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1、1Unit1CommunicationAcrossCulturesCase1(Page23)Thiscasetookplacein3cultures.Thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheefftstoachieveunderstnading.1）InEgyptasinmanyculturesthehumanrelat
2、ionshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationshipstheyaremelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonalmeobjectiveterms.InthiscaseRid’smistakemightbethathechosetopra
3、isethefooditselfratherthanthetotaleveningfwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingexcuse.Fhishosthostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitcomplimentedtheartistbysaying“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein!”2）InJapanthesituationma
4、ybemecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevaluederharmonyamongagroupthatthegroupisvaluedmethananyparticularmember.IncontrastAmericansstressindividualityareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytobeinconflictwiththe
5、goalsvaluesofthegroup.InthiscaseRid’smistakewasmakinggreatefftstodefendhimselfeveniftheerrisnotintentiona.Asimpleapologyacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate3)WhenitcomestoEnglwexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansE
6、nglishmenthanbetweenAmericansalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarcreamtothevaluessexpressedinthisgesture:fAmericans“Helpyourself”ftheEnglishcounterpart“Bemyguest.”AmericanEnglishpeopleeq
7、uallyenjoyentertainingbeingentertainedbuttheydifferinthevalueofthedistinction.TypicallytheidealguestatanAmericanpartyisobewho“makeshimselfathome”.FtheEnglishhostsuchguestbehaviispresumptuousrude.Case2(Page24)Acommoncultu
8、ralmisunderstinginclassesinvolvsconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculturepeopletendtosaywhatisontheirmindsmeanwhattheysay.Therefestudentsinclassareexpectedtoaskque
9、stionswhentheyneedclarification.MexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewithAmericancultureinsomesituationsthat’swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthetechniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.HoweverKeanpeoplegenerallypref
10、erindirectcommunicationstyletherefetheytendnottosaywhatisontheirmindstorelymeonimplicationsinferencesoastobepoliterepectfulavoidlosingfacethroughanyimproperverbalbehavi.AsismentionedinthecasetomanyKeansnumerousquestionsw
11、ouldshowadisrespectftheteacherwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.3Americanculturethatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkfreligiousreasonshemaybearefmedalcoholichemaybeallergic.Wha
12、teverthereasonyoudonotinsistonofferingalcohol.Sotheypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertotheguide.Case6(Page61)Whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearerthereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:utterancemeaningthespeaker’smea
13、ningthehearer’smeaning.InthedialoguewhenLitzaskedhowlonghermotherinlawwasgoingtostayshemeantthatifsheknewhowlongshewasgoingtosatyinFinlshewouldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsfhersuchastakingherouttosomesightseeing.However
14、hermotherinlawtookLitz’squestiontomean“Litzdoesnotwantmetosatyflong”.FromtheChinesepointofviewitseemsinappropriatefLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterhermotherinlaw’sarrival.Ifshehastoaskthequestionitwouldbebettertoas
15、ksometimelatersheshouldnotlethermotherinlawhearit.Case7(Page62)Analysis:KeikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriendsbecauseincountrieslikeJapanexchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift
16、don’thaveonetoofferinreturnyouwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisisonewhodoesn’tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeimpolite.TherefeinJapangiftsareasymbolicwaytoshowthecarerespectgratitudefurtherfriendship.K
17、eiko’scollegefriendswouldratherroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemstheyarewillingtohaveherusethem.Theyreallyexpectednothingfromher.FinAmericapeopledonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchtothecommunity.Theywouldneverconsiderthese
18、olditemsasgiftstoKeiko.SoKeiko’svaluablegiftshavemadeherAmericanfriendsfeeluncomftableCase8(Page62)WhentheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattimeitseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChritmasintheAmericanwayfshew
19、antedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirls.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfrienddisappointedatthe“shabby”ChineseChristmas.That’swhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheminister’sfamilyoverftheChristmasEvedinner.S
20、hethoughtthemenuftheChritmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeysweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.HowcouldshenoticethenthefoodchosenbyhermotherwereallherfavitesFromthiscasewecanfindalotofdifferenc
21、esbetweentheChineseWesternculturesinwhatisappropriatefoodfabanquetwhataregoodtablemannershowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.Howeveroneshouldneverfeelshamejustbecauseone’scultureisdifferentfromothers’.AsAmy’smothertoldheryo
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