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1、1PracticeTest#2ReadingComprehension(17Essays57Questions)Essay#1.009ThemodernmultinationalcpationisdescribedashavingiginatedwhentheownermanagersofnieenthcenturyBritishfirmscarryingoninternationaltradewerereplacedbyteamsof
2、salariedmanagersganizedintohierarchies.Increasesinthevolumeoftransactionsinsuchfirmsarecommonlybelievedtohavenecessitatedthisstructuralchange.Nieenthcenturyinventionslikethesteamshipthetelegraphbyfacilitatingcodinationof
3、managerialactivitiesaredescribedaskeyfacts.Sixteenthseventeenthcenturyteredtradingcompaniesdespitetheinternationalscopeoftheiractivitiesareusuallyconsideredirrelevanttothisdiscussion:thevolumeoftheirtransactionsisassumed
4、tohavebeentoolowthecommunicationstransptoftheirdaytooprimitivetomakecomparisonswithmodernmultinationalsinteresting.Inrealityhoweverearlytradingcompaniessuccessfullypurchasedoutfittedshipsbuiltoperatedofficeswarehousesman
5、ufacturedtradegoodsfuseabroadmaintainedtradingpostsproductionfacilitiesoverseasprocuredgoodsfimptsoldthosegoodsbothathomeinothercountries.Thelargevolumeoftransactionsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesseemstohavenecessitatedhi
6、erarchicalmanagementstructureswellbefetheadventofmoderncommunicationstransptation.FexampleintheHudsonsBayCompanyeachfarflungtradingoutpostwasmanagedbyasalariedagentwhocarriedoutthetradewiththeNativeAmericansmanageddaytod
7、ayoperationsoversawthepostswkersservants.OnechiefagentanswerabletotheCourtofDirectsinLondonthroughthecrespondencecommitteewasappointedwithcontroloveralloftheagentsonthebay.Theearlytradingcompaniesdiddifferstrikinglyfromm
8、odernmultinationalsinmanyrespects.Theydependedheavilyonthenationalgovernmentsoftheirhomecountriesthusacteristicallyactedabroadtopromotenationalinterests.Theirtopmanagersweretypicallyownerswithasubstantialminitysharewhere
9、assenimanagersholdingsinmodernmultinationalsareusuallyinsignificant.Theyoperatedinapreindustrialwldgraftingasystemofcapitalistinternationaltradeontoapremodernsystemofartisanpeasantproduction.Despitethesedifferenceshoweve
10、rearlytradingcompaniesganizedeffectivelyinremarkablymodernwaysmerit（n.價值，優(yōu)點；價值，優(yōu)點；v.值得）值得）furtherstudyasanaloguesofmemodernstructures.Question#1.00901Theauthsmainpointisthat(A)modernmultinationalsiginatedinthesixteenthse
11、venteenthcenturieswiththeestablishmentofteredtradingcompanies(B)thesuccessofearlyteredtradingcompanieslikethatofmodernmultinationalsdependedprimarilyontheirabilitytocarryoutcomplexoperations(C)earlyteredtradingcompaniess
12、houldbemeseriouslyconsideredbyscholarsstudyingtheiginsofmodernmultinationals(D)scholarsarequitemistakenconcerningtheiginsofmodernmultinationals(E)themanagementstructuresofearlyteredtradingcompaniesarefundamentallythesame
13、asthoseofmodernmultinationalsQuestion#2.00904Withwhichofthefollowinggeneralizationsregardingmanagementstructureswouldtheauthofthepassagemostprobablyagree(A)Hierarchicalmanagementstructuresarethemostefficientmanagementstr
14、ucturespossibleinamoderncontext.(B)Firmsthatroutinelyhaveahighvolumeofbusinesstransactionsfinditnecessarytoadopthierarchicalmanagementstructures.(C)Hierarchicalmanagementstructurescannotbesuccessfullyimplementedwithoutmo
15、derncommunicationstransptation.(D)Modernmultinationalfirmswitharelativelysmallvolumeofbusinesstransactionsusuallydonothavehierarchicallyganizedmanagementstructures.(E)Companiesthatadopthierarchicalmanagementstructuresusu
16、allydosoindertofacilitateexpansionintofeigntrade.3Essay#2.091Meivethanmostchemicalpesticidesinthattheydinarilydestroyonlyunwantedspeciesbiocontrolagents(suchasinsectsfungiviruses)eatinfectparasitizetargetedplantanimalpes
17、ts.Howeverbiocontrolagentscannegativelyaffectnontargetspeciesbyfexamplecompetingwiththemfresources:abiocontrolagentmightreducethebenefitsconferredbyadesirableanimalspeciesbyconsumingaplantonwhichtheanimalpreferstolayitse
18、ggs.AnotherexampleofindirectnegativeconsequencesoccurredinEnglwhenavirusintroducedtocontrolrabbitsreducedtheamountofopenground(becauselargerabbitpopulationsreducethegroundcover)inturnreducingundergroundantneststriggering
19、theextinctionofabluebutterflythathaddependedontheneststoshelteritsoffspring.Thepaucityofknownextinctionsdisruptionsresultingfromindirectinteractionsmayreflectnottheinfrequencyofsuchmishapsbutratherthefailuretolookftodete
20、ctthem:mostganismslikelytobeadverselyaffectedbyindirectinteractionsareoflittlenoknowncommercialvaluetheeventslinkingabiocontrolagentwithanadverseeffectareoftenunclear.Meoverdeterminingthepotentialrisksofbiocontrolagentsb
21、efetheyareusedisdifficultespeciallywhenanonnativeagentisintroducedbecauseunlikeachemicalpesticideabiocontrolagentmayadaptinunpredictablewayssothatitcanfeedonotherwiseharmnewhosts.Question#5.09101Thepassageisprimarilyconc
22、ernedwith(A)explainingwhyuntilrecentlyscientistsfailedtorecognizetheriskspresentedbybiocontrolagents(B)emphasizingthatbiocontrolagentschemicalpesticideshavemesimilaritiesthandifferences(C)suggestingthatonlycertainbiocont
23、rolagentsshouldbeusedtocontrolplantanimalpests(D)arguingthatbiocontrolagentsinvolveriskssomeofwhichmaynotbereadilydiscerned(E)suggestingthatmishapsinvolvingbiocontrolagentsarerelativelycommonplaceQuestion#6.09103Accdingt
24、othepassagewhichofthefollowingisaconcernthatariseswithbiocontrolagentsbutnotwithchemicalpesticides(A)Biocontrolagentsarelikelytodestroydesirablespeciesaswellasundesirableones.(B)Biocontrolagentsarelikelytohaveindirectasw
25、ellasdirectadverseeffectsonnontargetspecies.(C)Biocontrolagentsmaychangeinunfeseenwaysthusbeabletodamagenewhosts.(D)Biocontrolagentsmaybeineffectiveindestroyingtargetedspecies.(E)Biocontrolagentsmaybeeffectivefonlyashtpe
26、riodoftime.Question#7.09106Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthebluebutterflymentionedinthehighlightedtext(A)Thebluebutterflyssurvivalwasindirectlydependentonsustainingarabbitpopulationofaparticularsize.(B)Theblu
27、ebutterflyssurvivalwasindirectlydependentonsustaininglargeamountsofvegetationinitshabitat.(C)Thebluebutterflyssurvivalwasthreatenedwhentheantsbeganpreyingonitsoffspring.(D)Thebluebutterflywasinfectedbythevirusthathadbeen
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