試論先秦時(shí)期否定副詞“勿”與“毋”.pdf

1、摘要中文摘要對(duì)否定副詞的研究相對(duì)集中于對(duì)其起源和用法的研究，而對(duì)特定時(shí)代演變的研究則比較薄弱。斷代研究是漢語(yǔ)史的基礎(chǔ)工作，否定副詞“勿”和“毋“在先秦時(shí)期的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)，雖已有一定量的專著和論文，但并未對(duì)代表性的著作進(jìn)行窮盡式的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，無(wú)法客觀反映語(yǔ)言事實(shí)與發(fā)展。本文在前人的研究成果基礎(chǔ)之上，以先秦時(shí)期的26部重要文獻(xiàn)為研究對(duì)象，以語(yǔ)法功能、語(yǔ)義功能和語(yǔ)用功能三個(gè)平面的理論為基礎(chǔ)，調(diào)查“勿”和“毋“的相關(guān)格式，進(jìn)而比較分析，試圖探究出否定

2、副詞“勿’’和“毋“在先秦時(shí)期的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和演變規(guī)律，希望對(duì)先秦時(shí)期否定副詞“勿“和“毋”的面貌進(jìn)行初步的探索。本文共分六章：第一章：對(duì)否定副詞“勿“、“毋“在先秦文獻(xiàn)中的分布進(jìn)行考察分析，描繪其使用概況，在先秦時(shí)期“勿”比“毋“更常用一些。第二章：從語(yǔ)法角度對(duì)二者進(jìn)行比較。調(diào)查“勿”、“毋“同各種謂語(yǔ)的結(jié)合能力，多使用動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)句，較少使用名詞謂語(yǔ)旬和形容詞謂語(yǔ)句：動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)句中，二者大多修飾及物動(dòng)詞，極少修飾不及物動(dòng)詞?！拔稹昂蠹拔飫?dòng)詞多

3、數(shù)不帶賓語(yǔ)，少數(shù)帶賓語(yǔ)，“毋”多數(shù)帶賓語(yǔ)；賓語(yǔ)都以名詞或名詞中心語(yǔ)為主，“毋“句賓語(yǔ)可以前置；兩者的主語(yǔ)句都以施事主語(yǔ)句為主。語(yǔ)法功能有一定的差別。第三章：從語(yǔ)義角度對(duì)二者進(jìn)行比較。二者都以禁止義為主，也可以表示一般否定；同時(shí)還對(duì)它們的其它語(yǔ)義進(jìn)行探討。第四章：從語(yǔ)用角度對(duì)二者進(jìn)行比較。調(diào)查主語(yǔ)句的類型及其表達(dá)效果?！拔稹?、“毋”句中的主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容都較豐富，“勿”的主語(yǔ)更常見于表示在上者；“毋“句主要用在首發(fā)句，以提供最新的消息。“毋’’句

4、常表規(guī)章禮儀，語(yǔ)氣較嚴(yán)肅。第五章：對(duì)“勿=毋之”的探討。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，“勿=毋之”，從語(yǔ)言實(shí)際和語(yǔ)言理論兩方面看，都不成立。第六章：總結(jié)前文內(nèi)容，描述兩者在先秦時(shí)期的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和演變，提出文中尚存的疑問與不足。關(guān)鍵詞：勿毋語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)義語(yǔ)用》o∥冬_毒～√礦露壤餿H，，&多7，吖0翁；0，p【。博卜h一摘要●●____●__●__●_●l________●________●___●_______●I_一IlllI__I__lI_●_____●_

5、●_______●●ll●__●l●●_●_l___AbstractTheresearchofthenegativeadverbsmainlyfocusedontheiroriginsandtheirapplicationsandlessemphasiswaslaidontheirevolutioninthehistoryStudyondynastiesisoneoftheelementtaskinhistoryofChineselan

6、guage，theresearchofthelanguagefeaturesofthenegativeadverbs”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”inPre—QinPeriod，hasproducedacertainamountofmonographsandpapers，buttheydidnotcarryoutexhaustiveworkontherepresentationtypeofstatisticalanalysis，an

7、ddidnotoWectivelyreflectthefactsoflanguageandtheirdevelopmentSoto26importantdocumentsinpreQinperiodastheresearchobject，thispaperwillbebasedontheresultsofpreviousstudiesAccordingtothethreedimensionaltheoryaboutgrammatical

8、functions，semanticfeaturesandpragmaticfunctions，wewillinvestigatetherelevanceofnegativeadverbs”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”，andthenmakeacomparativeanalysis，attempttoexplorethedevelopmentandevolutionofthenegativeadverbs”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(

9、毋)”inpreQinperiodAtlastwewanttoexploretheoverviewofthepre—Qinpedodofnegativeadverbs”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”ingeneralT11isdissertationconsistsofsixchaptersChapterOneThePapefinthischapterwillexamineandanalyzethedistributionofthen

10、egativeadverb”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”inPreQinPeriod，thenDescribe也eirusageTheconclusionisthat”Wu(勿)”ismorecommonthan”Wu(毋)”ChaptertwoComparethetwonegativeadverbsof”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”intheaspectsofGrammarthischapterwillinvestigatet

11、hebindingcapacityof”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”withmanykindsofpredicate，andthisistheconclusionTheyusedverbpredictivesentencesmorethanadjectivepredictivesentencesandnourlpredictivesentencesInverbpredictivesentencesThelargestnumberof

12、themcouldbemodifiedtransitiveverbsandaverysmallnumberofthemcouldbemodifedintransitiveverbsMostofthetransitiveverbsmodifiedby”Wu(勿ycouldnotbefollowedbyobjects，andlesscallbefollowed：Howevermostofthetransitiveverbsmodifiedb

13、y”Wu(毋)”couldbefollowedbyobjectsBothoftheirobjectswerenounsornounphraseasthecenterinthemajorityTheprecededobjectwasaformofoWectsof”Wu(毋)”BothofthemweredominatedbyShivictimstatementswhentheywereinthesubjectclauseTheywered

14、ifferentfromeachotherintheaspectsofGrammarChapterthreeComparethetwonegativeadverbsintheaspectofSemantics”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”weresaidtoprohibitatmost，theyalsocouldbeexpressedasageneralnegativesometimes；atthesametime，theother

15、sensesofthemwerealsodiscussedinthischapterChapterfourComparethetwonegativeadverbsintheaspectofPragrnatics。ThepaperinthischapterInvestigatethetypesofthesubjectclausesandtheexpressionresultsrespectivelyTheirsubjectswerever

16、yrichincontentThedifferentiationof”Wu(勿)”and”Wu(毋)”inchoosingsubjectswasthat，thesubjectclausesof”Wu(勿)”weremorecommonthanWu(毋)”andwereusedtoindicateahigherlevelnormallyToprovidethe1atestnews，Wu(毋)”mainlyusedinthestarting