于資源的觀點(diǎn)被賦予了新的動力。不斷發(fā)展的傳聞和經(jīng)驗(yàn)式的研究在解釋企業(yè)行為時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)了公司特定因素的重要性。COOL和施恩特1983指出美國制藥業(yè)中屬于同一戰(zhàn)略群體的企業(yè)間存在系統(tǒng)的顯著的表現(xiàn)（業(yè)績）差異。RUMELT（1991）已指出同行業(yè)內(nèi)的贏利水平差異性比行業(yè)間贏利水平差異性大，顯著表明企業(yè)特殊因素是重要的，而行業(yè)效應(yīng)是

簡介：汽車離合器中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)汽車離合器中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)汽車離合器中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯FETHERMALANALYSISOFACERAMICCLUTCH1INTRODUCTIONABRASIVEDRYRUNNINGVEHICLECLUTCHESAREFORCECLOSURECOUPLINGSTORQUEANDSPEEDTRANSMISSIONAREENSUREDBYTHEFRICTIONALFORCEGENERATEDBETWEENTWOPRESSEDSURFACESREASONSFORTHEAPPLICATIONOFCERAMICASAFRICTIONMEDIUMINCLUDEGOODHEATANDWEARRESISTANCEPROPERTIES,WHICHPROVIDETHEOPPORTUNITYTODRIVEHIGHERPRESSURES,ANDALOWDENSITYTHUS,ANINCREASINGPOWERDENSITYISENABLEDWITHAPARALLELMINIMIZATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONSPACEMEASUREMENTSWITHAFIRSTPROTOTYPEOFACLUTCHDISKUSINGCERAMICFACINGSWEREPERFORMEDATKARLSRUHEUNIVERSITYINALABORATORYSPECIALIZEDINPASSENGERCARDRIVESYSTEMTESTINGINTHECOURSEOFANALYSISTHEFINITEELEMENTFEMODELWASTOBECONSTRUCTEDWITHTHEKNOWLEDGEOFMEASUREMENTDATAANDMEASUREMENTCONDITIONSCALCULATIONSWERECORRECTADJUSTMENTOFTIMESTEPSDUETOTHESUBSTANTIALHARDWAREREQUIREMENTSFORTRANSIENTCALCULATIONSCHANGESINTHERMALPARAMETERSSUCHASTHESURFACEHEATCONVECTIONCOEFFICIENTANDTHERMALLOADHADTOBETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONONANONGOINGBASISINTERMSOFTIMEANDLOCATIONTHETWOSIDESOFTHEANALYZEDTESTCLUTCHSYSTEMCANONLYBEMANAGEDBYTWOINDEPENDENTMODELSLINKEDBYHEATPARTITION,ACCORDINGTOTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTHECONTACTTEMPERATUREMUSTBEIDENTICALONBOTHSIDESWHILETHEREISPROPERCONTACTBETWEENTHEMANDITSVALUEMUSTBEADJUSTEDBYITERATIONCALCULATIONSREVEALEDTHATTHEHEATPARTITIONCHANGEDBYCYCLEANDITDIFFEREDALONGTHEINNERANDOUTERCONTACTRINGSASARESULTOFTHEDIFFERENTCOOLINGCHARACTERISTICSBETWEENTHECERAMICANDSTEELSIDE,AHEATOWISLAUNCHEDFROMTHECERAMICSIDETOTHESTEELSIDETHISHEATFLOWWASALSODETERMINEDBYITERATION,ITSVALUEALSOCHANGESBYCYCLEANDDIFFERSALONGTHEINNERANDOUTERCONTACTRINGS2FIRSTPROTOTYPEOFACLUTCHUSINGENGINEERINGCERAMICSASFRICTIONMATERIAL

簡介：UNIT4TEXTAUNIT4TEXTA傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)和現(xiàn)代西醫(yī)的融通傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)和現(xiàn)代西醫(yī)的融通等美國社會各界的關(guān)注。越來越多的保險(xiǎn)公司和管理式醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)為傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)大開方便之門，現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)美國醫(yī)學(xué)院也開設(shè)了傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)課程。艾森伯格的多項(xiàng)全國性研究表明也有更多人在使用補(bǔ)充療法。