簡介：1中文中文4250字出處出處OMARFN,RAHMANNA,HAFIDHS,ETALSEPARATIONANDRECOVERYOFORGANICACIDSFROMFERMENTEDKITCHENWASTEBYANINTEGRATEDPROCESSJAFRICANJOURNALOFBIOTECHNOLOGY,2009,82158075813從廚余垃圾發(fā)酵中分離和收集有機(jī)酸的綜合過程FARAHNADIAOMAR,NOR’AINIABDULRAHMAN,HALIMATUNSAADIAHHAFID,PHANGLAIYEEANDMOHDALIHASSAN法拉?納迪爾?奧馬爾，諾?埃尼?阿卜杜勒?拉赫曼，哈利梅頓?沙利?哈菲德，萊伊和莫哈末?阿里?哈桑生物過程技術(shù)系，生物技術(shù)和生物分子科學(xué)，馬來西亞博特拉大學(xué)學(xué)院，43400沙登，雪蘭莪州，馬來西亞2009年9月4號摘要廚余垃圾厭氧消化產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)酸通過一種新型綜合性的方法收集，該方法由冷凝、解凍、離心分離和過濾幾個(gè)步驟組成。改有機(jī)酸主要由乳酸（98）組成。經(jīng)過冷凝和解凍過程，70懸浮固體物將被移除，有機(jī)酸的濃度將從59G/L上升到70G/L。經(jīng)過過濾工序后有機(jī)酸的濃度將提升到224G/L。通過這種綜合的收集有機(jī)酸的方法，使得收集過程中93固體懸浮物將被移除。同時(shí)收集過程中的物料平衡也將提及到。關(guān)鍵字厭氧消化，廚余垃圾，有機(jī)酸，收集。簡介馬來西亞顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長帶來了巨大的人口激增，也導(dǎo)致了大量的都市固體廢棄物（MSW）的產(chǎn)生。通常MSW傾倒入垃圾填埋場然后被分解成簡單的化合物。然而，由于土地稀缺和垃圾填埋場的約束，為了減少占有的垃圾填埋場空間其他方法應(yīng)該被給予考慮。焚燒處理也是一種選擇OHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2006，因?yàn)樗且环N簡單的最終處理方法，但是在燃燒過程中大量的能量將被浪費(fèi)TSAI,2008由于MSW的2254由食物和有機(jī)廢物組成KATHIRVALEETAL,2003,所以將MSW生物轉(zhuǎn)化成有用的產(chǎn)品是可行的同時(shí)也將降低處理成本。廚余垃圾含有80的水分，富含營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和微生物很容易被生物降解WANG3高濃度酸液圖1有機(jī)酸的收集過程ETAL,2002、以及結(jié)晶。在有機(jī)酸的收集過程中像過濾和蒸發(fā)這樣的物理收集方法被廣泛的應(yīng)用MUMTAZETAL,2008。然而，這些方法仍存在一些問題，像化學(xué)品的使用，大批量的生產(chǎn)廢棄物，產(chǎn)品的高損耗和高功耗。冷凍和解凍是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的方法，但卻又是現(xiàn)在仍在適用。它可以改善污泥脫水特性CHUETAL,1999，轉(zhuǎn)換成絮狀結(jié)構(gòu)更緊湊的形式KAWASAKIANDMATSUDA，1995，減少污泥的結(jié)合水含量LEEANDHSU，1994，以及消除了靜態(tài)固體有效性PHANGETAL,2002。因此，本研究的目的是評估一個(gè)集成性能從發(fā)酵了食物垃圾中收集有機(jī)酸的過程。這項(xiàng)研究還介紹了收集過程中的物料平衡。物料和方法廚余垃圾的厭氧消化在馬來西亞雪蘭莪州的斯里蘭卡扎登當(dāng)?shù)氐目Х瑞^和餐館收集新鮮的廚余垃圾,使用50公升攪拌式生物反應(yīng)器進(jìn)行發(fā)酵，大約15公斤的被裝入重型的華林?jǐn)嚢铏C(jī)，同時(shí)加入15公升水調(diào)至比例為11，發(fā)酵條件控制在37℃SAKAIANDEZAKI,2006以及150RPM的轉(zhuǎn)速，進(jìn)行7天的發(fā)酵，并且每天抽樣分析。有機(jī)酸的收集圖1顯示了從廚余垃圾發(fā)酵液中收集有機(jī)酸的過程，凝結(jié)和解凍的方法來自PHANG等（2000）的研究，凝結(jié)過程在零下30℃的冰柜里徹夜進(jìn)行，解凍過程則在烘烤爐中溫度控制在60℃下進(jìn)行23個(gè)小時(shí)。冰凍的樣品在一毫米口徑蒸餾

簡介：DEVELOPMENTOFINTEGRATEDMOTORASSISTHYBRIDSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTOFTHE‘INSIGHT’,APERSONALHYBRIDCOUPEKAORUAOKI,SHIGETAKAKURODA,SHIGEMASAKAJIWARA,HIROMITSUSATOANDYOSHIOYAMAMOTOHONDARDCO,LTDCOPYRIGHT?2000SOCIETYOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERS,INCABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHETECHNICALAPPROACHUSEDTODESIGNANDDEVELOPTHEPOWERPLANTFORTHEHONDAINSIGHT,ANEWMOTORASSISTHYBRIDVEHICLEWITHANOVERALLDEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVEOFJUSTHALFTHEFUELCONSUMPTIONOFTHECURRENTCIVICOVERAWIDERANGEOFDRIVINGCONDITIONSFUELCONSUMPTIONOF35KM/LJAPANESE1015MODE,AND34L/100KM98/69/ECWASREALIZEDTOACHIEVETHIS,ANEWINTEGRATEDMOTORASSISTIMAHYBRIDPOWERPLANTSYSTEMWASDEVELOPED,INCORPORATINGMANYNEWTECHNOLOGIESFORPACKAGINGANDINTEGRATINGTHEMOTORASSISTSYSTEMANDFORIMPROVINGENGINETHERMALEFFICIENCYTHISWASDEVELOPEDINCOMBINATIONWITHANEWLIGHTWEIGHTALUMINUMBODYWITHLOWAERODYNAMICRESISTANCEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEGOALSALSOINCLUDEDTHESIMULTANEOUSACHIEVEMENTOFLOWEMISSIONSHALFTHEJAPANESEYEAR2000STANDARDS,ANDHALFTHEEU2000STANDARDS,HIGHEFFICIENCY,ANDRECYCLABILITYFULLCONSIDERATIONWASALSOGIVENTOKEYCONSUMERATTRIBUTES,INCLUDINGCRASHSAFETYPERFORMANCE,HANDLING,ANDDRIVINGPERFORMANCE1INTRODUCTIONTOREDUCETHEAUTOMOBILE’SIMPACTONSOCIETYANDTHEENVIRONMENTREQUIRESTHATITBEINCREASINGLYCLEANERANDMOREENERGYEFFICIENTTHEISSUESOFENERGYCONSERVATION,AMBIENTAIRQUALITY,ANDREDUCTIONINCO2EMISSIONSAREINCREASINGRAISEDASGLOBALENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSONESOLUTIONFORDEALINGWITHTHESEISSUESISTHEHYBRIDAUTOMOBILEHONDAHASDEVELOPEDANDINTRODUCEDTOSEVERALMAJORMARKETSWORLDWIDETHEINSIGHT,ANEWGENERATIONOFVEHICLEDESIGNTHEINSIGHTCOMBINESAHYBRIDPOWERTRAINWITHADVANCEDBODYTECHNOLOGYFEATURESTOMEETANOVERALLGOALOFACHIEVINGTHEHIGHESTFUELECONOMYPRACTICALTHEHYBRIDPOWERTRAINISAMOTORASSISTPARALLELCONFIGURATION,TERMEDIMAFOR‘INTEGRATEDMOTORASSIST’THISPOWERTRAINCOMBINESAHIGHLYEFFICIENTELECTRICMOTORWITHANEWSMALLDISPLACEMENTVTECENGINE,ALIGHTWEIGHTALUMINUMBODY,ANDIMPROVEDAERODYNAMICSTOREALIZE34L/100KMCO280G/KMON98/69/ECFUELECONOMYLOWEMISSIONSPERFORMANCEWASALSOTARGETEDWITHEMISSIONLEVELSACHIEVINGTHEEU2000INADDITIONTORECAPTURINGDECELERATIONENERGY,THEINTEGRATEDMOTORPROVIDESHIGHTORQUEASSISTDURINGTYPICALURBANDRIVINGACCELERATIONSTHISALLOWSASIGNIFICANTREDUCTIONINENGINEDISPLACEMENTANDHIGHERENGINEEFFICIENCYSUSTAINEDHILLCLIMBINGPERFORMANCEANDHIGHSPEEDCRUISINGCAPABILITYAREASSUREDBYAPOWERTOWEIGHTRATIOOFAPPROXIMATELY56KWPERMETRICTONNEWENGINETECHNOLOGYINCLUDESTHEAPPLICATIONOFANEWVTECVARIABLEVALVETIMINGANDVALVELIFT,ELECTRONICCONTROLCYLINDERHEADDESIGNPROMOTINGHIGHEFFICIENCYANDFASTCATALYSTACTIVATION,ANDANEWLEANNOXCATALYSTSYSTEMWHICHPROMOTESLEANBURNFIGURE1TARGETOFDOUBLETHEFUELECONOMYOFCIVICAIMINGTOESTABLISHABENCHMARKFOR21STCENTURYAUTOMOBILEPOWERTRAINS,WEDEVELOPEDTHISNEWINTEGRATEDMOTORASSISTPOWERTRAINTHISPOWERTRAINSIMULTANEOUSLYACHIEVESBOTHEXTREMELYLOWFUELCONSUMPTIONOF34L/100KM,ANDLOWEXHAUSTGASEMISSIONPERFORMANCE,BEFITTINGANEXTGENERATIONCARTHISPAPERREPORTSONTHENEWLYDEVELOPEDIMASYSTEM,INCLUDINGTHELEANBURNENGINE,ELECTRICMOTOR,POWERCONTROLUNIT,BATTERYTECHNOLOGY,ANDEXHAUSTEMISSIONCONTROLTECHNOLOGYUSEDINTHE“HONDAINSIGHT“4AIMOFTHEIMASYSTEMWHILEDEVELOPINGTHISNEXTGENERATIONIMAHYBRIDSYSTEM,WEINCORPORATEDASMANYCURRENTLYACHIEVABLETECHNOLOGIESANDTECHNIQUESASPOSSIBLE,INORDERTOACHIEVETHE“WORLDSLOWESTFUELCONSUMPTION“THEFOLLOWINGFOURSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTTHEMESWEREESTABLISHEDINORDERTOMEETTHISTARGET1RECOVERYOFDECELERATIONENERGY2IMPROVEMENTOFTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEENGINE3USEOFIDLESTOPSYSTEM4REDUCTIONOFPOWERTRAINSIZEANDWEIGHT5OVERVIEWOFTHEIMASYSTEM51SYSTEMCONFIGURATION–ASSHOWNINFIG2,THEIMASYSTEMUSESTHEENGINEASTHEMAINPOWERSOURCEANDANELECTRICMOTORASANAUXILIARYPOWERSOURCEWHENACCELERATINGUSINGAMOTORASANAUXILIARYPOWERSOURCESIMPLIFIESTHEOVERALLSYSTEMANDMAKESITPOSSIBLETOUSEACOMPACTANDLIGHTWEIGHTMOTOR,BATTERY,ANDPOWERCONTROLUNITPCU

