簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFHUMANRESOURCESTUDIESISSN216230582011,VOL1,NO189WWWMACROTHINKORG/IJHRSCOMPENSATIONMANAGEMENTASTRATEGICCONDUITTOWARDSACHIEVINGEMPLOYEERETENTIONANDJOBSATISFACTIONINBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANRABIAINAMKHANCORRESPONDINGAUTHORRESEARCHASSOCIATE,HUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTACADEMICRESEARCHSOCIETYPAKISTANEMAILRABIAKHAN138LIVECOMHASSANDANIALASLAMLECTURER,FACULTYOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCES,THEISLAMIAUNIVERSITYOFBAHAWALPURPAKISTANEMAILHASSANDANIALIUBEDUPKIRFANLODHITRAININGADVISOR,HUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTACADEMICRESEARCHSOCIETYPAKISTANACCEPTEDAUGUST21,2011DOI105296/IJHRSV1I1809ABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXPLORESSOMEBASICFACTSABOUTONEOFTHEVERYIMPORTANTASPECTOFHRMTHATISCOMPENSATIONMANAGEMENTANDHOWITAFFECTSTHEJOBSATISFACTIONANDEMPLOYEERETENTIONINBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANTHISPAPERSEEKSTOADDSOMECONTRIBUTIONTOWARDSTHECOMPENSATIONMANAGEMENTINTHEBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANRESEARCHERSHAVEANALYZEDTHESUCCESSFACTORSOFONEOFTHELEADINGBANKOFPAKISTANASACASESTUDYINCURRENTRESEARCHINORDERTOEXPLORETHELEADINGSATISFACTORYFACTORS,ISSUESANDCHALLENGESREGARDINGCOMPENSATIONPOLICYOFTHECASESTUDYBANKASAMPLEOF450EMPLOYEESOFCASESTUDYBANKHASBEENSELECTEDFORCURRENTRESEARCHUSINGQUESTIONNAIREANDINDEPTHINTERVIEWSASLEADINGTECHNIQUEOFDATACOLLECTIONRESEARCHINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFHUMANRESOURCESTUDIESISSN216230582011,VOL1,NO191WWWMACROTHINKORG/IJHRSTHESTRENGTHOFANYFINANCIALSERVICEPROVIDINGCOMPANYALSODEPENDSONTHECONTENTMENTANDINSPIRATIONOFITSEMPLOYEESBANKSARETHEBIGGESTFINANCIALSERVICEPROVIDERSOFANYNATIONTHEBANKINGSECTOROFTHEPAKISTANDOMINATESTHEFINANCIALSERVICESANDTHEIRPROMINENCEHASBECOMEMOREVISIBLEINLASTTENYEARSVARIOUSBANKSINPAKISTANHAVEDRAMATICALLYPROGRESSEDINTHEIRCAPACITY,SIZE,FINANCIALOUTCOMEANDSERVICEREPUTATIONCONSEQUENTLY,BANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANHASOFFEREDEMPLOYMENTINVARIOUSDEPARTMENTSWITHREASONABLEPAYPACKAGESANDWORKINGENVIRONMENTWHEREEMPLOYEESPERFORMWITHTHEIRZEALANDZESTONEPROMINENTNAMEINBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANISOFHABIBBANKLIMITEDHBLHBLHASTHELARGESTCOMMERCIALBANKINGNETWORK,PROVIDINGTHEGROWTHANDESCALATIONOPPORTUNITIESTOITSEMPLOYEESTHEBANKHASANETWORKOFMORETHAN1450BRANCHESINPAKISTANANDOPERATESINMORETHAN55COUNTRIESITSHEADOFFICEISSITUATEDINKARACHI,PAKISTANWITHTHEINCREASINGCOMPETITION,THEEMPLOYEESOFHBLSTRIVEHARDTOPROVIDEHIGHQUALITYSERVICESTOITSCUSTOMERSHBLHADGOTTHEPAKISTANBESTBANKAWARDIN2008WHICHMOTIVATESTHERESEARCHERSTOCONDUCTINDEPTHCASESTUDYANALYSISOFCOMPENSATIONSYSTEMOFTHESAIDBANKASHBLISCONSIDEREDTOBEONEOFTHELEADINGBANKSINPAKISTANWHICHISCREATINGITSEMPLOYERBRANDIMAGEINPAKISTANIECONOMY,RESEARCHERSHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHECURRENTCOMPENSATIONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMALONGWITHITSISSUESANDCHALLENGESINPRESENTSTUDYTHEOBJECTIVESOFRESEARCHIS?TOANALYZEDIFFERENTCOMPENSATIONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSBEINGIMPLEMENTEDINCASESTUDYBANK?TOEXPLORETHECURRENTCHALLENGESANDISSUESREGARDINGCOMPENSATIONSYSTEMOFHBL2LITERATUREREVIEWONEOFTHEMOSTINTEGRALANDUTMOSTPARTOFTHEMANAGEMENTOFANYORGANIZATIONISTHECOMPENSATIONMANAGEMENTITISASYSTEMATICANDPERIODICAPPROACHTHROUGHWHICHEMPLOYEESAREBEINGREWARDEDFORTHEIREFFORTSWHICHTHEYINSETATTHEIRWORKPLACESCOMPENSATIONISCOMPRISEDOFWAGES,INCENTIVES,REWARDSANDOTHERBENEFITSGIVENTOTHEWORKERSTHEEMPLOYEESOF21STCENTURYWORKNOTONLYFORTHEMONETARYREWARDSBUTALSOFORSOMETHING“EXTRA”ANDINHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTTHISISREFERREDTOAS“BENEFITS”REWARDSAREOFDIFFERENTTYPESDEPENDINGONTHEIRNATUREREWARDSHAVEBEENDISTINGUISHEDINTHEFOLLOWINGTYPES?INTRINSICVERSUSEXTRINSICREWARDS?FINANCIALVERSUSNONFINANCIALREWARDS?PERFORMANCEBASEDVERSUSMEMBERSHIPBASEDREWARDSINTRINSICREWARDSARETHOSETHATARESELFINITIATEDREWARDSTHESEREWARDSAREBASEDONTHESELFCONTENTMENTARISINGFROMTHEJOBITSELFINTRINSICREWARDSAREOFTENKNOWNASINTANGIBLEREWARDS,FOREXAMPLEBEINGPARTOFAGROUP,AFEELINGARISINGFROMACCOMPLISHMENTOFGOALSANDPRIDEANDSATISFACTIONARISINGFROMONE’SOWNWORKWHEREASEXTRINSICREWARDSARETHEBENEFITSPROVIDEDBYTHEMANAGERSALSOKNOWNASTANGIBLEREWARDSSUCHASSALARYINCREMENT,BONUS,SALESCOMMISSIONETCTHESEREWARDSINCLUDEMONETARYREWARDS,PROMOTIONSOFEMPLOYEESANDOTHERDIFFERENTKINDS

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簡介：POLISHJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTSTUDIESBER?EBERGAA,DOVLADBEKOVAI,āBULAM2017VOL15NO2273MANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDFIRMPERFORMANCEEVIDENCEOFLISTEDCOMPANIESINTHEBALTICSBER?EBERGAA,DOVLADBEKOVAI,āBULAM?ABSTRACTTHISPAPERFOCUSESONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDFIRMPERFORMANCE,WHICHAPPEARSTOBEANIMPORTANTISSUEINCORPORATEGOVERNANCELITERATUREWECONDUCTREGRESSIONANALYSISEMPLOYINGASAMPLEOFLISTEDCOMPANIESINTHESTOCKEXCHANGESOFTHEBALTICSTATESWETESTWHETHERINCREASEDMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPHASEFFECTONFIRMPERFORMANCEMEASUREDBYTOBIN’SQANDRETURNONASSETSROATHERESULTSREVEALTHATTHEREISPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDINTERNALPERFORMANCEMEASUREROAWHILEITDOESNOTSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTTHEMARKETPERFORMANCEMEASURETOBIN’SQWECONCLUDETHATMANAGEMENTMAINLYFOCUSESONFIRMFUNDAMENTALFACTORSANDRATIOSLIKEPROFITABILITY,SALESGROWTH,INVESTMENT–THEYHAVEPOSITIVERELATIONWITHMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPMEANWHILE,THEREISNOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEINMARKETRELATEDFACTORSFORCOMPANIESWITHORWITHOUTMANAGERIALOWNERSHIP,ASTHESEFACTORSINTHEBALTICSAREMOREINFLUENCEDBYOTHERCONSIDERATIONSLIKEECONOMICS,POLITICSANDHIGHLIQUIDITYPREMIUMKEYWORDSMANAGERIALOWNERSHIP,FIRMPERFORMANCE,TOBIN’SQ,ROA,BALTICSTATESDOI1017512/PJMS201715225ARTICLE’SHISTORYRECEIVEDJANUARY5,2017REVISEDMARCH3,2017ACCEPTEDJUNE9,2017INTRODUCTIONANDLITERATUREREVIEWRELATIONSHIPBETWEENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDFIRMPERFORMANCEHASRECEIVEDMUCHATTENTIONINCORPORATEGOVERNANCELITERATURESINCETHEMID70TIES,WHENMJENSENANDWMECKLINGJENSENANDMECKLING,1976EXPLOREDTHEPRINCIPALAGENTTHEORY,OWNERSHIPSTRUCTURE,MANAGERIALBEHAVIOURANDAGENCYCOSTSTHEIDEAOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPWASPRESENTSINCETHEBALTICSREGAINEDTHEIRINDEPENDENCEEARLY90TIESDURINGTHEPRIVATIZATIONPROCESSINEARLYNINETIES,THANKSTOFAVOURABLELEGISLATIVEFRAMEWORK,MANYEXANTESTATEOWNEDCOMPANIESOFFEREDSHARESTOTHEIRMANAGEMENTORALLEMPLOYEESONBENEFICIALCONDITIONSINLASTDECADES,THEREISATRENDFORINTERNATIONALCOMPANIESOPERATINGINTHEBALTICMARKETTOIMPLEMENTTHEIRGLOBALHUMANRESOURCEPOLICYMEASURESMANYOFTHEMHAVEEMPLOYEESHAREOWNERSHIPPLANSEITHERBROADORNARROWIE,MANAGEMENTONLYBASEDLEGISLATIVEFRAMEWORKANDTAXATIONACCORDINGTOEMPLOYEESHAREOWNERSHIPINTHEBALTICSHASNOTBEENSUPPORTIVETHEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORKUNDERWHICHCOMPANIESOPERATEINBALTICSTATESISQUITESIMILAR,WITHSOMEEXCEPTIONSINLATVIAANDESTONIATHEREARENOSPECIAL?DROEC,DOCAN?ELIKABER?EBERGA,DROEC,PROFINNADOVLADBEKOVA,DRIUR,DOCMARTAāBULA,RIGASTRADI??UNIVERSITY,FACULTYOFEUROPEANSTUDIES??CORRESPONDINGAUTHORANZELIKABERKEBERGARSULV?INNADOVLADBEKOVARSULVMARTAABULARSULVPOLISHJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTSTUDIESBER?EBERGAA,DOVLADBEKOVAI,āBULAM2017VOL15NO2275ETAL,2012PENI,2014WAHBA,2013,RETURNONEQUITYGOSH,2006SHORTANDKEASEY,1999,SALESTOASSETSRATIOSINGHANDDAVIDSON,2003ANDOTHERMANYAUTHORS,INCLUDINGTHEABOVEMENTIONEDFORFIRMPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONUSEACOMBINATIONOFSEVERALDIFFERENTRATIOSOFBOTHTYPES–MARKETVALUEBASEDLIKETOBIN’SQANDFIRMBASEDLIKEPROFITMEASURESANDPROFITABILITYRATIOSTURNINGBACKTOTHEVERYOFTENUSEDTOBIN’SQRATIO–ANUMBEROFEMPIRICALSTUDIESREVEALNONLINEARRELATIONBETWEENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDFIRMPERFORMANCE,ASTHISLINKISIMPACTEDBYTWOOPPOSITEEFFECTSTHEMANAGER’SINCENTIVEASSHAREHOLDERANDENTRENCHMENTEFFECTUSUALLY,ATHIGHMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPLEVELS,THELATTEREFFECTOVERPOWERSTHEFORMERMORCK,SCHLEIFERANDVISHNY1988WERETHEFIRSTONESTHATFOUNDTHESOCALLED“HUMPSHAPED”O(jiān)R“INVERTEDU”RELATIONBETWEENTHEMENTIONEDVARIABLESOTHERSTUDIESHAVEALSOFOUNDTHE“HUMPSHAPED”RELATIONSHIPTHEFINDINGSREGARDINGTHEMOSTOPTIMALLEVELOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPDIFFERACROSSSTUDIESCOLES,LEMMONANDMESCHKE2012FINDTHATTHEMAXIMUMPOINTOFTHEHUMPSHAPEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOBIN’SQANDCEOOWNERSHIPIS200MAXIMUMLEVELDISCOVEREDBYBENSONANDDAVIDSON2009WHERETHEOWNERSHIPPERFORMANCERELATIONTURNSFROMPOSITIVETONEGATIVE2824THEEVIDENCEOFFLORACKIS,KOSTAKISANDOZKAN2009RESEARCHREVEALSSTRONGANDPOSITIVELINKBETWEENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDFIRMPERFORMANCEATRATHERLOWLEVELSOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIP–LOWERTHAN15KHAN,MATHERANDBALACHANDRAN2014RESEARCHEDAUSTRALIANCOMPANIESANDFOUNDTHATAT2030OFOWNERSHIPLEVELTHEREISARELATIONCONSISTENTWITHINCENTIVEALIGNMENTMUELLERANDSPITZOENERMUELLERANDSPITZOENER,2006FINDPOSITIVEMANAGERIALOWNERSHIP–FIRMPERFORMANCERELATIONINGERMANSMESUPTO40OFMANAGERIALSHARESHOWEVER,DUETONONLISTEDSTATUSOFSURVEYEDCOMPANIES,THEPERFORMANCEMEASURETHEYUSEISSLIGHTLYDIFFERENTFROMOTHERS–NETNUMBEROFTIMESTHEREPORTEDQUARTERPROFITHASINCREASEDOTHERRESEARCHERSCREATEEXPONENTIALMODELSANDRAISINGTHEMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPTOSEVERALDEGREESUPTOQUANTICTHEYHAVEFOUNDDOUBLEANDMOREHUMPSHAPEDCURVESOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPANDFIRMPERFORMANCERELATIONWITHDIFFERENTTURNINGPOINTSDOUBLEHUMPEDCURVESWEREFOUNDBYMORCKETAL1988AT5AND25LEVELSHORTANDKEASEY1999AT13AND42LEVELFACCIOANDLASFER1999AT197AND541LEVEL,ANDOTHERSFLORACKISETAL2009INTHEIRMODELWITHQUANTICLEVELOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPFINDFOURTURNINGPOINTSAT13,25,49AND72LEVELSTHESERESULTSARERATHERCLOSETOWHATDAVIESETAL2005HAVEFOUND–7,26,51AND76OURPAPERADDSTOEXISTINGLITERATUREBYPROVIDINGEMPIRICALEVIDENCEOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPONFIRMPERFORMANCEINTHEBALTICSTATESTHISPAPERHASTHEFOLLOWINGSTRUCTURESECTION2DESCRIBESDATAANDMETHODOLOGY,SECTION3PRESENTSTHERESULTSOFEMPIRICALTESTS,ANDSECTION4ISFORDISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONS

簡介：4200英文單詞，英文單詞，23萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文7200字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處JUNTUNEN,MARI,SAILASARANIEMI,ANDWIMJLELVING“VISUALIDENTITYANDIPRSINCORPORATEBRANDMANAGEMENT“PROCEEDINGSOFTHECONFERENCEONCORPORATECOMMUNICATION2010122131VISUALIDENTITYANDIPRSINCORPORATEBRANDMANAGEMENTMARIJUNTUNENKNOXANDBICKERTON2003CORPORATEBRANDINGISDEFINEDAS“ASYSTEMATICALLYPLANNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDPROCESSOFCREATINGANDMAINTAININGAFAVOURABLEIMAGEANDCONSEQUENTLYAFAVOURABLEREPUTATIONFORTHECOMPANYASAWHOLEBYSENDINGSIGNALSTOALLSTAKEHOLDERSANDBYMANAGINGBEHAVIOUR,COMMUNICATION,ANDSYMBOLISM”EINWILLERANDWILL,2002,P101CORPORATEBRANDINGHASFACEDINCREASINGINTERESTANDTHESUBSEQUENTOUTPUTSSINCETHETURNOFTHECENTURYAHONEN,2008HOWEVER,CERTAINAREASHAVEBEENOVERLOOKEDTHECORPORATEBRANDISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEWAYSITSELEMENTSAREUSEDINTHEMARKETSCONSIDER,EG,PROORCONTRAWRITINGSANDOTHERAPPEARANCESINTHEINTERNET,ANDTHUSBOTHTHEUNIQUENESSANDTHEASSOCIATIONSMADEINCONNECTIONTOTHEBRANDNEEDTOBECONTROLLEDTHELEGALPROTECTIONOFFTHELOGO,SLOGANSANDOTHERCVIELEMENTSCAN–ESPECIALLYINTHETURBULENTENVIRONMENT–PLAYANESSENTIALROLENEVERTHELESS,ANDDESPITETHEMULTIDISCIPLINARITY,LEGALISSUES,LIKEINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSIPRS,ARE,ASFARASWEKNOW,SELDOMDISCUSSEDINTHELITERATUREONCORPORATEBRANDINGWEARGUETHATIPRSARESIGNIFICANTWHENBRANDINGISOFCONCERNTHEYARENOTJUSTANECESSARYEVILORSOMEEXTERNALISSUEEG,CORNELISSENANDELVING,2003THATISTAKENASGIVEN,BUTTHATTHEYCANBEUSEDASASTRATEGICTOOLINBRANDINGAFTERALL,IPRISSUESEMERGEFROMTHEVERYORIGINSOFCOMPANYESTABLISHMENT,PRODUCTLAUNCHES,ANDTHERELATEDBRANDINGACTIVITIESACOMPANYTHATISBUILDINGINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSTHEPROTECTIONOFTHECORPORATEBRANDISANESSENTIALPARTOFBRANDMANAGEMENTMOORE2003THEUNIQUENESSANDINIMITABILITYAREOFCENTRALIMPORTANCEFORASUCCESSFULBRAND,ANDTHESECANBEENHANCEDBYRELYINGONIPRS,FOREXAMPLE,ESPECIALLYWHENTANGIBLE,ANDCONSEQUENTLYRELATIVELYEASILYIMITABLEFEATURESAREOFCONCERNALREADYAQUICKGLANCEATTHEDIFFERENTIPRSSHOWSTHISININTELLECTUALPROPERTYLEGISLATIONWHICHISTOALARGEEXTENTINTERNATIONALLYHARMONIZED,ALTHOUGHSOMENATIONALDIFFERENCESSTILLEXIST,ATRADEMARKISAUNIQUEIDENTIFIERDEFINEDASAWORD,LETTER,SYMBOLLOGO,NUMBER,COLOUR,SHAPEOR,WHERETHELEGISLATIONOFTHECOUNTRYALLOWS,SOUNDORSMELLTHETRADEMARKALWAYSHASTOBEPRESENTABLEGRAPHICALLY,ORACOMBINATIONOFONEORMOREOFTHESEONCEATRADEMARKISREGISTERED,THE?SYMBOLMAYBELEGALLYUSEDWITHTHETRADEMARK,ANDTHEOWNERHASTHEEXCLUSIVERIGHTINTHEDEFINEDTERRITORYCOUNTRYWHERETHERIGHTWASGRANTED,ORALLEUCOUNTRIESIFACOMMUNITYTRADEMARKHASBEENGRANTEDTOUSEITFORANYGOODSORSERVICESFORWHICHTHETRADEMARKISREGISTEREDIE,PRODUCTANDSERVICECLASSESNEEDTOBECONSIDEREDTRADEMARKRIGHTCANONLYBEENFORCEDINSUCHAREASWHEREITISREGISTERED,WHICHMEANSTHATIF,FOREXAMPLE,ATRADEMARKFORSHAMPOOISREGISTEREDINCLASS3COSMETICSANDCLEANINGPREPARATIONS,THESAMETRADEMARKMAYBEREGISTEREDBYSOMEONEELSEINANOTHERCLASSFLOREKANDINSCH2008AREGISTEREDTRADEMARKREMAINSLEGITIMATEANDVALIDOVERTIMEASLONGASITISRENEWEDAND/ORUSED,ANDDURINGTHISTIME,OWNERSCANASSIGNORLICENSETHETRADEMARKALTERNATIVELY,TRADEMARKPROTECTIONCANBEESTABLISHEDTHROUGHACTIVEUSEANDMAKINGTHETRADEMARKKNOWNAMONGCUSTOMERSINTHISCASE,TMSYMBOLMAYBEUTILIZEDTRADENAMESARESIMILARTOTRADEMARKSWHEREASTHEROLEOFTRADEMARKSISTODIFFERENTIATEANDSEPARATETHEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESOFAFIRMFROMTHEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESOFSOMEOTHERCOMPANY,TRADENAMESNEEDTODOTHISATORGANIZATIONLEVELHOWEVER,ONLYTHENAMEGETSPROTECTION,ANDTHEFORMTHATITISINEG,FONTNEEDSTOBECOVEREDWITHOTHERMEANSCOPYRIGHT,FORITSPART,COVERSORIGINALANDCREATIVECREATIONSWORKSOFARTITISMOSTCOMMONLYCONNECTEDTODIFFERENTKINDSOFWRITINGS,MUSIC,ORPICTURES,BUTITCANALSOBEAUSEFULMEANSOFPROTECTIONFORSHORTSLOGANSOROTHEREXPRESSIONSTHATARECONNECTEDTOTHECORPORATEBRANDONLYTHEACTUALEXPRESSIONS,NOTTHEIDEABEHINDTHEM,AREPROTECTEDCOPYRIGHTISREADILYAVAILABLESINCEITDOESNOTREQUIREANYREGISTRATIONHOWEVER,ITONLYPROVIDESPROTECTIONAGAINSTCOPYINGANDIMITATION,ANDIFSOMEONEINDEPENDENTLYCREATESSOMETHINGSIMILAR,THECOPYRIGHTOWNERCANNOTREALLYPREVENTUSEOFTHEOTHERWORKALSOTHELIFEOFCOPYRIGHTISMORELIMITED,ASITONLYENDURESASAGENERALRULE70YEARSAFTERTHEDEATHOFTHEORIGINALCOPYRIGHTHOLDERDESIGNRIGHTSORMODELRIGHTS,THATAREPROVIDEDFORTHEAPPEARANCEOFACONCRETEOBJECTORAPARTOFITOVERALLIMPRESSIONOFITSLINES,CONTOURS,COLOURS,SHAPE,TEXTUREORMATERIALSALSOARELIMITEDINTERMSOFDURATIONAREGISTEREDDESIGNMAYENJOYPROLONGEDPROTECTIONFROMCOPYINGUPTO25YEARSTHEDESIGNISREGISTEREDFOR5YEARSANDCANBENEWEDFOURTIMES,FOR5YEARSEACHTIMEINECCOUNTRIESINADDITIONTONATIONALRIGHTS,ALSOCOMMUNITYDESIGNSAREAVAILABLENATURALLY,ALSOPATENTRIGHTSANDUTILITYMODELRIGHTSTHATAREALSOCALLEDAS“PETTYPATENTS”AREINCLUDEDINTHELISTOFIPRSBOTHOFTHESEPROTECTINVENTIONSTHATMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFNOVELTY,INVENTIVESTEP,ANDTECHNICALEFFECTIVENESS,ANDFORBOTH,THEDURATIONOFTHEPROTECTIONISLIMITEDINTERMSOFTIMEANDGEOGRAPHICALSCOPE–LIKEINTERMSOFTHEACTUALCLAIMSINTHEPATENTAPPLICATIONFINALLY,THELEGISLATIONAIMEDATPREVENTINGUNFAIRCOMPETITIVECONDUCTISOFTENPLACEDUNDER

簡介：SKILLSTHATIMPROVEPROFITABILITYTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROJECTMANAGEMENT,ITSKILLS,ANDSMALLTOMEDIUMENTERPRISEPROFITABILITYJULIENPOLLACK?,DANIELADLERUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYSYDNEY,POBOX123,BROADWAY,NSW2007,AUSTRALIARECEIVED8JUNE2015RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11MARCH2016ACCEPTED21MARCH2016AVAILABLEONLINE10APRIL2016ABSTRACTITISCOMMONLYASSUMEDTHATUSINGPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDITSKILLSAREGOODFORBUSINESSPERFORMANCETHISRESEARCHEXPLOREDTHISASSUMPTIONBYTESTINGWHETHERTHEUSEOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDITSKILLSHAVEAPOSITIVEAFFECTONBUSINESSTOTALSALESANDPROFITABILITYTHERESEARCHDATAWASDRAWNFROMTWOLONGITUDINALGOVERNMENTSURVEYSOFSMALLTOMEDIUMENTERPRISESINAUSTRALIAMODELSWERECREATEDTODESCRIBETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROJECTMANAGEMENT,ITSKILLS,PROFITABILITYANDTOTALSALESUSINGMULTIPLELINEARREGRESSIONANDBINARYLOGISTICREGRESSIONTHERESULTSSHOWTHATWHENCONTROLLINGFORTHEINFLUENCEOFOTHERBUSINESSSKILLS,PROJECTMANAGEMENTANDITSKILLSHAVEASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVEINFLUENCEONSALESANDPROFITABILITY?2016ELSEVIERLTDAPMANDIPMAALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSPROJECTMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYSMALLTOMEDIUMENTERPRISEPROFITABILITYSALESBUSINESSSKILLS1INTRODUCTIONITISABASICANDFUNDAMENTALASSUMPTIONTHATDEVELOPINGBUSINESSSKILLSINYOUREMPLOYEESIMPROVESTHEPROFITABILITYOFYOURBUSINESSALTHOUGHITMAYBEDIFFICULTTOTESTEACHSTEPINTHELONGANDDIFFUSECAUSALCHAINFROMANIMPROVEDEMPLOYEESKILLSETTOABETTERBOTTOMLINE,THELINKBETWEENDEVELOPINGEMPLOYEECAPABILITYANDIMPROVEDCOMPANYPERFORMANCEISTYPICALLYTAKENASSOOBVIOUSTHATITISRARELYQUESTIONEDTHISASSUMPTIONISHELDFORSKILLSSUCHASTHEABILITYTOMANAGEPROJECTS,WHEREITISTAKENFORGRANTEDTHATUSINGPROJECTMANAGEMENTTOREACHSTRATEGICANDOPERATIONALOBJECTIVESIMPROVESPERFORMANCESIMILARLY,WETENDTOASSUMETHATINCREASEDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYITSTAFFCAPABILITYHELPSBUSINESSESNOTONLYSURVIVE,BUTEXCELINOURCURRENTLYCHANGINGTECHNOLOGICALCLIMATEWERETHESEASSUMPTIONSFALSE,THEREWOULDBELITTLEJUSTIFICATIONTOSUPPORTTHESIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTSTHATORGANISATIONSANDINDIVIDUALSMAKEONPERSONNELDEVELOPMENTINTHESEDISCIPLINESMANYRESEARCHERSHAVECOMMENTEDTHATPROJECTMANAGEMENTIMPROVESTHELIKELIHOODOFANORGANISATIONBEINGSUCCESSFULTHEBENEFITSOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTTOORGANISATIONSHAVEBEENEXPRESSEDASANIMPROVEMENTINPRODUCTIVITYMCHUGHANDHOGAN,2011CLELAND,1984,EFFECTIVENESSSHENHARETAL,2001,EFFICIENCYSTIMPSON,2008,ANDPERFORMANCEABBASIANDALMHARMAH,2000,WHILETHEBENEFITSOFITINVESTMENTARECOMMONLYCITEDASPROVIDINGSTRATEGICVALUECARR,2003,IMPROVEDPRODUCTIVITYHWANGETAL,2015,ANDIMPROVEDLEVELSOFORGANISATIONALINTERNALENTREPRENEURSHIPBENITEZAMANDOETAL,2010THISBODYOFRESEARCHAPPEARSTOPROVIDESTRONGJUSTIFICATIONFORSUSTAININGTHEASSUMPTIONTHATPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDITSKILLSSUPPORTFINANCIALPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,THISASSUMPTIONREMAINSLARGELYUNEXAMINEDINTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTLITERATURE,THEDEBATEMORECOMMONLYFOCUSESONDEVELOPINGIDEALISED,ORCONTINGENT,MODELSOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT,WAYSOFIMPLEMENTINGTHESE,ANDTHEEXAMINATIONOFCRITERIATHATCONTRIBUTETOTHESUCCESSANDFAILUREOFPROJECTSINTHISREGARD,THEITLITERATUREISNOTTHATDIFFERENT,WITHANADDEDEMPHASISONTHEIMPACTSANDOPPORTUNITIESASSOCIATEDWITHSPECIFICTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSIN2012,H?LLGREN2012?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJPROMANHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JIJPROMAN20160300402637863/00/?2016ELSEVIERLTDAPMANDIPMAALLRIGHTSRESERVEDAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMSCIENCEDIRECTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT342016831–8382014,ANDTHEFREQUENCYWITHWHICHITPROFESSIONALSKILLSANDPROJECTMANAGEMENTSKILLSAREUSEDINSMES,THEREISSURPRISINGLYLITTLERESEARCHWHICHEXAMINESHOWTHESESKILLSAREUSEDBYSMES,ANDHOWTHEYAFFECTBUSINESSPROFITABILITY3METHODOLOGYDATAFORTHISRESEARCHWASSOURCEDFROMTHEABSBUSINESSLONGITUDINALDATABASEBLDTHEBLDINCLUDESDATARELEVANTTOUNDERSTANDINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFAUSTRALIANBUSINESSESITISCOMPILEDFROMANUMBEROFSOURCES,INCLUDINGAUSTRALIANGOVERNMENTTAXRECORDSANDQUESTIONNAIRERESPONSESTHEABSUSESADATAQUALITYFRAMEWORKBASEDONTHESTATISTICSCANADAQUALITYASSURANCEFRAMEWORKSTATISTICSCANADA,2002ANDTHEEUROPEANSTATISTICSCODEOFPRACTICEEUROSTAT,2011INTHECASEOFTHESURVEYDATAUSEDINTHISRESEARCH,AQUALITYDECLARATIONWASISSUEDINDICATINGARESPONSERATEOFOVER95,ANDARELATIVESAMPLINGERROROFLESSTHAN10INTHE2004–2005FINANCIALYEAR,THEABSSELECTEDAPANELOFSMESBASEDONTHEMBEINGREPRESENTATIVEOFTHEIRINDUSTRYORPOPULATIONGROUPBUSINESSDETAILSWERESOURCEDFROMTHEAUSTRALIANBUSINESSREGISTERABR,ADATABASETHATCONTAINSTHENAMESANDADDRESSESOFALLBUSINESSESTHATHAVEAREGISTEREDAUSTRALIANBUSINESSNUMBERABNWITHTHEAUSTRALIANTAXATIONOFFICEATOPANELMEMBERSWEREASKEDTORESPONDTOASURVEYFORFIVECONSECUTIVEYEARSTHESURVEYSWEREADDRESSEDTOTHEOWNER/MANAGEROFTHEBUSINESS,ASLISTEDINTHEABR,ASKINGTHEMTOCOMPLETEANDRETURNTHESURVEYPANELSIZEWASDETERMINEDBASEDONTHEEXPECTEDDROPOUTRATE,ANDDESIGNEDTOENSURETHATASUFFICIENTLYLARGENUMBEROFBUSINESSESREMAINEDINEACHINDUSTRYSECTORANDSIZECLASSIFICATIONFORSTATISTICALANALYSISATTHEENDOFTHEFIVEYEARPERIODNEWMEMBERSWERENOTINTRODUCEDTOTHEPANELAFTERTHEFIRSTYEARTHISRESEARCHMAKESREFERENCETOTWOPANELSPANEL1INCLUDESDATAFROMTHE2004–2005FINANCIALYEARTO2009–2010,ANDPANEL2INCLUDESDATAFROMTHE2006–2007TOTHE2010–2011FINANCIALYEARTHEBLDUSESAVARIETYOFSELECTIONCRITERIAFORPANELINCLUSION,INCLUDINGTHERE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簡介：PROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE32012309–31422126716?2012THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFEMERGINGMARKETSQUERIESINFINANCEANDBUSINESSLOCALORGANIZATIONDOI101016/S2212567112001578EMERGINGMARKETSQUERIESINFINANCEANDBUSINESSMANAGEMENTPERFORMANCEAUDITINMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSFLORINDOBREA,,LAURABRADA,RADUCIOBANUA,EUGENIUTURLEAA,FLORENTINCALOIANAABUCHARESTUNIVERSITYOFECONOMICSTUDIES,6,ROMANASQUARE,DISTRICT1,BUCHAREST,010374,ROMANIAABSTRACTSEVERALRAPIDCHANGESHADTAKENPLACEDINCOMPANIESINVOLVEDINAMOTHERWISETHEPERFORMANCEWASMEASUREUSINGTHEFORTHCOMINGFINANCIALSTATEMENTSDUETOTHISIDEA,THEFINANCIALINDICATORSWEREDETERMINEDUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULAS1YTOTALEQUIT1NETPROFITROE11DEPTYTOTALEQUIT11EBITROA20TURNOVER0TURNOVER1TURNOVERTURNOVER311IABILITIESSHORTTERMLETSCURRENTASSLIQUIDITY4TAKEOVERRICEBEFORELASTSHAREPTAKEOVERRICEBEFORELASTSHAREPEPRICEBUYINGSHARFECTTAKEOVEREF5ABLEDUMMYVARIROMCEOPRESIDENTFDIFFERRENT6ABLEDUMMYVARIOMPANYACTSYWHERETHECTHEINDUSTR7WHILETHESECONDDUMMYVARIABLEWASQUANTIFYASFOLLOW1IFTHECOMPANYISACTINGINTHEINDUSTRYAREAAND0IFITISACTINGINTHESERVICEAREANOTONLYTHEFINANCIALINDICATORSAREIMPORTANT,BUTALSOTHESAMPLEWHICHWEUSEDINORDERTOESTABLISHTHEINDIVIDUALINFLUENCESANDTHECOLLECTIVITYONEOFFINANCIALINDICATORSASOURDEPENDENTVARIABLEWASCONSIDEREDTHERETURNONEQUITYTHEDATAWASCOLLECTEDFROM25COMPANIESTHATWERESUPPOSEDTOATAKEOVERPROCESSFROM20052011FROMPERIODWHENTHEPROCESSTOOKPLACE,BUTALSOFORTHEPREVIOUSONETHEPURPOSEWASTOIDENTIFYIFTHETAKEOVERPROCESSHASAPOSITIVEORANEGATIVEINFLUENCEUPONTHEPROFITABILITYOFTHECOMPANY

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