簡(jiǎn)介：DETERMINANTSANDCONSEQUENCESOFINTERNALCONTROLINFIRMSACONTINGENCYTHEORYBASEDANALYSISANNUKKAJOKIPIIPUBLISHEDONLINE8MARCH2009?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2009ABSTRACTINORDERTOENSURETHEEFFICIENCYANDEFFECTIVENESSOFACTIVITIES,RELIABILITYOFINFORMATIONANDCOMPLIANCEWITHAPPLICABLELAWS,FIRMSDEMANDADEQUATEINTERNALCONTROLHOWEVER,SEVERALFRAMEWORKSCOSO,COCOETCASSUMETHATTHENEEDFORINTERNALCONTROLVARIESACCORDINGTOAFIRM’SCHARACTERISTICSTHISCONCURSWITHCONTINGENCYTHEORY,WHICHCLAIMSTHATEACHORGANIZATIONHASTOCHOOSETHEMOSTSUITABLECONTROLSYSTEMBYTAKINGINTOACCOUNTCONTINGENCYCHARACTERISTICSTHISSTUDYEXAMINESWHICHCONTINGENCYCHARACTERISTICSFIRMSCHOOSETOADAPTTHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITRESULTSINAMOREFAVORABLEASSESSMENTOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLBYTHEMANAGEMENTWHILETHECOMPONENTSOFINTERNALCONTROLHAVEBEENEXAMINEDINDIVIDUALLYINTHECONTROLLITERATURE,THISPAPERATTEMPTSTOSHEDLIGHTONINTERNALCONTROLANDPLACEITINABROADERCONTEXTTHERESULTS,DERIVEDFROMAWEBBASEDSURVEYOF741FINNISHFIRMS,INDICATETHATFIRMSADAPTTHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSTRUCTURETODEALWITHENVIRONMENTALUNCERTAINTYANDTOACHIEVEOBSERVEDCONTROLEFFECTIVENESSALSOTHESTRATEGYHASSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONINTERNALCONTROLSTRUCTUREKEYWORDSINTERNALCONTROL?EFFECTIVENESS?CONTINGENCYTHEORY?STRUCTURALEQUATIONMODELING1INTRODUCTIONITISGENERALLYBELIEVEDTHATANINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMREDUCESRISKSANDHELPSFIRMSENSURETHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANDCOMPLIANCEWITHLAWSANDREGULATIONSSPIRAANDPAGE2003SO,ANINCREASINGNUMBEROFBUSINESSFAILURESAJOKIPIICHENHALL2003FISHER1995LUFTANDSHIELDS2003THECONTINGENCYAPPROACHTHEREFOREOFFERSANEXPLANATIONFORTHEVARIETYOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSFOUNDINPRACTICEHOWEVER,CONTINGENCYTHEORYCONSTITUTESANOVELAPPROACHTOSTUDYINGINTERNALCONTROLANDTHUS,THEORETICALFUNDAMENTALSANDCHOSENCHARACTERISTICSAREDERIVEDFROMTHECONTINGENCYBASEDCONTROLLITERATURECONSEQUENTLY,MANAGEMENTCONTROL11INTERNALCONTROLANDMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMSSHARESOMEELEMENTSBUTTHECOMMONALITIESANDDIFFERENCESDEPENDONTHEBREADTHOFTHEDEFINITIONUSEDCHENHALL2003STATESTHATPREVIOUSCONTINGENCYBASEDMANAGEMENTCONTROLRESEARCHFOLLOWSTHECONVENTIONALVIEWTHATPERCEIVESTHEMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMASAPASSIVETOOLDESIGNEDTOASSISTMANAGERS’DECISIONMAKINGAMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMENCOMPASSESAMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMANDALSOINCLUDESOTHERCONTROLSSUCHASPERSONALORCLANCONTROLSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEBROADDEFINITIONOFINTERNALCONTROLDETERMINANTSANDCONSEQUENCESOFINTERNALCONTROLINFIRMS117123