為了便于研究替代療法的有效性，美國國家補(bǔ)充與替代醫(yī)學(xué)中心于1999年獲得了多達(dá)五千萬美元的預(yù)算。由于認(rèn)識到除了要對飲食補(bǔ)充劑安全性和有效性進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性評估之外，還需要提升植物藥材科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量，今年為此設(shè)立了兩個(gè)研究中心，以研究植物藥材的生物學(xué)作用。許多患者傳統(tǒng)模式和現(xiàn)代模式同時(shí)并用，這就需要將兩種醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)行合理平穩(wěn)地結(jié)合。傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)的理論和技術(shù)涵蓋了美國歸為補(bǔ)充醫(yī)學(xué)的多數(shù)實(shí)踐，在醫(yī)療保健體系中變得日益重要。若運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)費(fèi)用合理，技術(shù)含量低，安全且有效。在全球，正在展開針對針灸、草藥、按摩和太極的諸多研究，這可闡釋傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)的一些理論和實(shí)踐。雄心勃勃的研究設(shè)計(jì)提供的證據(jù)和巨大的患者需求正在推動傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)和現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)在臨床層面的結(jié)合，而學(xué)術(shù)研究者和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)對兩種治療體系結(jié)合的潛力也有越來越濃厚的興趣。人們對傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)和補(bǔ)充醫(yī)學(xué)的興趣正在引起醫(yī)療界、政府部門、媒體和公眾針刺針刺專家共識發(fā)展小組保守建議針刺可以作為多種疾患的輔助療法、替代療法或綜合管理方案的一部分。該專家組確認(rèn)針刺可用于治療手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的和化療引起的惡心和嘔吐，也可治療術(shù)后牙痛。專家組同時(shí)也建議針灸可作為輔助療法或可接受的替代療法，用以治療成癮、卒中康復(fù)、頭痛、經(jīng)痛、網(wǎng)球肘、纖維肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎、下背痛、腕管綜合癥和哮喘等。未來在傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)架構(gòu)下進(jìn)行的針刺臨床試驗(yàn)與當(dāng)前這一代主要主要從生物醫(yī)學(xué)的角度對針刺療效進(jìn)行評判的臨床試驗(yàn)相比，可能對針刺的療效提供更恰當(dāng)更有臨床意義的評估。臨床研究中現(xiàn)有的科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性必須保持。然而，NIH數(shù)據(jù)基于1997年美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院（NIH）專家共識會議審查的證據(jù)，NIH而更接近于手術(shù)和理療。因此，針刺的療效評估應(yīng)類似于上述治療干預(yù)方法。目前，人們正在通過進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格研究設(shè)計(jì)取得證據(jù)，與此同時(shí)，在確立臨床實(shí)踐建議時(shí)也應(yīng)該考慮進(jìn)行大型病例系列分析得來的證據(jù)。為了闡明針刺機(jī)理并研究針刺在各種情況中的作用，人們開始運(yùn)用功能性核磁共振造影（FMRI）、正電子發(fā)射斷層攝影（PET）、單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層攝影（SPECT）和腦磁波描記（MEG）等新興技術(shù)。人們正在研究針刺的神經(jīng)解剖/神經(jīng)生理基礎(chǔ)、生物電特性、止痛作用和對胃腸、免疫、心血管功能等領(lǐng)域的調(diào)節(jié)作用。美國和世界其他地方的研究更深入，投入更大，規(guī)模更大，有望發(fā)現(xiàn)針刺有效的其他領(lǐng)域。這將進(jìn)一步推動針刺作為通用的治療方法被人接受，不僅用于治療，也用于預(yù)防疾病和促進(jìn)健康。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，人們將繼續(xù)探究并完善刺激穴位的新方法。針刺的基礎(chǔ)研究也有助于促進(jìn)人們對神經(jīng)科學(xué)和人類生理、機(jī)能等領(lǐng)域的理解。由于患者需求提高，也由于研究和臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)深化了人們對針刺在醫(yī)療保健中作用的理解，生物醫(yī)學(xué)界、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)業(yè)、醫(yī)生和其他醫(yī)療提供者開始對針刺治療感興趣。遲早，排斥針刺治療者將處于不利地位。