簡介：第88頁中文中文5100字出處出處COMPUTERSININDUSTRY562005442–456附錄ACAD/CAE/CAM在提高快速成形系統(tǒng)中的綜合應(yīng)用在提高快速成形系統(tǒng)中的綜合應(yīng)用YOUMINHUANG,HSIANGYAOLAN摘要摘要立體打印是一種利用光敏聚合物為原材料制作產(chǎn)品原型的快速成形（RP）技術(shù)。光敏聚合體快速成型工藝?yán)眉す饣騽e的光源選擇性地?zé)Y(jié)液態(tài)樹脂。樹脂吸收的能量產(chǎn)生光聚作用使液態(tài)樹脂固化，加工過的部分在膨脹的同時(shí)會產(chǎn)生收縮。光聚合加工中被加工部分樹脂的收縮和卷曲變形是這種快速成型技術(shù)精度較低的主要原因，特別是當(dāng)工件是中空的時(shí)候，此時(shí)由于彎曲應(yīng)力不能被補(bǔ)償而會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的彎曲變形。通常情況下，設(shè)計(jì)者會設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)支撐來限制原型的更大的彎曲和變形。但是，當(dāng)支撐從原型內(nèi)移除的時(shí)候，原型的幾何表面很容易被破壞而變形，所以時(shí)間會有浪費(fèi)。這項(xiàng)研究最初使用動態(tài)的有限元仿真編碼模擬光聚作用，測定工件外表面的扭曲變形以降低變形量。由此提出一個(gè)反向變形的修正方法用于工件外表面的變形。人們制造了一種新的變形補(bǔ)償CAD模型并把它載入快速成型機(jī)中用于實(shí)際原型工藝，以提高工藝的精度。最終，“H4”診斷單元成為檢驗(yàn)此項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)的原例。修正補(bǔ)償后的仿真和試驗(yàn)結(jié)果被證明是正確的。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)立體印刷快速成型有限元法卷曲變形11概述概述工業(yè)競爭加速了快速成型系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展?？焖俪尚拖到y(tǒng)的使用可以促進(jìn)R粘性壓力Σ（T）是時(shí)間T的函數(shù)。{ΕT}是熱應(yīng)變率，能夠表示為{ΑΤ}；{ΕΓ}是由凝固收縮引起的應(yīng)變，{ΕP}是塑膠應(yīng)變率，在光聚過程中塑性應(yīng)變很小且能被忽略。在這種情況里，{Σ}等于DE{Ε},{Ε}等于B{U}，代入上面的關(guān)系和∫VBTDV到等式（1），產(chǎn)生了下面的等式∫VBTDEB{U}－BT{Σ}－BT（3K）{ΑΤΔΒI}DV02因此，立體圖形工藝的動態(tài)有限元分析中構(gòu)建的公式能表示為K{U}－{F}03這里K∫VBTDEBDV4{F}∫VBT{Σ}BT（3K）{ΑΤΔΒI}DV5在上面的公式當(dāng)中，K是剛度矩陣；{U}是節(jié)替代增量；{F}是有效節(jié)點(diǎn)力的增量；B代表應(yīng)變率速率矩陣；BT是轉(zhuǎn)置矩陣；DE是壓力應(yīng)變矩陣；V是作用區(qū)的體積；{Σ}是節(jié)點(diǎn)粘性壓力且是時(shí)間的函數(shù)；K是體積系數(shù)；Α是線性膨脹系數(shù)；T是溫度增量，ΔΒI作為與凝固收縮相關(guān)的應(yīng)變，是光強(qiáng)I與流逝時(shí)間T的函數(shù)22掩膜型樣機(jī)的能量分配當(dāng)光穿過掩膜到樹脂表面時(shí)，在表面上能量擴(kuò)散的分布狀態(tài)和均勻性影響固化層的厚度。因此，穿過掩膜的光的能量和投射到樹脂表面的能量必須使用一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)模型來計(jì)算決定掩膜的能量。邊長為A的正方形作為例子，光源能量的強(qiáng)度是I0正方形掩膜中心點(diǎn)定義為X0和Y0，帶有示意圖2中所描述的能量。在光穿過掩膜后，在正方形外形輪廓上任意一點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)度由以下公式給出ID1/4I0CX2CY2CX2SY2SX2CY2SX2SY26相關(guān)的系數(shù)，C和S,如下定義這里

簡介：DOI101007/S0017000423279ORIGINALARTICLEINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL20062853–60HUAMINZHOUDEQUNLIINTEGRATEDSIMULATIONOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSWITHSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYMOLDSRECEIVED5MARCH2004/ACCEPTED5JULY2004/PUBLISHEDONLINE6APRIL2005?SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2005ABSTRACTFUNCTIONALPARTSARENEEDEDFORDESIGNVERIFICATIONTESTING,FIELDTRIALS,CUSTOMEREVALUATION,ANDPRODUCTIONPLANNINGBYELIMINATINGMULTIPLESTEPS,THECREATIONOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDDIRECTLYBYARAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPPROCESSHOLDSTHEBESTPROMISEOFREDUCINGTHETIMEANDCOSTNEEDEDTOMOLDLOWVOLUMEQUANTITIESOFPARTSTHEPOTENTIALOFTHISINTEGRATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGWITHRPHASBEENDEMONSTRATEDMANYTIMESWHATISMISSINGISTHEFUNDAMENTALUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTHEMODIFICATIONSTOTHEMOLDMATERIALANDRPMANUFACTURINGPROCESSIMPACTBOTHTHEMOLDDESIGNANDTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSINADDITION,NUMERICALSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESHAVENOWBECOMEHELPFULTOOLSOFMOLDDESIGNERSANDPROCESSENGINEERSFORTRADITIONALINJECTIONMOLDINGBUTALLCURRENTSIMULATIONPACKAGESFORCONVENTIONALINJECTIONMOLDINGARENOLONGERAPPLICABLETOTHISNEWTYPEOFINJECTIONMOLDS,MAINLYBECAUSETHEPROPERTYOFTHEMOLDMATERIALCHANGESGREATLYINTHISPAPER,ANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHTOACCOMPLISHANUMERICALSIMULATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGINTORAPIDPROTOTYPEDMOLDSISESTABLISHEDANDACORRESPONDINGSIMULATIONSYSTEMISDEVELOPEDCOMPARISONSWITHEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREEMPLOYEDFORVERIFICATION,WHICHSHOWTHATTHEPRESENTSCHEMEISWELLSUITEDTOHANDLERPFABRICATEDSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYSLMOLDSKEYWORDSINJECTIONMOLDINGNUMERICALSIMULATIONRAPIDPROTOTYPING1INTRODUCTIONININJECTIONMOLDING,THEPOLYMERMELTATHIGHTEMPERATUREISINJECTEDINTOTHEMOLDUNDERHIGHPRESSURE1THUS,THEMOLDMATERIALNEEDSTOHAVETHERMALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESCAPABLEOFWITHSTANDINGTHETEMPERATURESANDPRESSURESOFTHEMOLDINGCYCLETHEFOCUSOFMANYSTUDIESHASBEENTOCREATETHEHZHOUUDLISTATEKEYLABOFMOLDU,VARETHEAVERAGEWHOLEGAPTHICKNESSESANDΗ,Ρ,CPT,KTREPRESENTVISCOSITY,DENSITY,SPECIFICHEATANDTHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFPOLYMERMELT,RESPECTIVELYINADDITION,BOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONCANBEDEFINEDASUWV0,TTWATZB5?U?Z0?V?Z,?T?Z0,W0ATZ06WHERETWISTHECONSTANTWALLTEMPERATURESHOWNINFIG2ACOMBININGEQS1–4WITHEQS5–6,ITFOLLOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEU,V,T,PATZCOORDINATESSHOULDBESYMMETRICAL,WITHTHEMIRRORAXISBEINGZ0,ANDCONSEQUENTLYTHEU,VAVERAGEDINHALFGAPTHICKNESSISEQUALTOTHATAVERAGEDINWHOLEGAPTHICKNESSBASEDONTHISCHARACTERISTIC,WECANDIVIDETHEWHOLECAVITYINTOTWOEQUALPARTSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTION,ASDESCRIBEDBYPARTIANDPARTIIINFIG2BATTHESAMETIME,TRIANGULARFINITEELEMENTSAREGENERATEDINTHESURFACESOFTHECAVITYATZ0INFIG2B,INSTEADOFTHEMIDDLEPLANEATZ0INFIG2AACCORDINGLY,FINITEDIFFERENCEINCREMENTSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAREEMPLOYEDONLYINTHEINSIDEOFTHESURFACESWALLTOMIDDLE/CENTERLINE,WHICH,INFIG2B,MEANSFROMZ0TOZBTHISISSINGLESIDEDINSTEADOFTWOSIDEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEMIDDLEPLANEIEFROMTHEMIDDLELINETOTWOWALLSINADDITION,THECOORDINATESYSTEMISCHANGEDFROMFIG2ATOFIG2BTOALTERTHEFINITEELEMENT/FINITEDIFFERENCESCHEME,ASSHOWNINFIG2BWITHTHEABOVEADJUSTMENT,GOVERNINGEQUATIONSARESTILLEQS1–4HOWEVER,THEORIGINALBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAREREWRITTENASUWV0,TTWATZ07?U?Z0?V?Z,?T?Z0,W0ATZB8MEANWHILE,ADDITIONALBOUNDARYCONDITIONSMUSTBEEMPLOYEDATZBINORDERTOKEEPTHEFLOWSATTHEJUNCTUREOFTHETWOPARTSATTHESAMESECTIONCOORDINATE7UIUIIVIVIITITIIPIPIIATZB9CM?ICM?II10WHERESUBSCRIPTSI,IIREPRESENTTHEPARAMETERSOFPARTIANDPARTII,RESPECTIVELY,ANDCMIANDCMIIINDICATETHEMOVINGFREEFIG2A,BILLUSTRATIVEOFBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAOFTHEMIDDLEPLANEMODELBOFTHESURFACEMODELMELTFRONTSOFTHESURFACESOFTHEDIVIDEDTWOPARTSINTHEFILLINGSTAGEITSHOULDBENOTEDTHAT,UNLIKECONDITIONSEQS7AND8,ENSURINGCONDITIONSEQS9AND10AREUPHELDINNUMERICALIMPLEMENTATIONSBECOMESMOREDIFFICULTDUETOTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS1THESURFACESATTHESAMESECTIONHAVEBEENMESHEDRESPECTIVELY,WHICHLEADSTOADISTINCTIVEPATTERNOFFINITEELEMENTSATTHESAMESECTIONTHUS,ANINTERPOLATIONOPERATIONSHOULDBEEMPLOYEDFORU,V,T,PDURINGTHECOMPARISONBETWEENTHETWOPARTSATTHEJUNCTURE2BECAUSETHETWOPARTSHAVERESPECTIVEFLOWFIELDSWITHRESPECTTOTHENODESATPOINTAANDPOINTCASSHOWNINFIG2BATTHESAMESECTION,ITISPOSSIBLETOHAVEEITHERBOTHFILLEDORONEFILLEDANDONEEMPTYTHESETWOCASESSHOULDBEHANDLEDSEPARATELY,AVERAGINGTHEOPERATIONFORTHEFORMER,WHEREASASSIGNINGOPERATIONFORTHELATTER3ITFOLLOWSTHATASMALLDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMELTFRONTSISPERMISSIBLETHATALLOWANCECANBEIMPLEMENTEDBYTIMEALLOWANCECONTROLORPREFERABLELOCATIONALLOWANCECONTROLOFTHEMELTFRONTNODES4THEBOUNDARIESOFTHEFLOWFIELDEXPANDBYEACHMELTFRONTADVANCEMENT,SOITISNECESSARYTOCHECKTHECONDITIONEQ10AFTEREACHCHANGEINTHEMELTFRONT5INVIEWOFABOVEMENTIONEDANALYSIS,THEPHYSICALPARAMETERSATTHENODESOFTHESAMESECTIONSHOULDBECOMPAREDANDADJUSTED,SOTHEINFORMATIONDESCRIBINGFINITEELEMENTSOFTHESAMESECTIONSHOULDBEPREPAREDBEFORESIMULATION,THATIS,THEMATCHINGOPERATIONAMONGTHEELEMENTSSHOULDBEPREFORMED222NUMERICALIMPLEMENTATIONPRESSUREFIELDINMODELINGVISCOSITYΗ,WHICHISAFUNCTIONOFSHEARRATE,TEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREOFMELT,THESHEARTHINNINGBEHAVIORCANBEWELLREPRESENTEDBYACROSSTYPEMODELSUCHASΗ˙Γ,T,PΗ0T,P1?Η0˙Γ?Τ??1?N11WHERENCORRESPONDSTOTHEPOWERLAWINDEX,ANDΤ?CHARACTERIZESTHESHEARSTRESSLEVELOFTHETRANSITIONREGIONBETWEENTHENEWTONIANANDPOWERLAWASYMPTOTICLIMITSINTERMSOFAN