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5450字，字，3200英文單詞，英文單詞，18萬(wàn)英文字符萬(wàn)英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處PANAGIOTOPOULOSP,BARNETTJ,BIGDELIAZ,ETALSOCIALMEDIAINEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTTWITTERASATOOLFORCOMMUNICATINGRISKSTOTHEPUBLICJTECHNOLOGICALFORECASTINGEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTSOCIALAMPLIFICATIONOFRISKCRISISANDEMERGENCYRISKCOMMUNICATION；MODEL；TECHNOLOGICALIMPACT1INTRODUCTIONWHENHURRICANESANDYHITTHEEASTCOASTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESINLATEOCTOBER2012,THEPOPULARMICROBLOGGINGAPPLICATIONTWITTERWASEXTENSIVELYUSEDASAHUBOFTIMELYINFORMATIONPROVISIONTOHELPPEOPLESTAYINFORMEDANDSAFEPUBLICAUTHORITIESSUCHASTHENEWYORKFIREDEPARTMENTWEREABLETOPROVIDEESSENTIALSUPPORTANDEVENTARGETTHERESCUEOFVICTIMSTHROUGHTHEEFFECTIVEUSEOFTHEIRTWITTERACCOUNTCNN,2012THISISONLYONEOFTHEHIGHLYVISIBLECASESWHERETHEIMMEDIACYOFTWITTERHASPROVENVALUABLEINEMERGENCYCOMMUNICATIONOTHERSINCLUDETSUNAMIS,FLOODSANDMANMADEVIOLENTINCIDENTSLIKETERRORISTATTACKSORFOODCONTAMINATIONALSAGGAFANDSIMMONS,2014GASPARETAL,2016HEVERINANDZACH,2012OHETAL,2013TWITTERALERTS2015,THENETWORK’SOFFICIALWARNINGSYSTEMLAUNCHEDIN2013,HELPSUSERSRECEIVEOFFICIALEMERGENCYALERTSFROMREGISTEREDAUTHORITIESSUCHASPOLICEFORCES,AMBULANCESERVICES,METEOROLOGICALANDENVIRONMENTAGENCIESASAMAJORTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONOFRECENTYEARS,SOCIALMEDIAAPPLICATIONSHAVERESHAPEDTHENATUREOFDIGITALINFORMATIONSHARINGANDNETWORKINGASPARTOFTHIS,THEYHAVECOMETOFUNCTIONASSPACESWHEREBOTHOFFICIALSANDCITIZENSSEEKTOINTERPRETEMERGENCYSITUATIONSANDINTERVENEACCORDINGLYEGMACIASETAL,2009NEUBAUMETAL,2014PALENETAL,2010THERELEVANCEOFSOCIALMEDIAHASBECOMEEVIDENTINDIFFERENTASPECTSOFCOMMUNICATIONBEFORE,DURINGANDAFTEREMERGENCYEVENTSWITHCOMFORTETAL2012,P547NOTINGTHATCHANNELSLIKETWITTERANDFACEBOOK‘AREBEINGRAPIDLYINTEGRATEDINTODISASTERENVIRONMENTSANDWARRANTSYSTEMATICSTUDYOFTHEIRVIABILITYINSUPPORTOFIMPROVEDPUBLICRESPONSE’COMPAREDTOPREVIOUSWORKININFORMATIONANDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTAPPLICATIONSFOREMERGENCYSUPPORTEGFROMWEATHERRELATEDINCIDENTSEGFLOODS,FIRESTOTRANSPORTATIONACCIDENTS,INTENTIONALEVENTSANDCIVILDISORDERSEMERGENCYMANAGEMENTRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONISSUESSUCHASINTERORGANISATIONALCOORDINATION,INTEGRATEDPLANNINGRISKMITIGATION,RESPONSEANDRECOVERY,ASWELLASHOWCOMMUNITYRESILIENCECANBEDEVELOPEDANDSUSTAINEDCOMFORTETAL,2012,2010ZULEANANDPRELIPCEAN,2013RELEVANTTOSEVERALOFTHESEAREAS,COMMUNICATINGWITHTHEPUBLICDURINGEMERGENCIESISARESEARCHDOMAININITSOWNRIGHTWHENUNEXPECTEDEVENTSOCCUR,THEREISHIGHDEMANDFORINFORMATIONFROMTHEMEDIA,ANDFROMPUBLICSTHATMAYBEAFFECTED,ENGAGEDORSIMPLYOBSERVINGCHANNELSOFTIMELY,ACTIONABLEANDRELIABLEINFORMATIONAREOFVITALIMPORTANCE,ESPECIALLYINSITUATIONSTHATINVOLVEHIGHFEARANDUNCERTAINTYHORSLEYANDBARKER2002ANSELLETAL2010FORINFORMATIONFLOWSANDHIGHTRANSPARENCYTOBEESTABLISHEDDURINGEMERGENCIES,ANOPENANDFLEXIBLEAPPROACHTOCOMMUNICATIONSISREQUIREDHARRALD2006SOMERSANDSVARA2009HOWEVER,LACKOFTIME,LIMITEDRESOURCES,INTERORGANISATIONALBARRIERSANDCOORDINATIONDIFFICULTIESCOMMONLYHINDERORGANISATIONS’ABILITYTOMEETTHECHALLENGEHALE2005ANSELLETAL2010ALONGSIDEDEALINGWITHTHEACTUALEVENTSOFANEMERGENCY,PUBLICORGANISATIONSAREINCREASINGLYREQUIREDTOEXHIBITTRANSPARENCYINTHEUSEOFRESOURCESANDMANAGEEXPECTATIONSABOUTHOWTHEYAREDEALINGWITHASITUATIONHENSTRA,2010ITISINTHISCONTEXTTHATSOCIALMEDIAHAVEBECOMEINCREASINGLYPARTOFTHEARMOURYOFCOMMUNICATIONPRACTITIONERS21SOCIALAMPLIFICATIONOFRISKORGANISATIONALCOMMUNICATIONINEMERGENCIESINPARTWILLBESHAPEDBYTHEIMAGINEDCHARACTERISTICSANDREQUIREMENTSOFTHOSETOWHOMCOMMUNICATIONSAREDIRECTEDBARNETTETAL,2012SUCHPERCEPTIONSINFLUENCERESPONSESBYAUTHORITIESANDTHEFRAMINGOFRISKMESSAGESFOREXAMPLE,ONECHARACTERISTICOFTENATTRIBUTEDTOTHEPUBLICFORWHICHINFACTTHEREISLITTLEEVIDENCEISTHATPEOPLEARELIKELYTOPANICINRESPONSETOAWARNINGMILETIANDPEEK,2000THESOCIALAMPLIFICATIONOFRISKFRAMEWORKSARFFOCUSESONTHEDISCREPANCIESBETWEENPUBLIC,STAKEHOLDERANDORGANISATIONALAPPRAISALSOFRISKEVENTSTHEFREQUENTLACKOFALIGNMENTBETWEENEXPERTASSESSMENTSOFTHESITUATIONANDTHOSEOFKEYACTORSCONSTITUTEONEOFTHEMAJORCHALLENGESINRISKCOMMUNICATIONTHATSARFSEEKSTOEXPLAINKASPERSONETAL1988PIDGEONETAL2003SARFWASDEVELOPEDINORDERTOSYSTEMATISETHEFINDINGSOFADISPARATERISKPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONLITERATUREANDINPARTICULARTOHELPEXPLAINWHYPATTERNSOFSOCIOPOLITICALATTENTIONTHATSURROUNDARISKEVENTAREOFTENOFADIFFERENTORDERBOTHINTERMSOFTHEFOCUSOFTHATATTENTIONANDITSSCALETHANEXPERTSCONSIDERTOBEWARRANTEDTHUS,HAZARDEVENTSMAYATTRACTCONSIDERABLESOCIALATTENTIONANDEXPRESSIONSOFCONCERNBYPUBLICS,MEDIAORSTAKEHOLDERSYETEXPERTSMAYCONSIDERTHEMTOPRESENTALOWRISKRISKINTENSIFICATIONAND,CONVERSELY,HAZARDSDESIGNATEDASSERIOUSBYEXPERTSMIGHTRECEIVECOMPARATIVELYLITTLEATTENTIONRISKATTENUATIONSARFMAKESITCLEARTHATBOTHINDIVIDUALS/EXPERTS,ORGANISATIONSASWELLASINFORMALINTERACTIONSCANSERVEAS‘STATIONSOFAMPLIFICATION’ASTHEYCOMMUNICATEINWAYSTHATMAYINTENSIFYORATTENUATERISKSIGNALSBRENKERTSMITHETAL,2013ORMAYINDEEDSIMPLY‘REPRESENT’THEMBREAKWELLANDBARNETT,2003ALTHOUGHORGANISATIONS,VIEWEDWITHINSARFASSOCIALSTATIONSOFAMPLIFICATION,CANNOTPREDICTTHEIMPACTOFARISKMESSAGEDURINGEMERGENCIES,THEYNEEDTOACCOMMODATEDIVERSECOMMUNICATIONNEEDSTHEYMAYVIEWTHENATUREOFPUBLICCONCERNANDBEHAVIOURTOWARRANTALERTSABOUTWHATARESEENASEMERGIN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