簡介：當(dāng)前貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的新特點及我國應(yīng)對策略研究摘要在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的大趨勢下,自由貿(mào)易一直占據(jù)主流地位。金融危機爆發(fā)后,保護(hù)貿(mào)易再度登場,并在國際貿(mào)易中扮演越來越重要的角色。受當(dāng)前國際環(huán)境中不穩(wěn)定性因素的影響,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)乏力增長。新興國家的崛起和中國地位提升改變了當(dāng)前的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)格局,使?fàn)帄Z世界利益的主體更加復(fù)雜化、多元化。失業(yè)問題和2012大選疊加也給各國帶來巨大政治壓力這些因素都促使得貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義再度抬頭,并且得到升級創(chuàng)新。在其使用工具、保護(hù)的領(lǐng)域范圍和實施保護(hù)的形式、主體等方面都出現(xiàn)新的特點、新的發(fā)展。因此,對當(dāng)前貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的新特點、新發(fā)展進(jìn)行全面、深入的分析,從而制定出適當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)對策略,對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易發(fā)展都有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。自我國加入WTO以來,一直都是世界各國實施貿(mào)易保護(hù)的重點對象,這次也不例外。這除了與當(dāng)前國際經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境有關(guān)外,也有中國自身的發(fā)展原因。伴隨著中國改革開放的深入及中國的和平崛起,貿(mào)易摩擦、貿(mào)易糾紛等都將成為中國對外貿(mào)易的“必經(jīng)之路“。中國的崛起和快速發(fā)展也使中國面臨的貿(mào)易保護(hù)情況更加復(fù)雜,在涉案的領(lǐng)域和產(chǎn)生糾紛的主體等方面都有不斷擴大的趨勢。此外,西方發(fā)達(dá)國家為促進(jìn)本國產(chǎn)品出口,開始對我國體制和制度等方面進(jìn)行指責(zé)、干預(yù)。這無疑使我國面臨更加復(fù)雜的國際環(huán)境,阻礙我國發(fā)展。為研究如何應(yīng)對當(dāng)前貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義,本文先從歷史各時期的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義理論入手,用案例分析與數(shù)據(jù)分析相結(jié)合的方法,全面、深入的分析當(dāng)前貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的新特點、產(chǎn)生的原因及對我國的影響。根據(jù)這些研究,制定出政府、行業(yè)協(xié)會、企業(yè)三個層面的應(yīng)對策略。首先,政府應(yīng)積極參與到國際事務(wù)中去,為我國對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展?fàn)I造一個良好的國際氛圍。其次,行業(yè)協(xié)會應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮自身功能,做好政府與企業(yè)的橋梁作用。再次,企業(yè)要全面提升應(yīng)對當(dāng)前貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的能力。最后,在我國積極應(yīng)對國外貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義時,還要注意到反補貼日益增多、體制制度干預(yù)等方面的問題,并妥善處理,避免為日后對外貿(mào)易留下隱患。關(guān)鍵詞國際貿(mào)易貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義貿(mào)易摩擦新特點策略ASTHERESEARCHONHOWTODEALWITHTHETRADEPROTECTIONISM,THISPAPERFIRSTFROMTHEPERIODOFHISTORYTHEORYOFTRADE,WITHCASEANALYSISANDDATAANALYSISI,THEMETHODOFCOMBININGTHEALLROUNDANDINDEPTHANALYSISOFTHECURRENTTRADEPROTECTIONISMOFNEWFEATURESANDNEWDEVELOPMENTANDITSCAUSESISINACCORDINGTOTHESTUDY,WORKOUTTHEGOVERNMENT,THENDUSTRYASSOCIATION,THEENTERPRISEFROMTHETHREEASPECTSOFSTRATEGYFIRST,THEGOVERNMENTSHOULDACTIVELYPARTICIPATEININTERNATIONALAFFAIRS,CHINASFOREIGNTRADEDEVELOPMENTTOCREATEAFAVORABLEINTERNATIONALENVIRONMENTSECOND,THEINDUSTRYASSOCIATIONSHALLGIVEFULLPLAYTOITSOWNFUNCTIONS,COMPLETESTHEGOVERNMENTANDENTERPRISEBRIDGEONCEAGAIN,THEENTERPRISEMUSTSTRENGTHENTHEDEVELOPMENTOFITSELF,FROMCOMPLETELYOVERCOMEFOREIGNPROTECTIONISMFINALLY,INOURCOUNTRYACTIVELYRESPONDTOFOREIGNTRADEPROTECTIONISM,BUTMUSTPAYATTENTIONTOTHEINCREASINGSUBSIDIES,SYSTEMWITH,ANDPROPERLYHANDLE,AVOIDLEFTHIDDENTROUBLEFORFUTUREDEVELOPMENTKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALTRADETRADEPROTECTIONISMTRADEFRICTIONNEWFEATURESSTRATEGY

簡介：摘要本次編制的施工組織設(shè)計內(nèi)容根據(jù)建設(shè)單位提供的施工圖紙、施工規(guī)范、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及公司的企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行編制。隨著工程的進(jìn)行和深入情況，本施工組織設(shè)計不完善的方面，我部將編制的專業(yè)施工方案進(jìn)行補充，并另行上報審批。同時提前編制各專項施工方案及時上報審批，對施工實際情況所要做的相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，將在以后施工方案中進(jìn)行補充說明。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞施工組織工程管理2目錄摘要0ABSTRACTABSTRACT11工程概況工程概況51111工程設(shè)計概況工程設(shè)計概況51212地質(zhì)概況地質(zhì)概況52工程目標(biāo)工程目標(biāo)62121施工工期目標(biāo)施工工期目標(biāo)62222施工質(zhì)量目標(biāo)施工質(zhì)量目標(biāo)62323安全施工目標(biāo)安全施工目標(biāo)62424文明施工目標(biāo)文明施工目標(biāo)62525科技進(jìn)步目標(biāo)科技進(jìn)步目標(biāo)63編制依據(jù)及范圍編制依據(jù)及范圍_84工程施工部署工程施工部署94141工程施工部署總原則工程施工部署總原則94242工程施工管理組織工程施工管理組織10104343項目施工任務(wù)項目施工任務(wù)95施工準(zhǔn)備工作施工準(zhǔn)備工作12125151技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備12126主要分部分項工程的施工方法主要分部分項工程的施工方法17176161施工測量工程施工測量工程1717611測定儀器的檢定降水5612建筑物平面控制網(wǎng)的測設(shè)57主要施工工藝主要施工工藝17177171土方工程土方工程1212711基坑降水5712土方開挖念5723土方回填57272鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程12127373鋼筋工程鋼筋工程1212731施工準(zhǔn)備工作5732材料進(jìn)場與檢驗5733鋼筋的連接5DOCUMENTTITLE