簡介：河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)1外文資料PERFORMANCEOFICESTORAGESYSTEMUTILIZINGACOMBINEDPARTIALANDFULLSTORAGESTRATEGYABSTRACTACOMBINEDSYSTEMISANEWTHERMALSTORAGESTRATEGYADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYWITHWHICHTHETWOOTHERKNOWNSTRATEGIESNAMELY,PARTIALANDFULLLOAD,ARECOMPAREDTHERESULTSREVEALEDTHATTHECOMBINEDSYSTEMREQUIRESLARGEREQUIPMENTSIZETHANTHATREQUIREDBYPARTIALSYSTEMTOSATISFYTHESAMECOOLINGLOADFACTORSFANDFTHATPFMAYBEMULTIPLIEDBYTHEDAILYAVERAGECOOLINGLOADTODETERMINETHEOPTIMUMCHILLERSSIZEFORACOMBINEDSYSTEMAREFOUNDTHESEFACTORSAREAPPLICABLEFORANYCOOLINGLOADANDAREBASEDONAGIVENCHILLERCONDENSINGANDEVAPORATINGCONDITIONASUSEDINTHISSTUDYTHESEFACTORSAREFOUNDTOVARYWITHTHENUMBEROFONPEAKHOURSCOMBINEDSTRATEGYREQUIREDCHILLERSIZEWASFOUNDTODECREASEWITHDECREASEINONPEAKPERIOD,HENCETHEOPTIMUMCHILLERSIZEFORTHISNEWSTRATEGYWASFOUNDTOOCCURATZEROONPEAKHOURS,ANDIE,WHENTHECOMBINEDSYSTEMSTARTSTOOPERATEASAPARTIALSTRATEGYSYSTEMKEYWORDSICESTORAGESYSTEM1INTRODUCTIONTHERMALSTORAGEISTHETEMPORARYSTORAGEOFHIGHORLOWTEMPERATUREENERGYFORLATERUSEAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMTHATEMPLOYSTHERMALSTORAGEEQUIPMENTINCORPORATESTWOSTRATEGIES,THEPARTIALANDFULLLOADFOREITHEROFTHESESTRATEGIES,INVESTIGATIONSWEREMADETODETERMINETHEPOSSIBLESAVINGINCHILLERSIZEASCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALCOOLINGSYSTEMTHEPARTIALANDFULLSTORAGESTRATEGIESWEREPREVIOUSLYSTUDIEDINDEPENDENTLYANDTHERESULTSOBTAINEDHADSHOWNTHATTHECHILLERSIZEREQUIREDINPARTIALSTRATEGYISSMALLERTHANTHATREQUIREDINFULLSTRATEGYTOSATISFYTHESAMECOOLINGLOAD河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)3FULLSTRATEGIESATTHESAMETIME,ITISIMPORTANTTOFINDTHEMINIMUMCOMBINATIONCHILLERSIZETHATWILLSATISFYTHECOOLINGLOADATASETOFCONDITIONSTHESECONDITIONSARETHEEVAPORATINGANDCONDENSINGPRESSUREANDTEMPERATUREANDTHENUMBEROFONPEAKHOURSDURINGWHICHONLYTHEPARTIALCHILLERISKEPTRUNNINGTHEPROCEDUREADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYINFINDINGTHEMINIMUMCHILLERSIZEMAYBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWAANINITIALASSUMPTIONOFTHEPARTIALCHILLERSIZEISTOBEMADETHECHILLERSIZETHUSASSUMEDSHOULDBERELATED,SOMEHOW,TOTHECOOLINGLOADTWODISTINCTVALUESOFTHECOOLINGLOADARETHEMAXIMUMANDTHEAVERAGEVALUEANDTHELATERISCHOSENINTHISSTUDYHENCETHEINITIALPARTIALCHILLERSIZEWILLBETHEAVERAGECOOLINGLOADMULTIPLIEDBYACERTAIN,ARBITRARILYSELECTED,FACTORFPBSINCEAIRCOOLEDCHILLERISUSED,ITSCONDENSINGTEMPERATUREWOULDVARYACCORDINGTOINLETAMBIENTAIRTEMPERATURETHEREFORETHEINITIALPARTIALCHILLERSIZEWOULDBEBASEDONTHECONDENSINGTEMPERATUREATWHICHMAXIMUMCOOLINGLOADOCCURSCCHILLERCAPACITYISTHENDETERMINEDHOURLYANDFORTHEDAILYCYCLEATTHEDIFFERENTEXISTINGCONDENSINGTEMPERATUREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEDAILYCYCLECOOLINGLOADANDTHEDAILYTOTALPARTIALSTRATEGYCHILLERCAPACITYWOULDBEMETBYTHEFULLSTRATEGYCHILLERTHESIZEOFTHISCHILLERISASSUMEDTOBEEQUALTOTHEAVERAGECOOLINGLOADMULTIPLIEDBYAFACTORFANDMUSTEQUALTOTHEDIFFERENCEINDICATEDABOVEIFTHISCONDITIONISNOTSATISFIEDTHENANOTHERVALUEOFFFISSELECTEDETHECOMBINEDSTRATEGYCHILLERSIZEOBTAINEDBYTHEINITIALRUNWITHTHEASSUMEDFPANDCALCULATEDFFMAYNOTBETHEOPTIMUMTHEREFOREANITERATIONPROCEDUREISADOPTEDANDTHEFACTORFPISCHANGEDPROGRESSIVELYUNTILAMINIMUMCHILLERSIZEISOBTAINEDFINORDERTOFINDTHERELATIONBETWEENOPTIMUMCHILLERSIZEANDCOOLINGLOADATDIFFERENTONPEAKHOURS,THEABOVEPROCEDUREISREPEATEDFOREACHONPEAKPERIODSTARTINGFROMSIXANDENDINGWITHZEROONPEAK

簡介：中文中文5275字出處出處THEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY,2000,167461468畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯基于模糊綜合評價(jià)與遺傳算法的公差優(yōu)化分配學(xué)院機(jī)械工程與自動化學(xué)院專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動化指導(dǎo)教師2011年6月22綜述公差分配方法綜述公差分配方法2121一般的分配方法一般的分配方法當(dāng)裝配功能需求給定時(shí)，N個(gè)零件的公差值必須得到解決。由于給定的條件幾乎總是不足，所以公差通常被視為相等的。所采用的方法通常包括同容差法，不斷精度因子的方法，同樣影響的一種方法和比例縮放方法。211相同公差在這種方法里，所有零件的公差值在滿足功能要求的前提下都是相等的，也就是TI表示第I個(gè)零件的公差值212常數(shù)因子法常數(shù)因子法基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則，一個(gè)零件的公差按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的立方根增大，從而當(dāng)時(shí)，因子P可按下式計(jì)算這里J表示裝配的功能要求213同因素方法裝配功能的要求受兩個(gè)因素影響，一個(gè)是每個(gè)零件的公差值，另一個(gè)是功能靈敏度系數(shù)，故這種方法可表述如下214比例縮放方法零件公差首先使用比例縮放方法的數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行確定。如果零件公差的總和超過所要求的裝配公差，則每個(gè)零件的公差減少相應(yīng)的尺寸，一般表述為

簡介：MULTIBODYSYSTDYN201533207–228DOI101007/S1104401494098INTEGRATEDROBUSTCONTROLLERFORVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWINGBEHROOZMASHADIPOUYANAHMADIZADEHMAJIDMAJIDIMEHDIMAHMOODIKALEYBARRECEIVED8MARCH2013/ACCEPTED8JANUARY2014/PUBLISHEDONLINE5FEBRUARY2014?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIADORDRECHT2014ABSTRACTTHEDESIGNOFANINTEGRATED4WSDYCCONTROLSYSTEMTOGUIDEAVEHICLEONADESIREDPATHISPRESENTEDTHELATERALDYNAMICSOFTHEPATHFOLLOWERVEHICLEISFORMULATEDBYCONSIDERINGIMPORTANTPARAMETERSTOREDUCETHEEFFECTOFUNCERTAINTIESINVEHICLEPARAMETERS,AROBUSTCONTROLLERISDESIGNEDBASEDONAΜSYNTHESISAPPROACHNUMERICALSIMULATIONSAREPERFORMEDUSINGANONLINEARVEHICLEMODELINMATLABENVIRONMENTINORDERTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEDESIGNEDCONTROLLERRESULTSOFSIMULATIONSSHOWTHATTHECONTROLLERHASAPROFOUNDABILITYTOMAKINGTHEVEHICLETRACKTHEDESIREDPATHINTHEPRESENCEOFUNCERTAINTIESKEYWORDSVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWING4WSDYCROBUSTCONTROLΜSYNTHESISNOTATIONALPHABETICASTATESPACEMATRIXBINPUTMATRIXCOUTPUTMATRIXCSETOFCOMPLEXNUMBERSCΑFCΑRCORNERINGSTIFFNESSOFFRONTREARTIRESDOUTPUTFROMPERTURBATIONBLOCKDCONSTANTSCALINGMATRIXEDISTURBANCEMATRIXCGCENTEROFGRAVITYBMASHADIPAHMADIZADEHBMMAJIDISCHOOLOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERING,IRANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN,IRANEMAILP_AHMADIZADEHIUSTACIRMMAJIDIEMAILM_MAJIDIIUSTACIRMMAHMOODIKALEYBARSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,IRANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN,IRANEMAILM_MAHMOODI_KIUSTACIRINTEGRATEDROBUSTCONTROLLERFORVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWING2091INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEPOPULATIONGROWTH,THENUMBERSOFVEHICLESANDPASSENGERSHAVEBEENINCREASEDINTHESTREETSANDHIGHWAYSLEADINGTOMORETRAFFICPROBLEMSSEVERALMEASURESSUCHASBUILDINGNEWHIGHWAYSANDROADSHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINORDERTOREDUCETRAFFICCONGESTIONANDINCREASINGSAFETY,BUTSUCHMEASURESDONOTALWAYSSUFFICEBECAUSEOFENVIRONMENTALANDCOSTCONSTRAINTSONEWAYTOIMPROVETHESAFETYOFROADSISTOREMOVETHEHUMANELEMENTERRORSDURINGDRIVINGTHISCANLEADTOAUTOMATICDRIVINGTECHNOLOGY,WHICHISTHEFUNDAMENTALOFINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSITSANDISBEINGSTUDIEDBYMANYRESEARCHERSDURINGRECENTYEARSTHEPRIMARYTASKOFAUTOMATICDRIVINGISTOMAKEANAUTONOMOUSVEHICLETOFOLLOWAREFERENCEPATHAUTOMATICALLYDURINGTHISPATHFOLLOWING,THEREFORE,SEVERALISSUESSHOULDBECONSIDEREDTOHAVEANACCEPTABLEPATHCONTROLVEHICLECONTROLLERSTHATMEETTHESEREQUIREMENTSARECALLEDPATHFOLLOWERSTHEGOALOFAPATHFOLLOWINGCONTROLLERISTOMINIMIZETHELATERALDISTANCEBETWEENTHEVEHICLEANDADEFINEDPATH,TOMINIMIZETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEVEHICLEANDTHEPATHHEADINGSANDTOLIMITTHECONTROLINPUTTOSMOOTHENTHEMOTIONSWHILEMAINTAININGTHESTABILITYSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTREGARDINGTHEPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMELHAJJAJIETAL1FOCUSEDONTHEDESIGNOFASTABILIZINGFUZZYCONTROLLERFORTHEPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMOFVEHICLESUSINGANONLINEARDYNAMICSMODELTHEVEHICLEMODELISAPPROXIMATEDBYASETOFLINEARMODELSINTERPOLATEDBYFUZZYMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,ANDTHENAMODELBASEDFUZZYCONTROLLERISDEVELOPEDTOSTABILIZETHEMODELTHENTHEOUTCOMEOFTHEPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMISPARAMETERIZEDINTERMSOFALINEARMATRIXINEQUALITYLMIPROBLEMTHELMIPROBLEMISSOLVEDBYACONVEXOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUETOCOMPLETETHEFUZZYPATHFOLLOWINGCONTROLDESIGNFORVEHICLESCONSOLINIETAL2CONSIDEREDASPECIALPATHFOLLOWINGTASKSOTHATAGIVENFRONTPOINTOFACARLIKEVEHICLE,WHICHISWITHINTHELOOKAHEADRANGEOFASTEREOVISIONSYSTEM,TOFOLLOWAPRESPECIFIEDCARTESIANPATHASOLUTIONTOTHISPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMWASPROVIDEDBYAFEEDBACK/FEEDFORWARDCONTROLSTRATEGYWHERETHEFEEDFORWARDWASDETERMINEDBYADYNAMICGENERATORBASEDONEXACTDYNAMICINVERSIONOVERTHENOMINALVEHICLEMODELANDTHEFEEDBACKWASMAINLYISSUEDBYCORRECTINGTERMSPROPORTIONALTOTHETANGENTIALANDNORMALERRORSDETERMINEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEVEHICLE’SIDEALTRAJECTORYBALLUCHIETAL3CONSIDEREDAKINEMATICMODELOFANONHOLONOMICWHEELEDVEHICLETOFOLLOWAPATHTHEYASSUMEDTHATTHECURRENTDISTANCEANDTHEHEADINGANGLEERRORWITHRESPECTTOTHECLOSESTPOINTONTHEREFERENCEPATHCANBEMEASUREDBUTONLYTHESIGNOFTHEPATHCURVATUREISDETECTEDTHEYUSEDAHYBRIDSYSTEMFORMALISMTOMODELTHEPROBLEMBASEDONOPTIMALCONTROLTHEORY,ASTHEFEEDBACKINFORMATIONWASBOTHCONTINUOUSANDDISCRETEHELLSTR?METAL4PROPOSEAPATHTRACKINGALGORITHMCALLEDFOLLOWTHEPAST,INWHICHAHUMANDRIVERDRIVESTHEPATHONCE,WHILETHECOMPUTERRECORDSTHEPOSITION,VELOCITY,ORIENTATION,ANDSTEERINGANGLETHENTHISPIECEOFINFORMATIONISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEVEHICLEEACHTIMEITAUTONOMOUSLYTRAVELSALONGTHEPATHIFTHEVEHICLEGETSOFFTHECOURSE,FOREXAMPLE,ASARESULTOFAVOIDINGANOBSTACLEORBECAUSEOFNOISEINPOSITIONINGSENSORS,THEFOLLOWTHEPASTALGORITHMSTEERSLIKETHEDRIVER,PLUSANADDITIONALANGLE,BASEDONTHEDISTANCETOTHEPATHHEREDIAETAL5PRESENTAMETHODTOANALYZETHESTABILITYOFANAUTONOMOUSVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWINGALGORITHMTAKINGINTOACCOUNTEXPLICITLYTHECOMPUTATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONDELAYSINTHECONTROLLOOPTHESEPUREDELAYSAREPRESENTINAUTONOMOUSVEHICLESDUETOPOSITIONESTIMATIONTHEPROBLEMISANALYZEDBYSOLVINGDIRECTLYTHETRANSCENDENTALCHARACTERISTICEQUATIONTHATAPPEARSWHENTHETIMEDELAYISCONSIDEREDTHEANALYSISISCARRIEDOUTFORSTRAIGHTPATHSANDPATHSOFCONSTANTCURVATURE,ANDTHEMETHODISAPPLIEDTOTHEPUREPURSUITPATHTRACKINGALGORITHMGOODARZIETAL6TREATEDTHISPROBLEMBYTHEAPPLICATIONOFALINEARQUADRATICREGULATORLQRTECHNIQUETHEYUSEDANINTEGRATEDCONTROLLERCOMPRISING

簡介：第1頁共23頁摘要本設(shè)計(jì)是新密市第一高級中學(xué)綜合樓施工組織設(shè)計(jì)，由Ⅰ部和Ⅱ部組成L型轉(zhuǎn)角樓。建筑采用鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)。本設(shè)計(jì)包括劃分施工段，確定流水方向；選擇施工起重機(jī)械，核實(shí)其技術(shù)性能，計(jì)算起重機(jī)臺數(shù)，安排起重機(jī)位置及其附屬設(shè)備的位置；確定承重結(jié)構(gòu)的施工方法，順序及施工要點(diǎn)確定腳手架的類型及位置；編制單位工程進(jìn)度計(jì)劃；確定資源需要量計(jì)劃；施工現(xiàn)場平面布置；施工工藝的確定。最后本施工組織符合要求?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】施工段；施工進(jìn)度；平面布置；施工工藝；單位工程進(jìn)度第3頁共23頁新密市第一高級中學(xué)綜合樓工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)新密市第一高級中學(xué)綜合樓工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)一、工程概況及施工條件一、工程概況及施工條件1、施工概況、施工概況本工程為新密市第一高級中學(xué)綜合樓，位于解放路，由I部和II部組成L型轉(zhuǎn)角樓。采用現(xiàn)澆柱，預(yù)制梁，整體裝配式鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)。11層高及建筑面積I部五層，頂高21M，層高42M，II部為六層，頂高231M，12層層高48M，3、4、5層層高為33M，6層層高為36M?？偨ㄖ娣e7834M2。12絕對標(biāo)高±000相當(dāng)于絕對標(biāo)高425044。13結(jié)構(gòu)方案本工程為裝配整體式框架結(jié)構(gòu)，橫向框架梁為預(yù)制迭合梁，縱向框架梁，次梁，柱，樓梯等均為現(xiàn)澆。樓蓋除廁所、盥洗、水箱間及二層售飯?zhí)帪楝F(xiàn)澆外，其余均為預(yù)制空心板，上有4CM整澆層。墻體為非承重墻，外墻為240M厚普通粘土磚墻，內(nèi)墻為大孔空心磚墻。施工時(shí)橫向預(yù)制梁吊裝后再現(xiàn)澆縱向框架梁和次梁。14樓地面水泥砂漿地面用于II部廚房和庫房，教室宿舍等。水磨石地面用于上述以外的其它部位，底層地面墊層為60厚100素混凝土。15頂棚及墻面I部樓梯間為石膏板隔墻，貼白色塑料壁紙。其它頂棚及墻面均為石灰砂漿打底，紙筋灰罩面，噴白灰漿二道。16外墻面為綠色水刷石，局部構(gòu)件（檐口、陽臺、雨蓬）及凸出墻面壁柱等貼馬賽克。17屋面防水層瀝青膠隔汽層，水泥蛭石保溫層，二氈三油防水層上鋪綠豆砂。2、施工工期、施工工期基礎(chǔ)工程由甲方自己完成。施工單位由000開始，總工期為8個(gè)月。從2007年3月1日至同年10月30竣工。3、施工條件、施工條件31地質(zhì)及環(huán)境條件由勘測報(bào)告，土壤為一級大孔性黃土，天然地基承載力為15T/M2，地下水位在地表下67M。

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEANINTEGRATEDSYSTEMFORULTRAPRECISIONMACHINETOOLDESIGNINCONCEPTUALANDFUNDAMENTALDESIGNSTAGEWANQUNCHEN1THEREFORE,ITISCRITICALTHATTHESUITABLECONCEPTOFTHESTRUCTUREISCHOSENINTHECONCEPTUALANDFUNDAMENTALDESIGNSTAGEPROCESSBECAUSE80OFTHEFINALCOSTANDQUALITYOFAPRODUCTAREDESIGNEDINTHISPHASE10,11THEREFORE,TODESIGNASUITABLEMACHINETOOLSTRUCTUREWITHHIGHSTATIC,DYNAMIC,ANDTHERMALFEATURESISVERYESSENTIALINORDERTOEVALUATETHECONFIGURATIONOFMACHINETOOLS,KONOETAL12DEVELOPEDTHEIWFAXISCONSTRUCTIONKITACK,WHICHCANREALIZETHERIGIDBODYSIMULATIONSANDSIMPLEELASTICBODYSIMULATIONSOFTHEMACHINETOOLERSALETAL13PROPOSEDAMODULARMODELINGAPPROACHFORTHEDESIGNOFRECONFIGURABLEMACHINETOOLSRMTTHESEMODELSCANBEUSEDFORTHEEVALUATION,DESIGN,ANDCONTROLOFTHERMTSERVOAXESPARKANDSOHN14DEVELOPEDANINTEGRATEDDESIGNSYSTEMFORSTRUCTURALDESIGNOFMACHINETOOLSTHESYSTEMISAKNOWLEDGEBASEDDESIGNSYSTEMANDHASTHREEMACHINETOOLSPECIFICFUNCTIONALMODULES,INCLUDINGTHEFOLLOWINGCONFIGURATIONDESIGNANDANALYSIS,STRUCTURALELEMENTDESIGN,ANDSTRUCTURALANALYSISSUPPORTMODULETHESYSTEMMAKESTHEMACHINESTRUCTUREDESIGNQUICKLYANDCONVENIENTLYWOONGETAL15DEVELOPEDANINTELLIGENTSOFTWARESYSTEMWHICHCANSUPPORTEFFICIENTLYANDWANQUNCHENCHWQHITEDUCN1CENTERFORPRECISIONENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFDESIGN,MANUFACTURE2?NDTD1TWIJKIISTHEINTEGRATEDRATINGFOROPERATIONFACTORXIINAPARTICULARVALUEOFJFIG2INTEGRATEDDESIGNSYSTEMFIG3THECONFIGURATIONSELECTIONNETWORKINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL

簡介：CAD/CAE/CAMINTEGRATIONFORINCREASINGTHEACCURACYOFMASKRAPIDPROTOTYPINGSYSTEMYOUMINHUANG,HSIANGYAOLANDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALTAIWANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,43KEELUNGROAD,SECTION4,TAIPEI106,TAIWANRECEIVED5JULY2004ACCEPTED13JANUARY2005AVAILABLEONLINE17MARCH2005ABSTRACTSSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYISARAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPPROCESSTHATUSESPHOTOPOLYMERSASTHERAWMATERIALSFROMWHICHTHEPROTOTYPESAREBUILTTHEPHOTOPOLYMERICRPSYSTEMUSESLASERSOROTHERLIGHTSOURCESTOEXPOSESELECTIVELYTHESURFACEOFTHELIQUIDRESINTHEABSORPTIONOFENERGYCAUSESPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONTHATCHANGESTHELIQUIDRESININTOASOLID,EXPANDINGTHECUREDVOLUMEEXPANDINGBUTSHRINKINGSIMULTANEOUSLYTHEVOLUMESHRINKAGEANDCURLDISTORTIONOFTHERESINDURINGPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONARETHEMAINREASONSFORTHEPOORACCURACYOFTHEBUILTPROTOTYPE,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEPARTISHOLLOW,INWHICHCASETHEBENDINGISGREATERBECAUSEOFTHEBENDINGSTRESSANDCANNOTBECOMPENSATEDFORNORMALLY,ADESIGNERBUILDSASUPPORTINTHISSTAGETOLIMITTHEFURTHERBENDINGANDDEFORMATIONOFTHEPROTOTYPEHOWEVER,AFTERTHESUPPORTHASBEENREMOVEDFROMTHEBUILTPROTOTYPE,THEGEOMETRICPROFILEISEASILYDAMAGEDANDDEFORMED,SOTIMEISWASTEDTHISSTUDYINITIALLYUSESDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONCODETOSIMULATEPHOTOPOLYMERIZATION,TODETERMINETHEDISTORTIONOFTHEOUTERPROFILEOFTHEPARTANDTHUSREDUCETHEDEFORMATIONTHEN,AREVERSEDISTORTIONCORRECTIONISAPPLIEDTOTHEOUTERPROFILEOFTHEPARTANEWREVERSECOMPENSATIONCADMODELISPRODUCEDANDLOADEDINTOARPMACHINEFORPRACTICALPROTOTYPEPROCESSING,TOINCREASETHEACCURACYOFTHEPROCESSFINALLY,THE‘‘H4’’DIAGNOSTICPARTISUSEDASANEXAMPLETOVERIFYTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSTHERESULTSOFTHESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTONTHEFINALAFTERCOMPENSATIONWEREACCURATE2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCOMPUTERAIDEDENGINEERINGSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYRAPIDPROTOTYPINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODCURLDISTORTION1INTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIONHASACCELERATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPSYSTEMSTHEUSEOFRAPIDPROTOTYPINGSYSTEMSCANACCELERATERFAX886227376460EMAILADDRESSESYMHUANGMAILNTUSTEDUTWYMHUANG,LANHFHYMSAHINETNETHYLAN01663615/–SEEFRONTMATTER2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPIND200501002ANDJIANG8,9USEDTHEDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTMETHODDFEMTOSIMULATESTEREOLITHOGRAPHY,BASEDONTHEDYNAMICPROPERTIESOFPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONMANYOFTHESESTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONANALYZINGTHEEFFECTOFCURINGDURINGBUILDUPHOWEVER,ONLYAFEWSTUDIESHAVESOUGHTTOIMPROVECURLDISTORTION,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEBUILTPARTISHOLLOWTHISBENDINGISVERYOBVIOUSANDCANNOTBECOMPENSATEDBYBENDINGSTRESSTHISSTUDYPRESENTSVERIFICATIONANDVALIDATIONMETHODSTOIMPROVETHECURLDISTORTIONUSINGLOWCOSTEQUIPMENTFIRST,THEEQUATIONBASEDONDFEMTHEORY8,9,ISUSEDHEREININNUMERICALSIMULATIONWITHINPUTPARAMETERSTHATCORRESPONDTOAPRACTICALPROCESSESTHEN,THEDISTORTIONOFTHEBUILTPARTSISPREDICTEDSECOND,REVERSEDISTORTIONCOMPENSATIONISUSEDTOPRODUCEANEWCADMODELTHATISBASEDONTHEPREDICTEDDISTORTIONTHIRDLY,THENEWCADMODELISCONVERTEDINTOASTEREOLITHOGRAPHICSTLFILEFINALLY,THISNEWSTLFILEISSENTTOARPMACHINEFORFURTHERPROCESSINGACCORDINGLY,THELOWCOSTMACHINESGREATLYIMPROVETHEACCURACYOFTHEPARTTHEFINALRESULTSOFTHESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTARECOMPAREDFIG1SHOWSAFLOWCHARTOFTHISPROCESS2NUMERICALANALYSISAMODIFIEDMATHEMATICALMODELISPROPOSED,BASEDONTHEAFOREMENTIONEDREFERENCEANDEXPERIMENTALYMHUANG,HYLAN/COMPUTERSININDUSTRY562005442–456444FIG3THEFLOWCHARTOFTHESIMULATIONPROCESS

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書題目某實(shí)驗(yàn)辦公樓給排水設(shè)計(jì)某實(shí)驗(yàn)辦公樓給排水設(shè)計(jì)院（部）環(huán)境與能源工程學(xué)院環(huán)境與能源工程學(xué)院專業(yè)給水排水工程給水排水工程班級2姓名任智慧任智慧學(xué)號0920301020609203010206指導(dǎo)教師王坤王坤完成日期2001320013年6月ABSTRACTABSTRACTBAISEDONTHESYNTHESISANALYSIS,THEWATERSUPPLYSYSTEM,THEDRAINAGESYSTEM,FIRESYSTEMFIREHYDRANTSYSTEMANDAUTOMATICSPRINKLERSYSTEMANDROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMFORTHELEVEL17THHIGHCOMPLEXBUILDINGAREDESIGNEDTHEWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMISAPPLIEDBYVERTICALDIVISIONBLOCKTHEFLOORSFROMTHENEGATIVETOTHETHIRDARETHELOWAREAS,WATEROFWHICHISSUPPLIEDDIRECTLYBYTHEMUNICIPALPIPENETWORKTHEFLOORSFROMTHE4THTOTHE11THARETHEMIDDLEAREASANDTHEFLOORSFROMTHE12THTOTHE17THARETHEHIGHAREAS,WATEROFWHICHAREALLSUPPLIEDWITHTHEFREQUENCYCONVERSIONPUMPGROUPTHEDRAINAGESYSTEMISANINTERFLOWSYSTEMOFSEWERAGEANDWASTEWATERWATEROFTHEFIRSTFLOORDRAINSSEPARATELY,THEUPRIGHTDRAININGPIPESAREEQUIPPEDWITHTHEVENTILATINGPIPES,ANDTHENTHESEWERAGEISDISPOSEDBYTHESEPTICTANKSANDDRAINSTOTHEMUNICIPALWASTEPIPENETWORKTHEFIRESYSTEMINCLUDESTHEFIREHYDRANTSYSTEMANDAUTOMATICSPRINKLERSYSTEMTHEROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMISANOUTSIDEDRAINAGESYSTEMKEYWORDSHIGHBUILDING；WATERSUPPLYSYSTEM；WASTEWATERSYSTEM；FIRESYSTEM

簡介：AFRICANJOURNALOFBIOTECHNOLOGYVOL821,PP58075813,2NOVEMBER,2009AVAILABLEONLINEATHTTP//WWWACADEMICJOURNALSORG/AJBISSN1684–5315?2009ACADEMICJOURNALSFULLLENGTHRESEARCHPAPERSEPARATIONANDRECOVERYOFORGANICACIDSFROMFERMENTEDKITCHENWASTEBYANINTEGRATEDPROCESSFARAHNADIAOMAR,NOR’AINIABDULRAHMAN,HALIMATUNSAADIAHHAFID,PHANGLAIYEEANDMOHDALIHASSANDEPARTMENTOFBIOPROCESSTECHNOLOGY,FACULTYOFBIOTECHNOLOGYANDBIOMOLECULARSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYPUTRAMALAYSIA,43400SERDANG,SELANGOR,MALAYSIAACCEPTED4SEPTEMBER,2009ORGANICACIDSPRODUCEDFROMANAEROBICDIGESTIONOFKITCHENWASTEWERERECOVEREDUSINGANEWINTEGRATEDMETHODWHICHCONSISTEDOFFREEZINGANDTHAWING,CENTRIFUGATION,FILTRATIONANDEVAPORATIONTHEMAINORGANICACIDPRODUCEDWASLACTICACID98AFTERTHEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGPROCESS,73OFTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSWEREREMOVEDANDTHEORGANICACIDSWEREELEVATEDFROM590TO70G/LTHEEVAPORATIONTECHNIQUEWASUSEDTOFURTHERCONCENTRATETHEORGANICACIDSUPTO224G/LUSINGTHEINTEGRATEDRECOVERYMETHOD,THEREDUCTIONOFTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINTHESOLUTIONACHIEVEDWASABOUT93THEMATERIALBALANCEFORTHERECOVERYPROCESSWASALSOPRESENTEDKEYWORDSANAEROBICDIGESTION,KITCHENWASTE,ORGANICACIDS,RECOVERYINTRODUCTIONTHEREMARKABLEGROWTHECONOMYINMALAYSIAHASBROUGHTTREMENDOUSPOPULATIONGROWTHWHICHTHENRESULTEDINAHUGEAMOUNTOFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEMSWBEINGGENERATEDTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARMSWISUSUALLYDUMPEDINLANDFILLSANDDEGRADEDINTOSIMPLERCOMPOUNDSHOWEVER,DUETOTHESCARCITYOFLANDANDTHECONSTRAINTOFLANDFILLAREAS,ALTERNATIVEMETHODSSHOULDBECONSIDEREDINORDERTOREDUCETHESPACENEEDEDFORLANDFILLSINCINERATIONISALSOANOPTIONOHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2006ASITISANEASYFINALDISPOSALMETHODBUTLARGEAMOUNTSOFENERGYWILLBEWASTEDINTHEBURNINGPROCESSTSAI,2008SINCE2254OFMSWCONSISTSOFFOODANDORGANICWASTESKATHIRVALEETAL,2003,BIOCONVERSIONOFMSWINTOUSEFULPRODUCTSISFEASIBLEANDITSTREATMENTCOSTCANBEREDUCEDTOOFOODWASTECONTAINSABOUT80OFMOISTUREWHICHISEASILYBIODEGRADABLEANDISRICHINNUTRIENTSANDMICROFLORAWANGETAL,2001DUETOTHESECHARACTERISTICS,BIOLOGICALTREATMENTSAREPREFERREDONEOFTHEMOSTPRACTICALBIOLOGICALTREATMENTSISANAEROBICDIGESTIONITISAGREATTOOLTOSTABILIZEALARGEVOLUMEOFWASTEMATERIALSECONOMICALLYANDEFFECTIVELYSAKAIETAL,2000ITALSOCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILNOR_AINIBIOTECHUPMEDUMYTEL60389466669FAX60389467510PRODUCESLOWBIOMASSANDISABLETODESTROYPATHOGENSBANARJEEETAL,1999FOODWASTECOULDBEANAEROBICALLYFERMENTEDTOPRODUCEVOLATILEFATTYACIDS,ALDEHYDES,ALCOHOLSANDCARBONDIOXIDESTABNIKOVAETAL,2006RATHERTHANBEINGDEGRADEDANDUNEXPLOITEDINTHELANDFILLS,FOODWASTECANBEUTILIZEDFORMANYAPPLICATIONSSUCHASTHEPRODUCTIONOFBIOPLASTICSSAKAIETAL,2004,BIOGASZHUETAL,2008,BIOHYDROGENANDETHANOLPRODUCTIONSKIMETAL,2004,COMPOSTINGTSAI,2008ADHIKARIETAL,2008ANDORGANICACIDSPRODUCTIONOHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2007ZHANGETAL,2008ORGANICACIDSAREORGANICCOMPOUNDSWHICHHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDINTHEFOODANDBEVERAGESINDUSTRIES,PHARMACEUTICALINDUSTRIES,COSMETICS,ANDDETERGENTSANDRECENTLYTHEYAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDFORBIOPOLYMERPRODUCTIONSAUERETAL,2008THEREARETWOWAYSTOPRODUCEORGANICACIDSWHICHARECHEMICALSYNTHESISORBIOLOGICALSYNTHESISALTAFETAL,2007WHETHERITISCHEMICALLYORBIOLOGICALLYSYNTHESIZED,THECRITICALSTAGEOFTHEPROCESSISPRODUCTRECOVERYDOWNSTREAMPROCESSESINCLUDINGSEPARATION,EXTRACTIONANDPURIFICATIONOFORGANICACIDSWHICHCONTRIBUTEMORETHAN60OFTHEOVERALLPRODUCTIONCOSTHANETAL,2000SEVERALMETHODSHAVEBEENREPORTEDFOREXTRACTINGORGANICACIDSFROMTHEFERMENTATIONBROTHSUCHASELECTRODIALYSISHUANGETAL,2007,MEMBRANEFILTRATIONKANGANDCHANG,2005,SOLVENTEXTRACTIONHARINGTONOMARETAL5809FIGURE2ORGANICACIDSPROFILEIN50LBIOREACTORTOTALORGANICACIDS?,LACTICACID?,ACETICACID?ANDFORMICACID?RESULTSAREMEANSFORDUPLICATEEXPERIMENTSFIGURE3PROFILEOFPH?ANDBACTERIADISTRIBUTION?DURINGKITCHENWASTEFERMENTATIONRESULTSAREMEANSFORDUPLICATEEXPERIMENTSSHOWNAFTERSEVENDAYSOFFERMENTATION,TOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSWEREREDUCEDAT62ORGANICACIDSRECOVERYANDTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSREDUCTIONFIGURE4SHOWSTHEORGANICACIDS,TOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDTOTALKJELDAHLNITROGENOBTAINEDATEACHUNITOPERATIONOFTHERECOVERYPROCESSTHERECOVERYPROCESSINCLUDESPHYSICALSEPARATIONTHATISFREEZINGANDTHAWING,CENTRIFUGATIONANDFILTRATIONWHILETHEEVAPORATIONSTEPISAMETHODUSEDTOCONCENTRATETHERECOVEREDORGANICACIDSBYELIMINATINGEXCESSWATERTHEORGANICACIDSCONTENTINCREASEDBYABOUT56WHILETHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSDECREASEDBYABOUT622AFTERTHEFERMENTATIONBYTHEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGPROCESS,THEORGANICACIDSCONTENTINCREASEDBY16WITH66REMOVALOFTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSTHECENTRIFUGATIONANDFILTRATIONPROCESSDONOTHAVEANEFFECTONTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHEORGANICACIDSTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSDECREASEDFROM1789TO1227G/LWATERWASEVAPORATEDAT50°CINVACUUMANDTHEREMAININGORGANICACIDSANDSOMESUSPENDEDSOLIDSWERECONCENTRATEDAFTERTHEEVAPORATIONSTEP,BOTHTHEORGANICACIDSANDTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSCONTENTSWEREINCREASEDBY69AND83,RESPECTIVELYTHENITROGENCONTENTOFTHEFERMENTATIONBROTHANDRECOVEREDLIQUIDMEDIUMWEREANALYZEDINTHISSTUDYTHE

簡介：外文標(biāo)題AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACH外文作者DRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLB文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEANDCOMPUTING,APRIL2016,VOLUME6,ISSUENO4英文2873單詞，14698字符，中文4589漢字。此文檔是外文翻譯成品，無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式哦下載之后直接可用，方便快捷只需二十多元。原文原文AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACHDRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLBABSTRACTTHEPLANNING,MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFAIRPOLLUTIONNEEDTOBEADDRESSEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMOUTPUTTHEPRESENTPAPERSIGNIFYTHEIMPORTANCEANDHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHNEEDSTOBEINFUSEDINTOTHESYSTEMWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,PARTICULARLYBAGFILTERSTOCONTROLDUSTEMISSIONSANDWETSCRUBBERSTOCONTROLGASEOUSEMISSIONSBYWAYOFTHROWAWAYSCRUBBINGPROCESSES,REGENERATIVESCRUBBINGPROCESSES,DRYPROCESSESANDSPRAYTOWERSKEYWORDSAIRPOLLUTION,INTEGRATEDAPPROACH,DESIGNOFCONTROLSYSTEMSINTRODUCTIONTHETERM“AIRPOLLUTION”ISUSEDTODESCRIBESUBSTANCESTHATAREARTIFICIALLYINTRODUCEDINTOTHEAIRINTHEFORMOFGASESANDAIRBORNEPARTICLESWHICH,INEXCESS,AREHARMFULTOHUMANHEALTH,BUILDINGSANDECOSYSTEMSAIRPOLLUTIONISMAINLYCAUSEDBYCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUEL,PROCESSINGOFMATERIALSANDDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERSTHEMAINSOURCESOFAIRPOLLUTIONISFROMINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,TRANSPORTSECTOR,HOUSEHOLDFUELBURNING,ANDOTHERCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESTHEPRESENTPAPERHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,THEDETAILSOFWHICHAREASUNDERPATHWAYCONTROLPATHWAYCONTROLISACONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHWHICHTHEAIRPOLLUTANTSARERESTRICTEDORARRESTEDBETWEENASOURCEANDRECEPTORTHROUGHTHEMECHANISMOFSCAVENGINGANDFILTRATIONTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYHAVINGAGREENBELTOFSUITABLESPECIESBETWEENSOURCEANDRECEPTORSUCHAGREENBELTWOULDBEABLETO3IMPINGEMENTCHAMBERS4PACKEDTOWER5JETSPRAYSCRUBBINGTOWER6VENTURYSCRUBBERBAGFILTERSDESIGNINTRODUCTIONFILTRATIONISAMONGTHEMOSTRELIABLE,EFFICIENT,ANDRATHERECONOMICALMETHODSBYWHICHPARTICULATEMATTERMAYBEREMOVEDFROMGASES?SUCHTYPEOFFILTERSAREREPRESENTEDBYVARIOUSFABRICBAGARRANGEMENTSANDCAPABLEOFHIGHDUSTLOADING,MORETHAN1GM/M3?INDEPTHORBEDFILTERS?REPRESENTEDBYFIBROUSARRAY,APAPERLIKEMAT,ANDOCCASIONALLY,ASADEEPPACKEDBEDPACKEDBEDSAREAPPLIEDWHENPARTICULATECONCENTRATIONISMUCHLESSDEEPPACKEDBEDSAREPREPAREDFROMCRUSHEDSTONEORBRICKS,WIRESCREENS,ORFIBERSOFMANYTYPESARRANGEDINDIVIDUALLYORINCOMBINATIONFABRICBAGFILTERS?EMPLOYEDTOCONTROLEMISSIONSINVOLVINGABRASIVES,IRRITATINGCHEMICALDUSTS,ANDEXHAUSTSFROMELECTRICFURNACES,OILFIREDBOILERS,OXYGENFEDCONVERTERSFORSTEELMAKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONFILTRATIONISPRINCIPALLYACCOMPLISHEDBYTHEPARTICLELAYERTHATACCUMULATESONTHEFABRICSURFACEPRESSURELOSSINCREASESWITHACCUMULATEDDUSTLAYER,THEREBYGASVELOCITYDECREASESTHUS,DUSTDISLODGINGOPERATIONISUNDERTAKENTOHAVEPROPERFILTRATIONMANYFABRICBAGFILTERSASSEMBLEDINONEUNITISCALLEDBAGHOUSECLASSIFICATIONOFFILTERS?FABRICORCLOTHFILTERSPROPERTIESOFFIBERMATERIALSRESISTANCETOATTACKBYFIBERSTRENGTHTEMPFACIDBASEORGANICSOLVENTCOSTOTHERSCOTTONSTRONG180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWWOOLMEDIUM210MEDIUMPOORGOODPAPERWEAK180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWNYLONSTRONG220MEDIUMGOODGOODEASYTOCLEANDACRONSTRONG280GOODMEDIUMGOODORLONMEDIUM250GOODMEDIUMGOODVINYLIDENECHLORIDEMEDIUM210GOODMEDIUMGOODPOLYETHYLENESTRONG250MEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEMEDIUM500GOODGOODGOODEXPENSIVE