針刺的治療作用和降低成本的可能性得到更廣泛的認(rèn)可，這會進(jìn)一步推動更多的保險(xiǎn)公司、醫(yī)療集團(tuán)、甚至聯(lián)邦醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)擴(kuò)大針刺治療的償付范圍。我們將目睹針刺治療越來越多地用于門診部門、醫(yī)院、康復(fù)機(jī)構(gòu)和臨終關(guān)懷醫(yī)院。在各種臨床機(jī)構(gòu)里越來越多的有行醫(yī)執(zhí)照和無行醫(yī)執(zhí)照的針刺師從事針刺治療。在有些專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，一些執(zhí)業(yè)針刺專家和醫(yī)學(xué)博士一起共事。在新千年，引導(dǎo)針刺治療發(fā)展的不僅是傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)理念，而且是來自多領(lǐng)域研究所形成的數(shù)據(jù)，包括神經(jīng)科學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)、時(shí)間生物學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)和信息科學(xué)、能量學(xué)、綜合生理學(xué)和臨床試驗(yàn)創(chuàng)新方法。草藥草藥自古以來，人類和動物一直嘗試并運(yùn)用植物藥材緩解病癥。服用中草藥前，需要對病人正確辯“證”（病理生理型態(tài)），選擇相應(yīng)的治療策略和原則以指導(dǎo)草

簡介：外文翻譯外文翻譯FEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSAFTERTHEWOMEN’SMOVEMENTBARBARAEPSTEINTHEREISNOLONGERANORGANIZEDFEMINISTMOVEMENTINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHATINFLUENCESTHELIVESANDACTIONSOFMILLIONSOFWOMENANDENGAGESTHEIRPOLITICALSUPPORTTHEREAREMANYORGANIZATIONS,RANGINGFROMTHENATIONALORGANIZATIONFORWOMENTOWOMEN’SCAUCUSESINLABORUNIONSANDPROFESSIONALGROUPS,WHICHFIGHTFORWOMEN’SRIGHTS,ANDTHEREAREMANYMOREORGANIZATIONS,MANYOFTHEMINCLUDINGMENASWELLASWOMEN,WHOSEPRIORITIESINCLUDEWOMEN’SISSUESBUTTHEMASSWOMEN’SMOVEMENTOFTHELATESIXTIES,SEVENTIES,ANDEARLYEIGHTIESNOLONGEREXISTSFEW,AMONGTHEMANYWOMENWHOREGARDTHEMSELVESASFEMINISTS,HAVEANYTHINGTODOWITHFEMINISTORGANIZATIONSOTHERTHANREADINGABOUTTHEMINTHENEWSPAPERSYOUNGWOMENWHOAREDRAWNTOPOLITICALACTIVISMDONOT,FORTHEMOSTPART,JOINWOMEN’SGROUPSTHEYAREMUCHMORELIKELYTOJOINANTICORPORATE,ANTIGLOBALIZATION,ORSOCIALJUSTICEGROUPSTHESEYOUNGWOMENARELIKELYTOREGARDTHEMSELVESASFEMINISTS,ANDINTHEGROUPSTHATTHEYJOINAFEMINISTPERSPECTIVEISLIKELYTOAFFECTTHEWAYINWHICHISSUESAREDEFINEDANDADDRESSEDBUTTHISISNOTTHESAMETHINGASAMASSMOVEMENTOFWOMENFORGENDEREQUALITYASIMILARDYNAMICHASTAKENPLACEINOTHERCIRCLESASWELLTHEREARENOWVERYLARGENUMBERSOFWOMENWHOIDENTIFYWITHFEMINISM,OR,IFTHEYARERELUCTANTTOADOPTTHATLABEL,NEVERTHELESSEXPECTTOBETREATEDASTHEEQUALSOFMENANDTHEREARELARGENUMBERSOFMENWHOSUPPORTTHISVIEWTHEEXTENTOFFEMINISTORPROTOFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESS,BYWHICHIMEANANAWARENESSOFTHEINEQUALITYOFWOMENANDADETERMINATIONTORESISTIT,THATNOWEXISTSINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ISANACCOMPLISHMENTOFTHEWOMEN’SMOVEMENTBUTITISALSOSOMETHINGOFANANOMALY,SINCEITISNOLONGERLINKEDTOTHEMOVEMENTTHATPRODUCEDITWHENTHEFIRSTWAVEOFTHEWOMEN’SMOVEMENTINTHEUNITEDSTATESWENTINTODECLINE,AFTERWOMANSUFFRAGEWASWONIN1921,FEMINISMWENTINTODECLINEWITHITBYTHE1950S,FEMINISMHADALMOSTENTIRELYDISAPPEARED,NOTONLYASANORGANIZEDMOVEMENT,BUTALSOASANIDEOLOGYANDAPOLITICALANDSOCIALSENSIBILITYEVENINTHEEARLYSIXTIES,INTHENEWLEFT,TODESCRIBEONESELFASAFEMINISTWASTOINVITERAISEDEYEBROWSANDPROBABLYMOREEXTREMEREACTIONSNOW,FORASECONDTIMEINUSHISTORY,THEMEMORYOFAMOVEMENTTHATENGAGESTHEENERGYOFVERYLARGENUMBERSOFWOMENISRECEDINGINTOTHEPASTBUTTHISTIMEFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSHASIFANYTHINGBECOMEMOREWIDESPREADTHISRAISESTHEQUESTIONWHATACCOUNTSFORTHISDIFFERENCEPART,NODOUBT,BECAUSEITWASWIDELYUNDERSTOODTHATITSAIMSHADNOTBEENACHIEVED,ANDBECAUSEMANYWOMENWHOLEFTTHEMOVEMENTREMAINEDCOMMITTEDTOITSGOALSTHISINITSELFWOULDNOTHAVELEDTOTHEWIDESPREADACCEPTANCEOFFEMINISMTHATHASTAKENPLACEOVERTHELASTTWENTYYEARSINTHEWAKEOFTHESEPTEMBER11ATTACKS,SOMECOMMENTATORSHAVEARGUEDTHATTHEINEQUALITYOFWOMENINTHEARABWORLDISASIGNOFTHEDEEPCULTURALGAPINVOLVEDTOREJECTFEMINISMISTOREJECTMODERNITYANDTHEWESTFORINSTANCE,LAURABUSH,SPEAKINGONTHEWEEKLYPRESIDENTIALRADIOADDRESS,ONNOVEMBER17,2001,SUPPORTEDTHEBUSHADMINISTRATION’SATTACKONAFGHANISTANONGROUNDSOFTHEDENIALOFWOMEN’SRIGHTSBYTHETALIBANINTHESIXTIES,PROBABLYEVENINTHESEVENTIES,SUCHANARGUMENTWOULDHAVEBEENUNTHINKABLEMANYFEMINISTS,ESPECIALLYRADICALFEMINISTS,THOUGHTTHATTHEIRCHALLENGETOMALESUPREMACYWASALSOACHALLENGETOTHEEXISTINGSOCIALORDERMANY,WHOREGARDEDTHEMSELVESASGUARDIANSOFTHATSOCIALORDER,AGREEDHOWHASFEMINISMBECOMEANACCEPTEDPARTOFMODERN,WESTERNSOCIETYRATHERTHANANENEMYOFITTHEEMERGENCEOFTHESECONDWAVEOFFEMINISMINTHEUNITEDSTATES,WASCONNECTEDTOATRANSFORMATIONOFTHEECONOMYTHATWASDRAWINGWOMENINTOTHELABORFORCEONAPERMANENTBASISBEFORETHESECONDWORLDWARFEWWOMENWORKEDOUTSIDETHEHOMEAFTERMARRYINGANDHAVINGCHILDRENMOSTOFTHEFEWWHODIDWEREBLACKSORIMMIGRANTSTHEMIDDLECLASSSETTHECULTURALSTANDARDMARRIAGEMEANTDOMESTICITYFORWOMENWORKINGCLASSPEOPLE,INCLUDINGIMMIGRANTGROUPS,STROVETOATTAINTHISIDEAEVENTHEDEPRESSIONOFTHE1930SDIDNOTPUTMUCHOFADENTINITMANYWOMENSUPPORTEDTHEIRFAMILIESAFTERTHEIRHUSBANDSLOSTTHEIRJOBS,BUTOFTENBYTAKINGWORKINTOTHEHOMEDURINGTHESECONDWORLDWARMANYWOMENWORKEDOUTSIDETHEHOME,BUTTHATWASUNDERSTOODASATEMPORARY,WARTIMENECESSITY,ANDMOSTWOMENWHOWORKEDININDUSTRFORWOMEN,WORKINGFORWAGESOUTSIDETHEHOMEHASBECOMETHENORMTHIS,INCOMBINATIONWITHFEMINISTPRESSUREFORGREATERGENDEREQUALITYONALLLEVELSOFSOCIETY,HASTRANSFORMEDTHELIVESOFUSWOMENASWELLASTHEVERYSTRUCTUREOFUSSOCIETYTHEFEMINISTGOALOFGENDEREQUALITYHASNOTBEENACHIEVEDNOTONLYDOWOMENSTILLEARNLESSTHANMEN,BUTINTHERANKSOFTHEPOOR,SINGLEWOMENANDTHEIRCHILDRENHAVECOMETOPREDOMINATETHEPREJUDICESTHATDISCOURAGEWOMENFROMENTERINGTRADITIONALLYMALEFIELDSREMAINANDVIOLENCEAGAINSTWOMENPERSISTSTHOUGHTHENUCLEARFAMILYOFTHEFORTIESANDFIFTIESWASBASEDONMALESUPREMACY,THEINCREASINGINSTABILITYOFFAMILYLIFEHASHARDLYBEENABLESSINGFORWOMENBUTWOMEN’SEQUALITYHASBECOMEAPUBLICLYACCEPTEDPRINCIPLEGLARINGDEVIATIONSFROMTHISPRINCIPLEAREOPENTOCHALLENGE,ANDVERYLARGENUMBERSOF