簡介:中文3540字,2130單詞,12350英文字符出處VUKAJLOVLHISTORICALREVIEWOFTHEINTERDEPENDENCEOFSETTLEMENTSANDURBANANDRURALBLOCKSJFACTAUNIVERSITATISSERIESARCHITECTUREANDCIVILENGINEERING,2009,72121133DOI102298/FUACE0902121VHISTORICALREVIEWOFTHEINTERDEPENDENCEOFSETTLEMENTSANDURBANANDRURALBLOCKSLJILJANAVUKAJLOVUNIVERSITYOFNOVISAD,FACULTYOFTECHNICALSCIENCESDEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTUREANDURBANISM,SERBIAEMAILLJILJAVUKAJLOVSBBRSABSTRACTDUETOTHEEMERGENCEOFANEWWAYOFSHAPINGSETTLEMENTSPACE,PROCESSWHENTHEBASICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHETRADITIONALLYFORMEDBLOCKSARELOST,ANIDEAABOUTSEARCHINGTHEROLEOFTHEURBANANDRURALBLOCKINFORMINGTHESTRUCTUREANDTHEIDENTITYOFASETTLEMENTISINITIATED1THEBASICAIMOFTHERESEARCHISTOPROVETHATTHEBLOCKHASALWAYSBEENANINTEGRALPART,ANDSOMETIMESEVENINSEPARABLEPARTOFASETTLEMENTSTRUCTURE,ITSRECOGNIZABLEELEMENTANDASIGNIFICANTPLACEOFNEIGHBORING,ANDTHATDUETOTHISITISIMPORTANTTOPRESERVEITSVALUESINFUTUREINTERVENTIONSINSETTLEMENTSINORDERTOUNDERSTANDTHECAUSEFORTHEDISAPPEARANCEOFTHETRADITIONALBLOCK,ITSCHARACTERISTICSHAVEBEENRESEARCHEDINTHESETTLEMENTSFROMTHEPASTANDTHEINTERDEPENDENCEBETWEENTHEFORMSOFSETTLEMENTSANDTHEBLOCKSHASBEENESTABLISHEDKEYWORDSSETTLEMENTS,URBANBLOCK,RURALBLOCK,INTERDEPENDENCE,MORPHOLOGY1INTRODUCTIONBLOCKEXISTEDINMOSTOFTHESETTLEMENTSBUILTINDIFFERENTHISTORICALPERIODSONALLCONTINENTSITHADSPECIALSIGNIFICANCEINTHEANCIENTWORLD,BECAUSEITREPRESENTEDAMODULEINPLANNINGANDORGANIZINGSETTLEMENTS,ALSOINTHERENAISSANCE,WHENITWASANINSEPARABLEPARTOFTOWNSDURINGALLHISTORICALPERIODSBLOCKREPRESENTEDALSOTHECOMMUNITYOFTHEPEOPLEWHOWEREMUTUALLYCONNECTEDWITHINTHEBLOCK,INDIFFERENTWAYSINTERMSOFRELIGION,RACE,CLASSDURINGTHE20THCENTURY,ONEOFWHOSECHARACTERISTICSAREBROKENCONNECTIONSWITHTHEPASTINALLAREASOFLIFEANDNEGATIONOFTRADITION,THEREWASACHANGEOFATTITUDETOWARDSFORMINGANDSHAPINGSPACE,ANDATTHESAMETIMETOWARDSTHEBASICELEMENTSOFTHESETTLEMENTSTRUCTUREBECAUSEOFTHAT,THEBASICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBLOCKWERECHANGEDITSDISAPPEARANCEWASOBSERVEDASWELLATTHEENDOFTHE20THCENTURYBLOCKSINOLDERPARTSOFSETTLEMENTSWERERADICALLYRECONSTRUCTED,DUETOTHISTHEIDENTITYOFTHESEAREASWASCHANGEDTHEPHYSICALTRANSFORMATIONSOFABLOCKALSOCAUSEDNEWSOCIALCONDITIONSANDCONTACTSAMONGPEOPLENEIGHBORINGUNITSSTARTEDTODISAPPEAR,ANDPEOPLEBECAMEMOREANDMOREALIENATEDFROMEACHOTHERBLOCKIS“ANAREAOFINHABITEDTERRITORY,DETERMINEDFORBUILDING,ORALREADYBUILT,LIMITEDBYSTREETS,SQUARE,PARK,RIVERBANK,ETC“ORSOMEOTHERAREASMOSTCOMMONLYITISAGROUPOFBUILDINGS,HOUSES,ORACOMBINATIONOFBOTH,ANDTHEREARECASESTHATTHEWHOLEBLOCKISONEHOUSEUNITBLOCKITHASBEENPROVENTHATTHEHISTORYOFMANKINDISCONNECTEDTOTHEAPPEARANCEANDDEVELOPMENTOFSETTLEMENTS,ANDTHEREFOREDATAONSETTLEMENTSCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEFIRSTORGANIZEDHUMANCOMMUNITIESBYRESEARCHINGSETTLEMENTSFROMTHEEARLIESTTIMES,UNTILNOWADAYS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHERURALANDURBANBLOCKCANBEFOLLOWEDASWELLBLOCKASANELEMENTOFSETTLEMENTSTRUCTUREEXISTEDINALLPERIODS,ANCIENTTIMES,MIDDLEAGES,ANDMODERNAGESOMEOFITSCHARACTERISTICSWHICHHAVESURVIVEDDURINGSEVERALTHOUSANDSOFYEARS,REMAINEDEVENNOWADAYS,ANDAREOFGREATIMPORTANCEFORDETERMININGNOTONLYTHEWAYTHESETTLEMENTSWERECREATEDTHOSESETTLEMENTSTHATWEREFORMEDASCOMPLETEINAVERYSHORTPERIOD,WEREMOSTFREQUENTLYBUILTFROMTHEOUTERBORDERS,WALLSTOWARDSTHECENTRE,INWHICHPROCESSBLOCKSOFREGULARSHAPESWEREMOSTCOMMONLYFORMED,ANDTHESETTLEMENTSWHICHWERECONTINUALLYFORMED,DURINGALONGERPERIODOFTIME,WERESPREADINGFROMTHECENTERTOWARDSTHEOUTSKIRTSOFTHESETTLEMENTS,ANDTHEBLOCKSWEREMOSTFREQUENTLYOFIRREGULARSHAPETHEREARESETTLEMENTSWHICHWEREFORMEDWITHINREGULARLYPOSITIONEDWALLS,ANDTHEBLOCKSAREOFREGULARSHAPESTHEREAREALSOSETTLEMENTSWHICHWERECREATEDBYMULTIPLICATIONOFREGULARLYSHAPEDBLOCKSTHEREFORETHEREGULARBASESOFTHESETTLEMENTSWEREFORMEDTHUS,ITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATTHEREGULARITYOFBLOCKSWASTHECONSEQUENCEOFTHESETTLEMENTORGANIZATION,BUTALSOTHEREGULARITYOFBLOCKSINFLUENCEDTHEREGULARITYOFTHESHAPEOFTHESETTLEMENTSBASESTHESQUAREBLOCKSHAPEISNOTEDINROMANMILITARYFORTIFICATIONS,CASTRA,WHOSEBASESAREOFREGULARSHAPES,SUCHASINTIMGADINAFRICAORINKORSABADALLOFTHEBLOCKSAREOFTHESAMESHAPEANDSIZEWITHINTHEWORKERSSETTLEMENT,OFASQUAREBASE,WHICHWASBUILTNEARAKHETATONAKHETATONAROUND1350BC,TODAYTELELAMARN,ELONGATEDRECTANGULARBLOCKSWEREFORMEDONLYFORSTAFFBUILDERSRESIDENTIALRECTANGULARSHAPEOFSETTLEMENTSANDBLOCKSEXISTEDALSOINBABYLON2,500BC,KAHUN2,500BC,MOMPAZJE,ELBLONG1237,BRASILIA1960THESPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSOFMOMPAZJETHATTHERECTANGULARBLOCK,WHOSESHAPEORIGINATEDINTHESHAPEANDSIZEOFTHEBUILDINGLOT,WASUSEDASAMODULEINFORMINGOFTHESETTLEMENTTRAPEZOIDAL,HEXAGONOR“L“SHAPESOFBLOCKSARETHECONSEQUENCEOFFORMINGREGULARSTARLIKE,NONAGONALSHAPEOFTHEBASEOFPALMANOVAANDCHARACTERISTICSHAPEDDEFENSESYSTEM1593THESPECIFICSHAPESOFBLOCKSINPALMANOVAWERENECESSARYELEMENTSFORFORMINGSTREETSANDSQUARES,ANDATTHESAMETIMEINSEPARABLEPARTOFTHETOWNCOMPLETENESSIRREGULARSHAPEOFTHESETTLEMENTHASNOTALWAYSBEENTHECONSEQUENCEOFBLOCKIRREGULARITY,BUTALSOITDEPENDEDONTHESPECIFICNATURALSURROUNDINGSTHUS,FOREXAMPLE,MILET479BC,WHICHISORGANIZEDWITHTHEREGULARBLOCKS,HASIRREGULARSHAPEOFTHEBASEDUETOJAGGEDSHORETHESIMILAREXAMPLESAREALSOPRIENE300BC,DUBROVNIK7THCENTURYANDNEWYORK1625ALTHOUGHTHENATURALCONDITIONSGREATLYINFLUENCEDTHELOCATIONOFSETTLEMENTSANDITSDESIGN,THEINFLUENCEOFRULERSMUSTNOTBENEGLECTEDALREADY,SEVERALRULERSINBABYLONCONTINUOUSLYBUILTANDEDITACITYONTHEBANKSOFTHEEUPHRATESNEBUCHADNEZZARHADBUILTISHTARIANGATE,REBUILTTHEETAMENANTEMPLEANDBUILTSEMIRAMISHANGINGGARDENSONEOFTHESEVENWONDERSOFTHEWORLDONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTFACTORSOFFORMING,ORGANIZINGANDDEVELOPINGTOWNSETTLEMENTSWASTRAFFICTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTRAFFICCAUSED“REDUCTION“OFDISTANCESBETWEENSETTLEMENTS,THUSTHESETTLEMENTSBECAMEMORECLOSELYCONNECTED,BUTALSOITINFLUENCEDTHESPREADINGOFEXISTINGSETTLEMENTS,THUSTHEYBECAMELARGERANDLARGEREGNEWYORKSOMENEWSETTLEMENTSEGBRASILIAWEREBUILTOVERLARGEAREAS,WHICHCOULDBEEASILYTRAVELLEDOWINGTOCOMPLEXANDDEVELOPEDTRAFFICSYSTEMSSPECIFICSHAPESANDSIZESOFBLOCKSWEREFORMEDASTHECONSEQUENCEOFTRAFFICNETWORKSIRREGULARSHAPESOFBLOCKSEXISTINIRREGULARLYSHAPEDSETTLEMENTS,ANDTHEYWEREFORMEDASTHECONSEQUENCEOFIRREGULARSTREETNETWORKS,FOREXAMPLEINATHENS702,SANGIMIGNANO12THCENTURY,AVIGNON12THCENTURY,CARCASSONNE13THCENTURY,ORVIETTO13THCENTURY,WELWYN1920ANDREDBARN19294CONCLUSIONONTHEBASISONTHECOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHESTRUCTUREANDIDENTITYOFSETTLEMENTSANDTHEIRBLOCKSFROMDIFFERENTHISTORICALPERIODS,ANDBYOBSERVINGTHEWAYSOFTHEIRCREATION,SEVERALCONCLUSIONSWEREDRAWNALTHOUGHTHEREISAGREATDIVERSITYOFTHEBASESHAPESOFTHESETTLEMENTSANDBLOCKS,SETTLEMENTSANDBLOCKSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESREGULARANDIRREGULARTHESIGNIFICANTINTERDEPENDENCEOFTHESHAPEOFSETTLEMENTBASEANDBLOCKSWITHINTHEMISNOTICEABLEREGULARITYOFTHESHAPEOFSETTLEMENTBASEISMOSTFREQUENTLYCONSEQUENCEOFTHEREGULARITYOFBLOCKS,BUT,INSOMECASES,REGULARITY
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