簡介：4800英文單詞，英文單詞，26萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文7900字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處QAYUMA,GUPTAA,GUPTAA,ETALENVIRONMENTALTAXATIONBASEDINTEGRATEDMODELINGTOWARDSSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONAPPROACHJENVIRONMENTALSYSTEMSRESEARCH,2016,5123ENVIRONMENTALTAXATIONBASEDINTEGRATEDMODELINGTOWARDSSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONAPPROACHABDULQAYUM,ANJANAGUPTA,AKANKSHAGUPTAANDRAKESHARYAABSTRACTBACKGROUNDGLOBALIZATIONANDRAPIDINDUSTRIALIZATIONWASINEVITABLEDURINGLATENINETEENTHCENTURYCONSIDERINGTHEDEMAND–SUPPLYDEFICITANDREQUIREMENTSOFEVOLVINGSOCIETIESHOWEVER,ATLATERSTAGETHESEFACTORSWEREMAPPEDTOBEMAJORREASONSFORTHEENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONFURTHER,ATTHECOSTOFENVIRONMENTDEGRADATION,DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICGROWTHCANNOTBEACHIEVEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEWORKISTODESIGNAGREENTAXATIONPOLICYTOMITIGATEHAZARDOUSENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFVARIOUSSECTORSANDTOVISUALIZETHEBENEFITSWHICHCANBRIDGETHESOCIOECONOMICDIVIDEPREVALENT,ESPECIALLYINDEVELOPINGNATIONSTHEAPPROACHISAMALGAMATIONOFEIABASEDAPPROACHONTHEENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTECRITERIAANDENVIRONMENTENERGY,ECONOMYRESULTSINTEGRATEDMODELISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLETHATTHETAXRATEHASTOBECOMMENSURATEWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALDAMAGESWHICHANYPROJECTCAUSESANDITWASFOUNDTHATBOTHECONOMICGROWTHANDENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONARESYNCHRONOUSGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTRELATEDPROJECTSCANNOTBECOMPROMISEDBECAUSEOFINCREASEDDEMANDSTHEREFORE,THEREHASTOBEFINEBALANCEBETWEENDEVELOPMENTANDCONSERVATIONCONCLUSIONSTHEPOLICIESMAYBEDESIGNEDONTHEMODELDISCUSSEDTOBRINGOUTOPTIMALCONTRIBUTIONOFINDUSTRYSECTORTOWARDSGENERATINGRESOURCESFORECONOMICGROWTHANDTOBRIDGESOCIOECONOMICDIVIDEGREENTAXATIONPROVESTOBEDETERRENTTOOLTOWARDSENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONANDOPTIMALENERGYUTILIZATIONKEYWORDSDENOVOAPPROACH,ENERGYECONOMYENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION,ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT,GREENTAXATION,SOCIOECONOMICGROWTHBACKGROUNDITISWIDELYARGUEDTHATTHEREISHUGEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPRESSUREAMONGDEVELOPINGNATIONSTOADDRESSINCREASEDNEEDOFTHEPEOPLE,WHERERESOURCESARESCARCENARULAANDDUNNING2000SCARCITYCOMPOUNDSTHEPRESSUREONENVIRONMENTDUETOMAXIMALUTILIZATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESAND,INDIAISNOTANEXCEPTIONASITISSECONDMOSTPOPULOUSCOUNTRYINTHEWORLDASPERANESTIMATE,ITISVERYLIKELYTOOVERPASSCHINABY2040TOOCCUPYTHEAPEXPOSITIONINTHEPOPULATIONPYRAMIDMCDEVITT1996ITISARGUEDTHATENERGYCONSUMPTIONVARIESDIRECTLYWITHPOPULATIONINCREASEJOHNANDPAUL1974INDIAWILLBEUNDERTREMENDOUSPRESSURETOINCREASEITSENERGYDEMANDTOMEETITSOVERRIDINGSOCIALANDECONOMICOBLIGATIONSDUETOBURGEONINGPOPULATIONTHEREFORE,ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONBYMITIGATINGEFFECTSOFVARIOUSEFFLUENTSANDPOLLUTANTSBECOMESINEVITABLETAXATIONPROVEDTOBEADETERRENTTOWARDSREDUCINGTHEENERGYDEMANDBYIMPROVINGENERGYINTENSITYINEUROPE,FUELDEMANDWOULDHAVEBEENTWICEIFITHADNOTFOLLOWEDTHEPOLICYOFHIGHFUELTAXATIONSTERNER2007INEUROPEANUNIONEU,ITWASFOUNDTHATINDUSTRIESTHATREDUCEPOLLUTIONINCREASEITSRESOURCEPRODUCTIVITYANDSWITCHTORENEWABLESOURCESISHIGHLYENCOURAGEDINTURKEY,ASECONDTERI,NEWDELHIQAYUMANDGUPTA2014TERIHASDEVELOPED“GREENRATINGFORINTEGRATEDHABITATASSESSMENT”SYSTEMWHICHISANEVALUATIONTOOLANDMAINTAINSARESOURCEEFFICIENTBUILTENVIRONMENTGRIHA2010ITEVALUATESENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEOFABUILDINGHOLISTICALLYOVERITSENTIRELIFECYCLE,THEREBYPROVIDINGDEFINITIVESTANDARDSFORWHATCONSTITUTEA‘GREENBUILDING’THESCOPEOFTHECURRENTPAPERISRESTRICTEDTOTAXINCENTIVEMODELFORTHEEFFECTIVEMITIGATIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTALDAMAGECAUSEDBYTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYCONSIDERINGTHELIMITATIONOFTERI–GRIHACRITERIATHEGLOBALPRESSUREACTINGINWARDANDINDIA’SMORALOBLIGATIONTOREDUCETHEEMISSIONLEVELMAKESTHISSTUDYMUCHMORERELEVANTANDITADOPTSINTEGRATEDMODELINGBYCONSIDERINGENERGY–ECONOMY–ENVIRONMENTDYNAMICSTOGETHEROFCOMPUTABLEGENERALEQUILIBRIUMCGEMODELMETHODSTHEPRESENTEDMODELISPRIMARILYBASEDONTRIADOFENVIRONMENTENERGYECONOMYENVEEMMODELGURKAN2003INCONJUNCTIONWITHDENOVOAPPROACHOFENVIRONMENTALTAXATIONFORMERISDYNAMICCGEMODELINGBASEDONINTERACTIONAMONGTHETRIADSFIG1WHILETHELATTERISFORMULATIONOFINTEGRATIONOFTERIGUIDELINEWITHPROPOSEDENVIRONMENTALTAXATIONPOLICYFIG2CGEISTHEPRINCIPALANALYTICALTOOLOFFEREDFORCONDUCTINGECONOMICANALYSESOFENERGY,ECONOMYANDTHEENVIRONMENTTHEREEXISTTWOSIMULTANEOUSEQUILIBRIUMSOF‘GOVERNMENTTOPRODUCERS’AND‘PRODUCERSTOCONSUMERS’WITHSURROUNDINGPARAMETERSASINFIG1INFIRSTEQUILIBRIUM,SUPPLYOFCOMMODITYANDGREENTAXIMPOSITIONWITHREVENUEISANINPUTFROMVARIOUSSECTORSSUCHASENERGY,TECHNOLOGYMATRIXINTERMEDIATEGOODSETCWHILEINSECONDEQUILIBRIUMSUPPLYOFCAPITAL,LABORANDSUPPLYOFCOMMODITIESPLAYAKEYVARIABLEROLEENVEEMMODELINVOLVESPARALLELINTERACTIONOFCONSUMERTOGOVERNMENTVIAPRODUCERS,WHILE,PRODUCERISNERVECENTEROFTHEMODELINCORPORATINGNUMEROUSINFLOWSANDBIDIRECTIONALFLOWSFROMBOTHCONSUMERANDTHEGOVERNMENTEPICENTERSINTHEMEANPROCESS,IMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGREENTAXESCOMESINTOTHEPICTUREFROMWHICHTERIBASEDMODELEVOLVESFIG1ENVEEMMODELFORIMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGREENTAXESTHEENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTECRITERIAAREPOINTBASEDTOTAL106ANDMANDATORY30ANDSOMEAREOPTIONALINNATURETHEREISADDITIONALSCOREBONUSFORCOVERINGTHESEASPECTSOFENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONTABLE1ASCHEMATICFLOWCHARTFIG2WASDEVELOPEDFORTHE