簡介：摘要根據(jù)設(shè)計單位提供的學(xué)校（教學(xué)樓）建筑施工圖與結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖，結(jié)合工程實際情況及招標(biāo)文件要求，依據(jù)建設(shè)工程工程量清單計價規(guī)范GB505002003、四川省2004建設(shè)工程工程量清單計算規(guī)則及計價定額，對該工程進(jìn)行計量和投標(biāo)報價，得結(jié)論1通過計算清單工程量，得出該工程的總建筑面積工程量清單為342931M2和建筑施工圖設(shè)計說明中，工程概況第二條項目總建筑面積為34379M2，兩者相差859M2相差數(shù)據(jù)較為合理，因此該清單工程量計算結(jié)果較為準(zhǔn)確，可以作為招標(biāo)文件的編制依據(jù)。2通過計算所得工程量清單，使用青山清單計價軟件編制工程量清單，其中分部分項工程量清單共計45個清單項目，軟件計算所得結(jié)果較為符合工程實際；工程項目所需措施項目均有考慮。3通過使用青山清單計價軟件編制工程量清單計價表，得出投標(biāo)總價為287449648元，其中分部分項工程量計價總價為240166419元，措施項目清單計價總價為30156834元，規(guī)費清單計價總價為7394120元，工程定額測定費總價為361033，稅金總價為93712425元，軟件計算所得結(jié)果較為符合實際。4其中工程材料價格按照2009年8月九寨溝縣和阿壩州最新材料價格表進(jìn)行調(diào)整（九寨溝縣材料價格優(yōu)先選?。?。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞工程預(yù)算文件，投標(biāo)，工程量單位工程費匯總表60分部分項工程量清單及計價表61措施項目清單及計價表（一）71措施項目清單及計價表（二）72其他項目清單及計價表73零星工作項目清單及計價表74規(guī)費清單及計價表75分部分項工程量清單綜合單價分析表76主要材料價格表904結(jié)論935參考文獻(xiàn)956附錄967致謝97

簡介：本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文題目淺析企業(yè)文化在人力資源管理中的影響以有限公司為例學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院專業(yè)工商管理學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師職稱副教授論文字?jǐn)?shù)5890完成日期2011年4月12日2重4（二）人力資源管理模式落后4（三）未對人力資本進(jìn)行文化定位4（四）員工價值觀與企業(yè)價值觀相偏離4四、針對當(dāng)前存在的問題提出的對策和建議5（一）建立完善的員工招聘和培訓(xùn)體系5（二）將企業(yè)文化引入績效管理和薪酬體系5（三）著眼于人力資本進(jìn)行文化定位5（四）樹立共同的價值觀6結(jié)束語6參考文獻(xiàn)6致謝7

簡介：20102010屆畢業(yè)論文論文題目青島啤酒柳州市場分銷渠道管理優(yōu)化姓名汪志鴻系別管理系專業(yè)工商管理班別工商工商072班指導(dǎo)教師林麗萍日期2011年5月25日IIABSTRACTCOMMERCIALCOMPETITIONBECOMESINCREASINGLYFIERCEINTODAY’SCHINA,CHANNELMANAGEMENTISTHEIMPORTANTGUARANTEEFORENTERPRISEGOODSTRANSFERANDINFORMATIONCONVECTIONINTHEMARKETOPERATION,DISTRIBUTIONCHANNELWHICHAFFECTSTHEENTERPRISESSUSTAINABLEMANAGEMENTANDPROFITCONDITIONISANASSEMBLYPOINTSTOMANYMARKETINGCONTRADICTION,WHETHERITISSMOOTHDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSORNOTSUCCESSFULCHANNELCONSTRUCTION,WILLDIRECTLYAFFECTTHEOVERALLSUCCESSOFTHEENTERPRISENOWADAYSCHANNELISTHEKINGANDWHOCONTROLACCESSTOTHECHANNEL,WILLCOMEHALFTHEBATTLETHEREFORE,FACINGUPTOTHEMANAGEMENTOFDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSCONFLICTSANDANALYSINGTHOROUGHLYTHECHARACTERISTICSANDCAUSESANDSUITTHEREMEDYTOTHECASE,ISOFGREATSIGNIFICANCETOREDUCECOSTANDIMPROVEEFFICIENTOPERATIONTHISARTICLEMAINLYAIMSATTHEDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSMANAGEMENTOFQINGDAOBEEROFALLASPECTSOFTHEPRESENTSITUATIONANDEXISTINGPROBLEMSINLIUZHOUTOPUTSFORWARDSOMESUGGESTIONSONHOWTOOPTIMIZEFORLIUZHOUREGIONOFQINGDAOBEERINFUTURECHANNELONTHEPROBLEMSEXISTING,ANDTHUSIMPROVETHECOMPANYOFTHECHANNELMANAGEMENTABILITYINLIUZHOUBASEDONTHETHEORYOFDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELS,IANALYSEDOFQINGDAOCONTROLANDMANAGEMENTOFDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELS,POINTEDOUTINTHEPROCESSOFIMPLEMENTATIONPROBLEMS,ANALYZEDTHECAUSESOFTHEPROBLEMSANDTHECORRESPONDINGOPTIMIZATIONRECOMMENDATIONSKEYWORDSBEER,DISTRIBUTIONCHANNEL,CHANNELMANAGEMENT,SALESMANAGEMENT

簡介：畢業(yè)論文題目飲水器產(chǎn)品設(shè)計研究姓名崔開新所在學(xué)院機械學(xué)院所學(xué)專業(yè)工業(yè)設(shè)計ABSTRACTWATERAPPLIANCESASANEWPRODUCTOFHOUSEHOLDELECTRICALAPPLIANCES,MOREANDMOREATTENTIONOFCONSUMERSANDARAISEABABELOFCRITICISMOFTOXICBILESTORMWILLBESAFE,HEALTHYWATERHOMEAPPLIANCETOANEWHEIGHTATPRESENT,OURCOUNTRYCITYWATERPURIFIERSHOUSEHOLDPENETRATIONRATEOFLESSTHAN1,WHILETHEWATERPURIFIERMARKETACCOUNTEDFORONLY35OFTHEWATERDISPENSERMARKETTHEPERSONAGEINSIDECOURSEOFSTUDYTHINKS,ALTHOUGHTHEWHOLEINDUSTRYISSTILLINTHEEMBRYONICSTAGE,BUTWITHPEOPLESHEALTHAWARENESSANDIMPROVEPURCHASINGPOWER,WATERPURIFIERMARKETSPACEWILLBEVERYLARGE,CONTAINSBILLIONSOFDOLLARSINPROFITEVERYYEARATLEASTWATERPURIFYINGMACHINEINTHEINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONOFVERYEARLYVERYWIDELY,SUCHASFOODANDBEVERAGE,CHEMICAL,ELECTRONIC,PHARMACEUTICALANDOTHERINDUSTRIES,SOMEASPECTSOFWATERINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSCANNOTMEETTHEUSEREQUIREMENTS,SOMUSTPASSWATERPURIFICATIONEQUIPMENTTHEDRINKINGWATERMACHINEDESIGN,CONSUMERSSEEISITSSHAPE,THENTHEFUNCTION,FINALLYTOSEEIFITCANPLAYTHEROLEOFCLEANWATERSHAPEDESIGN,SHAPEFEATURES,CONCISECONCISEGENEROUS,TOGIVECONSUMERSACOMFORTABLE,STABLEANDGENEROUSALSOCAREFULLYSELECTEDMATERIALS,NOTONLYCANBEUSEDFORALONGTIME,BUTALSODOESNOTHAVEANYPOLLUTIONTOWATER,TOENSURETHESAFETYOFMATERIALISDURABLETHEFUNCTION,SPECIALLYINCREASESTHEGRINDINGCOFFEE,COFFEEFUNCTION,ANDTHEPRODUCTIONOFSOYBEANMILKFUNCTION,TRULYREALIZEONEMACHINEWITHMULTIPLEFUNCTIONS,MULTIPLEFUNCTIONS,CONVENIENTFORCONSUMERSTHEUSEOFADVANCEDSTRAIGHTDRINKINGMACHINE,USINGLADDERTYPEWATER,HEATINGWATER,THEREBYREDUCINGTHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFDRINKINGWATER,DRINKINGWATERCANMAKETHEKEYWORDSDRINKINGWATERMACHINE,WATERAPPLIANCESSAFETY,TWOPOLLUTION,CANBEREALIZED,FUNCTIONAL,RATIONALITY

簡介：計算機系畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目分公司局域網(wǎng)服務(wù)器搭建學(xué)號姓名專業(yè)計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)者講師姓名專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)評閱者助教姓名專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)2011年12月1日局域網(wǎng)服務(wù)器搭建畢業(yè)設(shè)計I目錄目錄第一章企業(yè)概述及需求分析11．1企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展前景分析11．2需求分析1121公司業(yè)務(wù)概況1122各部門功能需求分析1123公司大樓結(jié)構(gòu)分布2第二章系統(tǒng)環(huán)境的總體設(shè)計22．1網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計22．2網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計原則和建設(shè)目標(biāo)32．3IP地址分配52．5設(shè)備選購52．6網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全6第三章服務(wù)器搭建73．1WEB服務(wù)器7311WEB服務(wù)器的配置7312WEB服務(wù)器的測試83．2DHCP服務(wù)器8321DHCP服務(wù)器的配置8322DHCP服務(wù)器測試93．3FTP服務(wù)器9331FTP服務(wù)器的配置9332FTP服務(wù)器的測試103．4DNS服務(wù)器10341DNS服務(wù)器的配置10342FTP服務(wù)器的測試11總結(jié)12致謝13參考文獻(xiàn)14

簡介：1第一章緒論能源是現(xiàn)代社會存在和發(fā)展的基石。隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的不斷發(fā)展，能源消費也相應(yīng)的持續(xù)增長。隨著時間的推移，化石能源的稀缺性越來越突顯，且這種稀缺性也逐漸在能源商品的價格上反應(yīng)出來。在化石能源供應(yīng)日趨緊張的背景下，大規(guī)模的開發(fā)和利用可再生能源已成為未來各國能源戰(zhàn)略中的重要組成部分。太陽能是人類取之不盡用之不竭的可再生能源，具有充分的清潔性、絕對的安全性、相對的廣泛性、確實的長壽命和免維護(hù)性、資源的充足性及潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)性等優(yōu)點，在長期的能源戰(zhàn)略中具有重要地位。我們對太陽能的利用大致可以分為光熱轉(zhuǎn)換和光電轉(zhuǎn)換兩種方式，其中，光電利用（光伏發(fā)電）是近些年來發(fā)展最快，也是最具經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力的能源開發(fā)領(lǐng)域。太陽能電池是光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中的關(guān)鍵部分，包括硅系太陽電池（單晶硅、多晶硅、非晶硅電池）和非硅系太陽能電池等。在晶體硅太陽能電池的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上分布著晶硅制備、硅片生產(chǎn)、電池制造、組件封裝四個環(huán)節(jié)。光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要由太陽能電池、蓄電池、控制器和逆變器構(gòu)成。光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可分為獨立太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和并網(wǎng)太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)獨立太陽能光伏發(fā)電是指太陽能光伏發(fā)電不與電網(wǎng)連接的發(fā)電方式，典型特征為需要蓄電池來存儲能量，在民用范圍內(nèi)主要用于邊遠(yuǎn)的鄉(xiāng)村，如家庭系統(tǒng)、村級太陽能光伏電站；在工業(yè)范圍內(nèi)主要用于電訊、衛(wèi)星廣播電視、太陽能水泵，在具備風(fēng)力發(fā)電和小水電的地區(qū)還可以組成混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)等。并網(wǎng)太陽能光伏發(fā)電是指太陽能光伏發(fā)電連接到國家電網(wǎng)的發(fā)電的方式，成為電網(wǎng)的補充。在各國政府的扶持下，世界太陽能電池產(chǎn)量快速增長，19952005年間，全球太陽能電池產(chǎn)量增長了17倍。我們預(yù)計，2010年全球太陽能電池的年產(chǎn)量有望較2005年的年產(chǎn)量增長63倍，整個行業(yè)的銷售收入有望增長35倍。我國太陽能資源非常豐富，開發(fā)利用的潛力非常大。我國太陽能發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)的應(yīng)用空間也非常廣闊，可以應(yīng)用于并網(wǎng)發(fā)電、與建材結(jié)3第二章第二章太陽能及其應(yīng)用太陽能及其應(yīng)用太陽能是人類取之不盡用之不竭的可再生能源，具有充分的清潔性、絕對的安全性、相對的廣泛性、確實的長壽命和維護(hù)性、資源的充足性及潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)性等優(yōu)點，在長期的能源戰(zhàn)略中具有重要地位并且得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。21太陽能的含義一般是指太陽光的輻射能量，在現(xiàn)代一般用作發(fā)電。自地球形成生物就主要以太陽提供的熱和光生存，而自古人類也懂得以陽光曬干物件，并作為保存食物的方法，如制鹽和曬咸魚等。但在化石燃料減少下，才有意把太陽能進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。太陽能的利用有光熱轉(zhuǎn)換和光電轉(zhuǎn)換兩種方式。太陽能發(fā)電是一種新興的可再生能源。廣義上的太陽能是地球上許多能量的來源，如風(fēng)能，化學(xué)能，水的勢能等等。22太陽能的發(fā)展歷史據(jù)記載，人類利用太陽能已有3000多年的歷史。將太陽能作為一種能源和動力加以利用，只有300多年的歷史。近代太陽能利用歷史可以從1615年法國工程師所羅門德考克斯在世界上發(fā)明第一臺太陽能驅(qū)動的發(fā)動機算起。該發(fā)明是一臺利用太陽能加熱空氣使其膨脹做功而抽水的機器。真正將太陽能作為“近期急需的補充能源”，“未來能源結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)”，則是近來的事。20世紀(jì)70年代以來，太陽能科技突飛猛進(jìn)，太陽能利用日新月異。23我國太陽能資源我國是太陽能資源相當(dāng)豐富的國家，絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)年平均日輻射量在4KWH/㎡以上，西藏最高達(dá)7KWH/㎡。24太陽能的應(yīng)用就目前來說，人類直接利用太陽能還處于初級階段，主要有太陽能集熱、太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)、太陽能暖房、太陽能發(fā)電等方式。241太陽能集熱器太陽能集熱器SOLARCOLLECTOR在太陽能熱系統(tǒng)中，接受太陽輻射并向傳熱工質(zhì)傳遞熱量的裝置。按傳熱工質(zhì)可分為液體集熱器和空氣集熱器。按采光方式可分為聚光型集熱器和吸熱型集熱器兩種。一個好的太陽能集熱器應(yīng)該能用20～30年。242242太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目基于ANDROID平臺記事本的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)姓名學(xué)號系（院）信息工程系班級指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師二O一四年五月二十日63刪除/修改/刪除記事28第七章總結(jié)29參考文獻(xiàn)30致謝31

簡介：題目小區(qū)物業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與開發(fā)信息管理與信息系統(tǒng)信息管理系學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)班級指導(dǎo)教師系別學(xué)生學(xué)號現(xiàn)代物流學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文IIABSTRACTWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,COMPUTERTECHNOLOGYINVARIOUSFIELDSHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDFORRESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENT,IMPROVINGTHELEVELOFRESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENT,ANDEXPANDITSRANGEOFSERVICESANDIMPROVESERVICEQUALITYANDEFFICIENCYOFMODERNTRENDSINRESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENTASTHERESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENT,WORKFLOWANDDIVERSE,MANAGEMENTCOMPLEXITYANDCOSTSOFCOLLECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFCOMPLICATEDEQUIPMENT,WHICHMAKESRESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENTTORELYONCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THEDISTRICTMANAGERISMORECONVENIENT,FAST,EFFICIENT,CLEARANDRELEVANTDATAMANAGEMENT,PROPERTYMANAGEMENTWORKERSTOBRINGGREATEREFFICIENCY,THEREBYENHANCINGTHERESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENTTHEDESIGNCANGNANJARDINEHOMEDISTRICTASANEXAMPLE,THEFIRSTOFTHEBACKGROUNDRESEARCH,RELEVANTCONCEPTSSUCHASABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTHENTHESYSTEMANALYSIS,INCLUDINGFEASIBILITYANALYSIS,FUNCTIONALANALYSIS,REQUIREMENTSANALYSISOFTHEOVERALLSYSTEMDESIGN,CODEDESIGN,USERINTERFACEDESIGNANDDATABASEDESIGN,DATABASEDESIGNBASEDONTHECONCEPTOFDATABASEDESIGNANDLOGICDESIGN,DRAWDATABASEERMODELDIAGRAMINTHESYSTEMIMPLEMENTATIONPHASE,ADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHESYSTEMMODULEDETAILS,INCLUDINGDESIGN,APPLICATIONKEYCODETHROUGHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHISSYSTEM,SOTHATTHELEARNINGOFCOMPUTERPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESANDOTHERRELATEDDISCIPLINESHASBEENTHEPRACTICEANDAPPLICATIONOFKNOWLEDGE,DEEPENUNDERSTANDINGOFTHETHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEKEYWORDSRESIDENTIALPROPERTYMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMDELPHI

簡介：第1頁中文中文37123712字NONEXPLOSIVEROCKBREAKINGTECHNOLOGIESFORSAFEANDCONTINUOUSMININGKKKABONGOKEYWORDSMININGCONSULTANT，YONKESERVICESPTYLIMITED，31IMPALAROADCHISLEHURSTON，SANDTON，JOHANNESBURG，RSAABSTRACTSEVERALMINESINSOUTHAFRICASA,LIKEINMANYOTHERPARTSOFTHEWORLD,USEDRILLANDBLASTASMEANSOFROCKBREAKINGFOROREEXTRACTIONDESPITECOSTEFFECTIVENESSHIGHEXPLOSIVEMININGDOESNOTGUARANTEEOPTIMALTOTALMININGCOSTSITSLOWENERGYEFFICIENCIESANDTHEHAZARDOUSNATUREOFBLASTING,IEPOORSAFETYRECORDSESPECIALLYINDEEPMINES,CREATEANEEDFORINTENSIVERESEACHANDDEVELOPMENTINTOSAFERANDMOREPRODUCTIVETECHNOLOGIESSURELYMECHANISEDMININGISTHEULTIMATEOPTIONMANYATTEMPTSTOUSEHEAVYMACHINESINNARROWVEINDEPOSITSATGREATDEPTHSHAVEHOWEVERRESULTEDINDISAPPOINTMENTOVERTHELASTTHREEYEARS,THEQUESTFORNONEXPLOSIVESBREAKINGTECHNOLOGIESHASGAINEDMOMENTUMTHEINDUSTRYISDESPERATELYLOOKINGFORAFACESAVINGSYSTEMTOUPLIFEPRODUCTIVITY,ENSURESAFEMININGUNDERGROUND,PREVENTANDDAMAGEDCONTROLTHEIMPACTOFTHEDEVASTATINGHIV/AIDSONTHEFUTUREOFMININGPROPELLANTBASEDNONEXPLOSIVEROCKBREAKINGISPOSITIONINGITSELFSOASTOCAPTURETHEOPINIONINTHEINDUSTRYITISCONSIDEREDAMIDWAYBETWEENCHEAPERBUTLIFETHREATENINGEXPLOSIVESANDTHECAPITALINTENSIVEANDUNCOMPROMISINGMECHANISEDMININGMANYNONEXPLOSIVEPRODUCTSBEINGTRAILEDINTHEINDUSTRYSWARTKLIP’SBOULDER,ROCKSPLITTER,BRANDRILL’SPENETRATIONCONEFRACTUREPCF,NXCO’SNONEXANDALTEX’SSAFEXTONAMEAFEWALLTHESESYSTEMSHAVEUNIQUEMERITSANDTHEYALLCLAIMDIFFERENTLEVELSOFSUCCESSINBREAKINGROCKUNDERVARYINGCONDITIONS,HOWEVERTHEYALLLACKTHEHERCULEANPOWERCUNNINGHAM2002,“THEOOMPH”,TOPROPERLYCLEANOUTTHEROCKBURDENSCONSISTENTLYTOTHESATISFACTIONOFTHEINDUSTRYFUNDAMENTALLYTHESESYSTEMSAPPEARTOLACKINCONTAININGTHEBLASTGASENERGIESINTHEROCKTOMATUREBURDEN第3頁NONEXPLOSIVELOWCONCUSSIONROCKBREAKINGLESSFINESANDDUSTGENERATIONIMPROVEDHANGINGWALLCONDITIONSDUETOLOWCONCUSSIONLOWTOXICFUMES,ENABLINGIMMEDIATEREENTRYANDCONTINUOUSMINING2NONEXPLOSIVEROCKBREAKINGSAMININGINDUSTRYHASONEOFTHEHIGHESTRATEOFMININGCASUALTIESINTHEWORLDMAINLYDUETOTHEGREATDEPTHOFMINING2TO3KILOMETRESUNDERTHEGROUND,EVERMORETHEUNIQUEGEOTECHNICALROCKCONDITIONSAREGENERALLYCHARACTERIZEDBYHEAVILYFRACTUREDROCKINSTOPSANDHAULAGESASWELLASAHIGHLYSESMICACTIVEGROUNDCONDITIONSHIGHEXPLOSIVEMININGDOESADDTOTHEGROUNDCONDITIONSDESCRIBEDABOVEANOTHERSAFETYCONCERNTHATISBORNOUTOFTHEENORMOUSENERGYGENERATEDBYBLASTING,WHICHISOFTENPOORLYACCOUNTEDFORCONSIDERABLEPORTIONOFBLASTENERGYREMAINSLOCKEDUPINHANGINGWALLSOFMININGEXCAVATIONSWITHOUTPRIORWARNINGSUCHENERGYCOMESDOWNOFTENTRIGGERINGBLOODYFALLSOFGROUNDTHATFRENQUENTLYRESULTINACCIDENTSVARYINGININTENSITYFROMSMALLCUTSTOMULTIPLEFATALITIESTABULATEDBELOWARESTATISTICSOFACCIDENTSRECORDEDINSAMINESFORAPERIODOFNINEYEARSFROM1990TO1999TABLE1STATISICSOFHIGHEXPLOSIVERELATEDACCIDENTSINSAMINESSAMINESACCIDENTSTATISTICSFROM9099TOTALINJUREDTOTALDISABLEDTOTALKILLEDTOTALACCIDENTSFALLOFGROUNDMISFIRESEXPOSURETOBLASTINGFUMESOTHEREXPLOSIVERELATEDACCIDENTS17286124993015472901822997417180TABLE1ABOVEDEPICTSTHEHORRENDOUSREALITYOFSAMININGINDUSTRYTHATMAYBESUMMEDUPINTHEFOLLOWINGEVERYSINGLEYEARHIGHEXPLOSIVESINTHEINDUSTRYCAUSEDEATHTOOVERONEHUNDREDANDFIFTYPEOPLE,INJUREOVERONETHOUSANDEIGHTHUNDREDPEOPLEANDINFLICPERMANENTDISABILITYTOSOMETENPEOPLETHISISTHE

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簡介：MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA413–4142005545–549GROWTHRATEANDIMPURITYDISTRIBUTIONINMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONFORSOLARCELLSRANNVEIGKVANDE?,?YVINDMJ?S,BIRGITRYNINGENNORWEGIANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,DEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,ALFREDGETSVEI2,7491TRONDHEIM,NORWAYRECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM1JULY2005ABSTRACTTHESOLIDIFICATIONRATEOFMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONMADEBYDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONHASBEENDETERMINEDBYINSITUMEASUREMENTSOFTHESOLID/LIQUIDINTERFACEPOSITIONINAPILOTSCALEFURNACETWOEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDWHERESILICONWASSOLIDIFIEDVERTICALLYFROMTHEBOTTOMWITHANEARLYPLANARINTERFACEANDCOOLEDAFTERSOLIDIFICATIONATTWODIFFERENTRATESTHEAVERAGESOLIDIFICATIONRATEWASFOUNDTOBE410?6M/S,WHICHFITSWELLCOMPAREDTOVALUESCALCULATEDFROMTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSBENEATHTHECRUCIBLETHESOLIDIFIEDSILICONWASEXAMINEDTODETERMINETHECARBONANDOXYGENDISTRIBUTIONANDTHEELECTRONLIFETIMEVERTICALLYINTHEINGOTSTHECARBONDISTRIBUTIONWASQUITESIMILARINBOTHINGOTSWITHACONCENTRATIONOFABOUT4PPMAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEINGOTSAHIGHEROXYGENCONCENTRATIONWASFOUNDINTHEINGOTWITHSLOWCOOLINGTHISWASARESULTOFPOORCOATINGWHICHINCREASEDOXYGENDIFFUSIONFROMTHECRUCIBLETHEELECTRONLIFETIMEWASFOUNDTOBEABOUT10?SINTHEMATERIALWITHFASTCOOLING,WHEREASTHEMATERIALWITHSLOWCOOLINGHADANELECTRONLIFETIMEOF2?SMOREDIFFUSIONOFIRONFROMTHECRUCIBLEMAYBETHEREASONFORTHELOWLIFETIMEINTHEMATERIALWITHSLOWCOOLING?2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONSOLIDIFICATIONRATEIMPURITYDISTRIBUTIONELECTRONLIFETIME1INTRODUCTIONMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONISTHEMOSTUSEDMATERIALINSOLARCELLSWITHASHAREOFMORETHAN50OFTHESHIPPEDPVMODULESWORLDWIDE1DIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONISACOMMONMETHODTOCASTMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONFORUSEINSOLARCELLSHERE,THESILICONISMELTEDANDSOLIDIFIEDFROMBELOWBYEXTRACTIONOFHEATTHROUGHTHECRUCIBLEBOTTOM,RESULTINGINANEARLYPLANARSOLID/LIQUIDINTERFACEMOSTIMPURITIESARESEGREGATEDTOWARDSTHETOP,ANDTHEFINALCRYSTALSTRUCTUREISDOMINATEDBYLARGECOLUMNARGRAINSPARALLELTOTHESOLIDIFICATIONDIRECTIONTHESOLARENERGYCONVERSIONEFFICIENCYOFMULTICRYSTALLINESOLARCELLSISTYPICALLYINTHERANGEOF12–15THEEFFICIENCYISMAINLYLIMITEDBYMINORITYCARRIERRECOMBINATIONATDISLOCATIONSANDINTRAGRANULARDEFECTSSUCHASIMPURITIES,SMALLCLUSTERSOFATOMS,ORPRECIPITATES2SINCERECOMBINATIONATPUREDISLOCATIONSISKNOWNTOBERELATIVELYWEAK,ITHASBEENSUGGESTED?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL4773596867FAX4773550203EMAILADDRESSRANNVEIGKVANDEMATERIALNTNUNORKVANDETHATTHEDECORATIONWITHMETALLICIMPURITIESORPRECIPITATESISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEENHANCEDRECOMBINATIONINTHESEREGIONS3–5ITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHESOLIDIFICATIONPROCESSSTRONGLYAFFECTSTHEEFFICIENCYTHESOLIDIFICATIONCONTROLSTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEMATERIAL,WHILEPOSTSOLIDIFICATIONCOOLINGISBELIEVEDTOAFFECTTHEDISLOCATIONDENSITYTHECURVATUREOFTHESOLIDIFIEDINTERFACEMAYAFFECTTHECRYSTALMORPHOLOGYANDTHELOCATIONOFIMPURITIESINTHESOLIDIFIEDMATERIALCARBONANDOXYGENARE,BESIDESNITROGEN,THEMAINIMPURITIESINMULTICRYSTALLINESILICON,WHERECARBONORIGINATESPRIMARILYFROMINSULATIONANDHEATINGELEMENTSINTHEFURNACE,WHILEOXYGENDIFFUSESINTOTHEMELTFROMTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLETHEPRESENTPAPERDESCRIBESEXPERIMENTSMADEINORDERTODETERMINETHEGROWTHRATEOFSILICONDURINGDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONINAPILOTSCALEBRIDGMANFURNACE,ANDTOESTABLISHTHEINFLUENCEOFCOOLINGRATEONTHEMINORITYCARRIERLIFETIMEWHICHISAFFECTEDBYTHEDISLOCATIONDENSITYTHEGROWTHRATEISALSOCALCULATEDFROMTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSINTHEPEDESTALBENEATHTHECRUCIBLETHEMATERIALFROMBOTHEXPERIMENTSWASCHARACTERIZEDTODETERMINETHECARBONANDOXYGENDISTRIBUTIONVERTICALLYINTHEINGOTS09215093/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMSEA200509035RKVANDEETAL/MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA413–4142005545–549547FIG3MEASUREDANDCALCULATEDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHASFUNCTIONOFTIMECOMBININGEQS1–3ANDASSUMINGQSI,SQCRQGQ,GIVESTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSIONQATM?TPTGKGTSI,SKSI,STCRKCR4THETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYCOEFFICIENTSAREASSUMEDCONSTANTDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONTHEPEDESTALTEMPERATURETPISMEASUREDBYATHERMOCOUPLEDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONHEATTRANSFERTHROUGHTHESOLIDIFIEDSILICONCANBEEXPRESSEDASQSI,SQHEATFROMREACTIONQHEATFROMLIQUID?HSIΡSIMSIVAAKSI,LΔTSH?TM5?HSIISTHELATENTHEATFORSILICON,ΡSITHESILICONDENSITY,MSITHEMOLARMASSFORSILICON,ANDVISTHEGROWTHRATEBYSETTINGEQ4EQ5THEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONWASDERIVEDFORTHEGROWTHRATEVMSIΡSI?HSI??TM?TPTSI,SKSI,STCRKCRTGKG?KSI,LIQΔTSH?TM??6EQ6ISSIMPLIFIEDBYNEGLECTINGTHESECONDTERMUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONOFNOMELTSUPERHEAT,TSH0THETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLEISUNCERTAINANDTHECONSTANTKCRINEQ6INCLUDESALSOINREALITYTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHECOATING,WHICHISDEPENDENTOFTHICKNESSANDDENSITYOFTHECOATINGITISTHEREFOREDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYKCRANDTHEGROWTHRATEISCALCULATEDATTWODIFFERENTCONDUCTIVITIESTHECALCULATEDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHCORRESPONDSWELLWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESWHENASSUMINGTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHECRUCIBLETOBE12W/MK,ASSHOWNINFIG3THEMEASUREDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHASFUNCTIONOFTIMEWASVERYSIMILARINTHETWOEXPERIMENTS,INDICATINGSTABLEANDREPRODUCIBLETHERMALCONDITIONSANAVERAGEGROWTHRATEOF410?6M/SISCALCULATEDFROMTHEMEASUREDVALUESTHECURVATUREOFTHEINTERFACEDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONWASINBOTHEXPERIMENTSSLIGHTLYCONVEXWITHANAPPROXIMATELYHEIGHTDIFFERENCEOF5MMBETWEENCENTREANDHALFWAYOUTTOTHESIDESFIG4CARBONCONTENTASFUNCTIONOFVERTICALPOSITIONININGOT,MEASUREDANDCALCULATEDFROMSCHEILEQUATION32CARBONANDOXYGENCONTENTTHECARBONCONTENT,SHOWNINFIG4,INCREASESINVERTICALDIRECTIONASARESULTOFSEGREGATIONANDEXCEEDSTHESOLUBILITYLIMITATTHEENDOFSOLIDIFICATIONTHISRESULTSINPRECIPITATIONOFSIC,ANDTHELASTMEASUREMENTFORBOTHINGOTSWILLTHEREFOREDEVIATEFROMTHEREALCARBONCONTENTSINCEFTIRCANONLYMEASURESUBSTITUTIONALCARBONTHECARBONDISTRIBUTIONINTHETWOINGOTSWASQUITESIMILARWITHACONCENTRATIONOFABOUT4PPMAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEINGOTSTHECARBONCONTENTWASALSOCALCULATEDBYSCHEILEQUATIONUSINGADISTRIBUTIONCOEFFICIENTOF005810THESTARTCONCENTRATIONWASSETTO17PPMATHEMEASUREDCARBONCONCENTRATIONSFITWELLWITHTHECONCENTRATIONPROFILECALCULATEDFROMSCHEILEQUATIONTHEOXYGENPROFILERESULTSFROMTHECOMPETITIONOFTHREEMECHANISMSDIFFUSIONFROMTHECRUCIBLE,SOLIDIFICATIONREJECTION,ANDEVAPORATIONFROMTHEMELTSURFACETHEOXYGENCONCENTRATIONISPARTICULARLYHIGHATTHEBOTTOMFORBOTHINGOTSANDDECREASESFROMBOTTOMTOTOPASSHOWNINFIG5THEHIGHCONCENTRATIONINTHELOWERPARTISARESULTOFOXYGENDIFFUSIONINTOTHEMELTFROMTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLETHECONTACTAREABETWEENMELTANDCRUCIBLEREDUCESASSOLIDIFICATIONPROCEEDSANDTHISFIG5OXYGENCONTENTASFUNCTIONOFVERTICALPOSITIONININGOT

簡介：DYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSUNDERCYCLICLOADINGINLIQUEFIABLESOILSAMINRAHMANI?,ALIPAKDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,SHARIFUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,POBOX111559313,TEHRAN,IRANARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED5MARCH2011RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM12SEPTEMBER2011ACCEPTED13SEPTEMBER2011AVAILABLEONLINE11NOVEMBER2011KEYWORDSLIQUEFACTIONPILEFOUNDATIONSFULLYCOUPLEDTHREEDIMENSIONALDYNAMICANALYSISDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,AFULLYCOUPLEDTHREEDIMENSIONALDYNAMICANALYSISISCARRIEDOUTTOINVESTIGATETHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFIEDGROUNDACRITICALSTATEBOUNDINGSURFACEPLASTICITYMODELISUSEDTOMODELSOILSKELETON,WHILEAFULLYCOUPLEDU–PFORMULATIONISEMPLOYEDTOANALYZESOILDISPLACEMENTSANDPOREWATERPRESSURESFURTHERMORE,INTHISSTUDY,VARIATIONOFPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTDURINGLIQUEFACTIONISTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTISRELATEDTOEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURERATIORESULTSOFACENTRIFUGETESTONPILEFOUNDATIONSAREUSEDTODEMONSTRATETHECAPABILITYOFTHEMODELFORRELIABLEANALYSISOFPILESUNDERDYNAMICLOADINGTHEN,THEVERIFIEDMODELISUSEDFORAPARAMETRICSTUDYTHEPARAMETRICSTUDYISCARRIEDOUTBYVARYINGPILELENGTH,FREQUENCYOFINPUTMOTION,FIXITYOFTHEPILEHEAD,THICKNESSOFTHELIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERANDRELATIVEDENSITYOFLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERTHREEDIFFERENTSOILPROFILESHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINTHISSTUDYINGENERAL,PARAMETRICSTUDIESDEMONSTRATETHATFIXITYOFTHEPILEHEAD,THICKNESSOFLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERANDFREQUENCYOFINPUTMOTIONARETHEMOSTCRITICALPARAMETERSWHICHCONSIDERABLYAFFECTPILESPERFORMANCEINLIQUEFIEDGROUNDSCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTHEBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSUNDEREARTHQUAKELOADINGISANIMPORTANTISSUETHATWIDELYAFFECTSTHEPERFORMANCEOFSTRUCTURESDESIGNPROCEDURESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFOREVALUATINGPILEBEHAVIORUNDEREARTHQUAKELOADINGHOWEVER,APPLICATIONOFTHESEPROCEDURESTOCASESINVOLVINGLIQUEFIABLEGROUNDISUNCERTAINSINCETHEPERFORMANCEOFPILESINLIQUEFIEDSOILLAYERSISMUCHMORECOMPLEXTHANTHATOFNONLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERNOTONLYBECAUSETHESUPERSTRUCTUREANDTHESURROUNDINGSOILEXERTDIFFERENTDYNAMICLOADSONPILE,BUTALSOBECAUSETHESTIFFNESSANDSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESURROUNDINGSOILDIMINISHESOVERTIMEDUETONONLINEARBEHAVIOROFSOILANDALSOPOREWATERPRESSUREGENERATIONLIQUEFACTIONREPRESENTSONEOFTHEBIGGESTCONTRIBUTORSTODAMAGEOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESDURINGEARTHQUAKES1THISPHENOMENONWASREPORTEDASTHEMAINCAUSEOFDAMAGETOPILEFOUNDATIONSDURINGTHEMAJOREARTHQUAKESSUCHASALASKA,1964,LOMAPRIETA,1989,HYOGOKENNAMBU,19951PREDICTIONOFSEISMICRESPONSEOFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERSISDIFFICULT,ANDTHEREAREMANYUNCERTAINTIESINTHEMECHANISMSINVOLVEDINSOIL–PILESUPERSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONHOWEVER,INRECENTDECADES,AWIDERANGEOFCENTRIFUGEANDSHAKINGTABLETESTSANDALSOVARIOUSNUMERICALMETHODSHAVEBEENEMPLOYEDINORDERTOPROVIDEBETTERINSIGHTSINTOTHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFIABLESOILSTHESERESEARCHESCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESFIELDOBSERVATIONS,LABORATORYTESTS,ANDNUMERICALMODELING11FIELDOBSERVATIONSTHESESTUDIESMAINLYINVESTIGATETHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEFAILUREPATTERNS,SETTLEMENTANDLATERALDISPLACEMENTOFPILESDURINGNIIGATAEARTHQUAKE,1964,MANYPILEFOUNDATIONSFAILEDTOSUPPORTSTRUCTURESDUETOTHELIQUEFACTIONOFTHESURROUNDINGSOILACCORDINGTOHAMADA2,THEGROUNDINTHEVICINITYOFAFOURSTOREYBUILDINGMOVEDAPPROXIMATELY11M,ANDTHEMAXIMUMLATERALDISPLACEMENTOFCONCRETEPILESWITHADIAMETEROF35CMANDLENGTHOF6–9MWASAROUND70CMTHELARGEAMOUNTOFLATERALDISPLACEMENTCAUSEDSEVEREDAMAGETOTHEPILEATTHEINTERFACEOFTHELIQUEFIEDANDNONLIQUEFIEDLAYERSMORIETAL3CONDUCTEDANEXCAVATIONSURVEYANDINTERNALINSPECTIONOFTHEDAMAGEDPILESOFASILOWHICHSUFFEREDSEVEREDAMAGEDUETOTHEHOKKAIDONANSEIOKIEARTHQUAKE,1993THEYCONCLUDEDTHATDAMAGEUSUALLYOCCURSATTHREEDIFFERENTLOCATIONSATTHEPILEHEADFORFIXEDHEADPILES,ATADEPTHOF1–3MBELOWTHEPILECAPFORFREEHEADPILESANDATTHEINTERFACEOFTHELIQUEFIEDANDNONLIQUEFIEDLAYERSTHISOBSERVATIONHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYOTHERSSUCHASTACHIKAWAETAL4,SHAMOTOETAL5,ANDONISHIETAL612LABORATORYTESTSTHESESTUDIESINCLUDESOMEDYNAMICCENTRIFUGETESTSANDALSOSHAKINGTABLETESTSOFPILESUPPORTEDSTRUCTURESINWHICH0266352X/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPGEO201109002?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL982166164225FAX982166014828EMAILADDRESSAMINRAHMAANIGMAILCOMARAHMANICOMPUTERSANDGEOTECHNICS402012114–126CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTCOMPUTERSANDGEOTECHNICSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/COMPGEOINVESTIGATIONSARULANANDANANDSYBICO35,BASEDONTHEMEASUREMENTOFCHANGESINTHEELECTRICALRESISTANCEOFSATURATEDSANDDEPOSITDURINGLIQUEFACTIONINTHECENTRIFUGETESTS,CONCLUDEDTHAT‘‘INFLIGHTPERMEABILITY’’OFSATURATEDSANDDURINGLIQUEFACTIONINCREASESUPTO6–7TIMESGREATERTHANITSINITIALVALUEJAFARZADEHANDYANAGISAWA36BYMEASUREMENTOFTHEVOLUMEOFTHEEXPELLEDWATERFROMSATURATEDSANDCOLUMNSINSHAKINGTABLEMODELTESTSINDICATEDTHATTHEAVERAGEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTDURINGEXCITATIONIS5–6TIMESGREATERTHANITSSTATICVALUEMANZARIANDARULANANDAN37USEDVARIABLEPERMEABILITYINTHEIRNUMERICALSIMULATIONINTHEIRSTUDY,PREDICTIONSOFEXCESSPOREPRESSUREANDSETTLEMENTWERESATISFACTORY,BUTLATERALDISPLACEMENTSWERENOTSIMULATEDREASONABLYWELLBALAKRISHNAN38EMPLOYEDAFACTOROF10FORINCREASINGTHEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTINNUME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