簡介：QAYUMETALENVIRONSYSTRES2016523DOI101186/S4006801600741RESEARCHENVIRONMENTALTAXATIONBASEDINTEGRATEDMODELINGTOWARDSSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONAPPROACHABDULQAYUM1,ANJANAGUPTA2,AKANKSHAGUPTA3ANDRAKESHARYA4ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDGLOBALIZATIONANDRAPIDINDUSTRIALIZATIONWASINEVITABLEDURINGLATENINETEENTHCENTURYCONSIDERINGTHEDEMAND–SUPPLYDEFICITANDREQUIREMENTSOFEVOLVINGSOCIETIESHOWEVER,ATLATERSTAGETHESEFACTORSWEREMAPPEDTOBEMAJORREASONSFORTHEENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONFURTHER,ATTHECOSTOFENVIRONMENTDEGRADATION,DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICGROWTHCANNOTBEACHIEVEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEWORKISTODESIGNAGREENTAXATIONPOLICYTOMITIGATEHAZARDOUSENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFVARIOUSSECTORSANDTOVISUALIZETHEBENEFITSWHICHCANBRIDGETHESOCIOECONOMICDIVIDEPREVALENT,ESPECIALLYINDEVELOPINGNATIONSTHEAPPROACHISAMALGAMATIONOFEIABASEDAPPROACHONTHEENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTECRITERIAANDENVIRONMENTENERGY,ECONOMYRESULTSINTEGRATEDMODELISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLETHATTHETAXRATEHASTOBECOMMENSURATEWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALDAMAGESWHICHANYPROJECTCAUSESANDITWASFOUNDTHATBOTHECONOMICGROWTHANDENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONARESYNCHRONOUSGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTRELATEDPROJECTSCANNOTBECOMPROMISEDBECAUSEOFINCREASEDDEMANDSTHEREFORE,THEREHASTOBEFINEBALANCEBETWEENDEVELOPMENTANDCONSERVATIONCONCLUSIONSTHEPOLICIESMAYBEDESIGNEDONTHEMODELDISCUSSEDTOBRINGOUTOPTIMALCONTRIBUTIONOFINDUSTRYSECTORTOWARDSGENERATINGRESOURCESFORECONOMICGROWTHANDTOBRIDGESOCIOECONOMICDIVIDEGREENTAXATIONPROVESTOBEDETERRENTTOOLTOWARDSENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONANDOPTIMALENERGYUTILIZATIONKEYWORDSDENOVOAPPROACH,ENERGYECONOMYENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION,ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT,GREENTAXATION,SOCIOECONOMICGROWTH?2016THEAUTHORSTHISARTICLEISDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTION40INTERNATIONALLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/,WHICHPERMITSUNRESTRICTEDUSE,DISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDYOUGIVEAPPROPRIATECREDITTOTHEORIGINALAUTHORSANDTHESOURCE,PROVIDEALINKTOTHECREATIVECOMMONSLICENSE,ANDINDICATEIFCHANGESWEREMADEBACKGROUNDITISWIDELYARGUEDTHATTHEREISHUGEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPRESSUREAMONGDEVELOPINGNATIONSTOADDRESSINCREASEDNEEDOFTHEPEOPLE,WHERERESOURCESARESCARCENARULAANDDUNNING2000SCARCITYCOMPOUNDSTHEPRESSUREONENVIRONMENTDUETOMAXIMALUTILIZATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESAND,INDIAISNOTANEXCEPTIONASITISSECONDMOSTPOPULOUSCOUNTRYINTHEWORLDASPERANESTIMATE,ITISVERYLIKELYTOOVERPASSCHINABY2040TOOCCUPYTHEAPEXPOSITIONINTHEPOPULATIONPYRAMIDMCDEVITT1996ITISARGUEDTHATENERGYCONSUMPTIONVARIESDIRECTLYWITHPOPULATIONINCREASEJOHNANDPAUL1974INDIAWILLBEUNDERTREMENDOUSPRESSURETOINCREASEITSENERGYDEMANDTOMEETITSOVERRIDINGSOCIALANDECONOMICOBLIGATIONSDUETOBURGEONINGPOPULATIONTHEREFORE,ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONBYMITIGATINGEFFECTSOFVARIOUSEFFLUENTSANDPOLLUTANTSBECOMESINEVITABLETAXATIONPROVEDTOBEADETERRENTTOWARDSREDUCINGTHEENERGYDEMANDBYIMPROVINGENERGYINTENSITYINEUROPE,FUELDEMANDWOULDHAVEBEENTWICEIFITHADNOTFOLLOWEDTHEPOLICYOFHIGHFUELTAXATIONSTERNER2007INEUROPEANUNIONEU,ITWASFOUNDTHATINDUSTRIESTHATREDUCEPOLLUTIONINCREASEITSRESOURCEPRODUCTIVITYANDSWITCHTORENEWABLESOURCESISHIGHLYENCOURAGEDINTURKEY,ASECONDDIVIDENDOFENVIRONMENTALTAXATION,THATISECONOMICBENEFITSINADDITIONTOENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTS,SHOWSPOTENTIALWHENIMPORTEDFUELSAREPRIMARYSOURCEOFPOLLUTANTGURKAN2003THECONCEPTOPENACCESSCORRESPONDENCEAKANKS11_ISJJNUACIN3CENTREFORWESTASIANSTUDIES,JAWAHARLALNEHRUUNIVERSITY,NEWDELHI,INDIAFULLLISTOFAUTHORINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEATTHEENDOFTHEARTICLEPAGE3OF10QAYUMETALENVIRONSYSTRES2016523WHILE,PRODUCERISNERVECENTEROFTHEMODELINCORPORATINGNUMEROUSINFLOWSANDBIDIRECTIONALFLOWSFROMBOTHCONSUMERANDTHEGOVERNMENTEPICENTERSINTHEMEANPROCESS,IMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGREENTAXESCOMESINTOTHEPICTUREFROMWHICHTERIBASEDMODELEVOLVESTHEENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTECRITERIAAREPOINTBASEDTOTAL106ANDMANDATORY30ANDSOMEAREOPTIONALINNATURETHEREISADDITIONALSCOREBONUSFORCOVERINGTHESEASPECTSOFENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONTABLE1ASCHEMATICFLOWCHARTFIG2WASDEVELOPEDFORTHETAXATIONMETHODOLOGYANDISDERIVEDFROMENVEEMMODELFIG1WHICHTRIGGERSTHEINTRODUCTIONOFGTTOSTABILIZETHEDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMOFPRODUCERWITHTHEGOVERNMENTWHILETERIMODELDESCRIBESTHEDETAILEDMETHODOFTAXATIONFORAPARTICULARINDUSTRYFORAPROJECT,EIAISDONEUSINGTERICRITERIAANDITISEVALUATEDAGAINSTTHEENVIRONMENTDAMAGESITHASCAUSEDORCAUSESDURINGANDPOSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEPERCENTAGEADHERENCEOFAPROJECTTOTHELISTEDCRITERIAISALSOESTIMATEDUSINGAFACTOR‘X’WHICHWASCALCULATEDASCOMPLIANCEOFTHEPROJECTWITHTERICRITERIAOFGREENBUILDINGBASEDON‘X’TAXINCENTIVESAREGRANTEDASPERTHESCHEMATICFLOWCHARTFIG2REVENUEGENERATEDFROMADDITIONALGTPENALTYSHALLGOTOTHESOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDREVENUEFROMGTSHALLGOTOTHE‘GREENCLIMATEFUND’FORLONGTERMGOALSTHISWILLCOLLECTIVELYLEADTOBETTERGOVERNANCE,SUSTAINABLEGROWTHTARGETS,ANDWILLCATALYZETHEENDEAVORSFORBRIDGINGTHEEXPANDINGSOCIOECONOMICDIVIDESHOWCGEMODELISAPPLICABLEFORINDIATHEENVIRONMENTANDCLIMATECHANGEISSUESARENOTRESTRICTEDTOANYGEOGRAPHICALTERRITORYRATHERIT’SAGLOBALISSUEMOREOVER,TURKISHECONOMYISNOTMUCHDIFFERENTFROMTHEINDIANCOUNTERPARTCONSIDERINGTHEISSUETOBEGLOBALANDWITHOUTANYSPECIFICTURKISHECONOMYPARAMETERSUSEDINTHECGEMODEL,ITCANBEEXTENDEDTOINDIAASWELLWITHOUTLOSSOFANYGENERALITYHOWENVEEMCGMMODELISCONNECTEDWITHDE?NOVOTERI?BASEDAPPROACHTHEMODELDEALSWITHTHEDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMOFENVEEMTRIADSECONOMICBENEFITSAREACCRUEDBECAUSEOFADOPTIONOFEFFICIENTENERGYWHICHLEADSTOENVIRONMENTIMPROVEMENTSPRIMAFACIE,THEBLINDINDUSTRIALIZATIONATTHECOSTOFENVIRONMENTALDAMAGECONTRIBUTESGOODECONOMICBENEFITITMAYBETRUEINSHORTTERMBUTTHISMODELFAILSMISERABLYINLONGRUNANDASPOSTINDUSTRIALIZATIONILLEFFECTSAREBIGGERDIVIDENDSTHEDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMMUSTBEACCOUNTEDBYCONSIDERINGLONGTERMSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTALGOALSUNDERTHISCIRCUMSTANCE,GREENTAXATIONSHALLBEINTRODUCEDASEXTERNALVARIABLETOCONTROLINDISCRIMINATEUSEOFNATURALRESOURCESFORLONGERECOVIABLEBENEFITSITACTSASACATALYSTFORPRODUCERGOVERNMENTEQUILIBRIUMWHICHINTURNAFFECTSPRODUCER–CONSUMEREQUILIBRIUM,SIMULTANEOUSLYAND,GTISALSOAKEYBINDINGELEMENTFORTHESETWOMODELSTOWARDSDEVELOPINGTHEINTEGRATEDAPPROACHSUPPLYOFCOMMODITYSUPPLYOFCOMMODITYIMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGTPRODUCERSGOVERNMENTCONSUMERIMPORTEDGOODSI/OMATRIXENERGYTECHNOLOGYMATRIXINTERMEDIATEGOODSSUPPLYOFCAPITAL,LABORFIG1ENVEEMMODELFORIMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGREENTAXES