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簡介：14POLISHMARITIMERESEARCH,SPECIALISSUE2008INTRODUCTIONCONCRETEISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONLYAPPLIEDMATERIALSFORBUILDINGSTRUCTURESITHASACHIEVEDITSPOPULARITYDUETOSPECIFICPROPERTIESWHICHALLOWFORITSVERYWIDEAPPLICATIONTHECONCRETEAPPLIEDDIRECTLYINSITU,THESOCALLED‘FRESHCONCRETE’ISCHARACTERIZEDBYAHIGHPLASTICITYANDWORKABILITY,THATMAKESITPOSSIBLETOFORMBUILDINGSTRUCTURESALMOSTWITHOUTANYLIMITSTHECONCRETEFORMEDINTHESTRUCTUREHARDENSVERYFASTDUETOITSHYDRATATIONPROCESSES,THATGIVESAPPROPRIATESTRENGTHANDDURABILITYTOBUILDINGOBJECTSARELATIVELYSIMPLEWAYOFCONCRETEMANUFACTURING,ACCESSIBILITYOFITSCOMPONENTS,ASWELLASWIDERANGEOFITSAPPLICATIONSCONDITIONEDBYMANYKINDSOFTHEMATERIAL,HAVERESULTEDINTHATTHECONCRETEISTHEMOSTFREQUENTLYUSEDMATERIALFORBUILDINGSTRUCTURESSUCHSITUATIONENTAILSFASTDEVELOPMENTOFCONCRETETECHNOLOGYMANYRESERACHPROJECTSAIMEDATIMPROVEMENTANDMODIFICATIONOFBASICFEATURESOFCONCRETEARECARRIEDOUTWORLDWIDETHISISAMATERIALWHICHCONTINUOUSLYUNDERGOESEVOLUTION,TRYINGTOCOPEWITHMOREANDMORESOPHISTICATEDARCHITECTURALREQUIREMENTSCONCRETEISACOMPOSITEWHICHISMAINLYFORMEDOFTHREECOMPONENTSBINDER,AGGREGATEANDWATERCHEMICALADMIXTURESANDMINERALADDITIVES,CUTSTEELWIRES,NATURALANDARTIFICIALFIBRESAREALSOAPPLIEDTOITAFTERMIXINGTHECOMPONENTSTOGETHER,ACONCRETEMIXTUREISOBTAINEDINTHEFORMOFAVISCOUS–PLASTIC–SOLIDBODYWHICHISTRANSFORMEDINTOASOLIDBODYCHANGINGITSFEATURESDURINGFURTHERHARDENINGCURINGPROCESSTHECOMPONENTSOFCONCRETEOFMANYTYPESANDCLASSESCANBEFOUND,THATMAKESITPOSSIBLETOGETMIXTURESOFVERYDIFFERENTFEATURESANDAPPLICATIONSTHEFEATURESCANBEADDITIONALLYMODIFIEDBYINTRODUCINGCHEMICALADMIXTURESANDMINERALADDITIVESTHESOPRODUCEDCONCRETEISCAPABLEOFTRANSFERRINGVERYLARGESTRUCTURALLOADSHIGHSTRENGTHCONCRETES,PROVIDINGHIGHDURABILITYFORENGINEERINGOBJECTSHIGHDURABILITYCONCRETESLIGHTWEIGHTCERAMSITECONCRETEUSEDASANADDITIONALPROTECTIONOFFUELOILTANKSONSHIPSMARCINJE?EWSKICEZARYKRASOWSKIBARGMBGDA?SK,SPZOOABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOFTHESEMIELASTICBARRIERINTOSHIPFUELTANKSREQUIRESOFUSEOFCOREMATERIALWHICHWILLPLAYROLEOFCARRIERFORELASTIC,FUELRESISTANTLAYERSUCHCOREMATERIALSHOULDBELIGTH,NONREACTIVEWITHWATERANDFUEL,FIRERESISTANT,CORROSIONNEUTRALANDFINALLYEASYAPPLICABLEANDRELATIVELYCHEAPINPAPERTHEDIFFERENTPROBLEMSLIKECOMPONENTS,PREPARATION,APPLICATIONASWELLASSURFACETREATMENTFORUSINGOFTHELIGHTCONCRETEASCOREMATERIALAREPRESENTEDKEYWORDSLIGHTCONCRETE,COREMATERIAL,FUELTANKPROTECTIONORFILLINGSTRUCTURALSPACESLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETES,ASWELLASITISSUITABLEFORMANYOTHERAPPLICATIONSINCONTEMPORARYBUILDINGINDUSTRYTHEDIVERSITYOFCONCRETEMIXTURES,ACHIEVEDBYAPPROPRIATESELECTIONOFPARTICULARTYPESOFMAINCOMPONENTS,ADMIXTURESANDADDITIVES,MAKESTHATTHEIRUTILITYFEATURESBEGINDRAWINGATTENTIONOFOTHERBRANCHESTOO,NOTONLYOFBUILDINGINDUSTRYONEOFTHEATTEMPTSTOUSINGTHECONCRETEFEATURESTOOTHERAPPLICATIONSISTHEPROJECTOFANADDITIONALPROTECTIONLAYERMADEOFCONCRETEFORSHIPFUELOILTANKSANDCARGOTANKSONTANKERSTHISISALAYERINTENDEDFORSEPARATINGSHIP’SSTRUCTUREFROMAPOLYURETHANECOATINGWHICHCONSTITUTESALSOAPROTECTIVEELEMENTOFTANKSINTHEPROJECTTHEUSEISMADEOFARELATIVELYHIGHSTRENGTHOFCONCRETEASSOCIATEDWITHITSRATHERLOWVOLUMETRICDENSITYIMPORTANTFOROVERALLWEIGHTOFSHIP,ASWELLASITSFULLFIRERESISTANCEANDDURABILITYIMPLYINGALONGSERVICELIFETHISPAPERPRESENTSANAPPROACHTOIMPLEMENTATIONOFCONCRETEENGINEERINGANDMATERIALSSCIENCETODESIGNINGACONCRETEMIXTUREWHICHCOMPLIESWITHCRITERIAOFTHEPROJECTBELOW,WAYSOFSELECTIONOFPARTICULARCOMPONENTSOFTHECONCRETE,ITSMANUFACTURINGANDMATERIALAPPLICATION,AREPRESENTEDSELECTIONOFLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETECOMPONENTSONEOFTHEMAINFEATURESOFCONCRETEMIXTUREDECIDINGONSELECTIONOFITSCOMPONENTSWASITSVOLUMETRICDENSITYWITHAVIEWOFMINIMIZATIONOFADDITIONALWEIGHTOFSHIPONETRIEDTOOBTAINACONCRETEOFASLOWVOLUMETRICDENSITYASPOSSIBLEWITHMAINTAINEDMAXIMUMVALUESOFITSSTRENGTHANDDURABILITYPARAMETERSALIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATECONCRETEDISTINGUISHED–OUTOFOTHERKINDSOFCONCRETEBYARELATIVELYLOWVOLUMETRICPOLISHMARITIMERESEARCHSPECIALISSUE2008PP1417DOI102478/V1001200700714LIGHTWEIGHTCERAMSITECONCRETEUSEDASANADDITIONALPROTECTIONOFFUELOILTANKSONSHIPS16POLISHMARITIMERESEARCH,SPECIALISSUE2008INTHECASEINQUESTIONTHESUPERPLASTIFICATORADMIXTUREBASEDONMULTICARBOXILATEWASAPPLIEDASARESULTOFTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEADMIXTURE,LIQUIDITYOFTHEMIXTUREHENCEALSOITSWORKABILITYWASINCREASED,ANDAMOUNTOFAPPLIEDWATERWASLOWEREDATMAINTAINEDCEMENTCONTENT,THATLEDTOAGREATERCONCRETESTRENGTHSUCHKINDOFADMIXTUREISINTENDEDFORCEMENTSOFFASTRISINGSTRENGTHFORMANUFACTURINGTHECONCRETEMIXTURE,TAPWATERSATISFYINGALLRELEVANTREQUIREMENTSACCORDINGTOPNENSTANDARDSWASUSEDMANUFACTURINGTHELIGHTWEIGHTCERAMSITECONCRETEGENERALRECOMMENDATIONSINACCORDANCEWITHAWORKINGRECIPEDETERMINEDINADVANCE,PARTICULARCOMPONENTSOFCONCRETEAREDOSEDINTHEFOLLOWINGORDERAGGREGATE,POSSIBLEFLYASHORNATURALSANDADDITIVE,1/23/4AMOUNTOFWORKINGWATER,CEMENTANDTHEREMAININGPARTOFWATERIFAERATING–PLASTIFYINGADDITIVESAREUSEDTHEIRSOLUTIONSHOULDBEDOSEDLAST–AFTERINITIALMIXINGTHECOMPONENTSBEFOREDOSINGTHECERAMSITEITSMOISTURINGISRECOMMENDEDUSINGABT1/2AMOUNTOFWORKINGWATERINTHECASEOFCEMENTITSDOSINGSHOULDBEDONEBYWEIGHING,ANDINTHECASEOFAGGREGATES–BYWEIGHINGORVOLUMEMEASURINGAFTERDETERMINATIONVALUEOFBULKDENSITYOFAGIVENAGGREGATEATTENTIONSHOULDBEPAIDTOWATERDOSINGCHANGEABLEINITIALWETNESSOFAGGREGATEANDPROGRESSINGPROCESSOFITSMOISTURINGCANMAKEITDIFFICULTTOOBTAINAPROPERCONSISTENCEOFTHEMIXTURE,WHICHMAYREQUIRETOBECORRECTEDTHEMIXINGSHOULDBEPERFORMEDMECHANICALLY–THEBESTWAYISTOAPPLYFORCED,CONCURRENTORBACKWARDMIXINGTIMEOFMIXINGSHOULDBENOTSHORTERTHAN3MINIFCHEMICALAERATINGANDPLASTIFYINGADDITIVESAREUSEDTHEMIXINGTIMESHOULDBELONGERTHECERAMSITEAGGREGATECONCRETEMIXTURESWHICHHAVELESSDENSECONSISTENCE,CANBESUSCEPTIBLETOSEGREGATINGTHECOMPONENTSHENCETHEIRTRANSPORTSHOULDBEPERFORMEDINSUCHWAYASNOTTOCAUSESEGREGATIONANDCHANGESINTHEIRCOMPOSITIONASEPERATEPROBLEMISTHEMIXTURE’STRANSPORTBYPUMPINGHIGHABSORPTIONCAPACITYOFAGGREGATEMAKESTHATAPARTOFWORKINGWATERUNDERPRESSUREDEVELOPEDDURINGCONCRETEPUMPING–ISPRESSEDINTOAGGREGATEVOLUME,THATRESULTSINDENSIFICATIONOFTHEPUMPEDMIXTUREANDCONSEQUENTLYBLOCKINGTHEPIPELINESTOMAKECERAMSITECONCRETEEASYFORPUMPINGTHEAGGREGATESHOULDBEMOSITUREDINADVANCEANDTHECONCRETEOFAGOODWORKABILITYSHOULDBEDESIGNEDAPPLICATIONOFTHECERAMSITECONCRETEMIXTURESHOULDBEMADEUNIFORMLYOVERTHEWHOLESURFACEOFTHEFORM,ANDTHETHROWINGOFTHEMIXTUREFROMAGREATERHEIGHTANDPLACINGOFTHECONCRETEINTHEFORMOFCONESHOULDBEAVOIDEDASITMAYLEADTOPARTIALSEGREGATIONOFTHEMIXTUREAPPLICATIONOFAERATINGADMIXTURESPREVENTSTHECONCRETEMIXTUREFROMSEGREGATIONCOMPLETEFILLINGTHEFORMBYTHEMIXTURESHOULDBEFINISHEDBEFORE30MINPASSINGFROMTHEENDOFTHEMIXINGOFCOMPONENTSDENSIFICATIONOFTHEMIXTURESHOULDBEDONEBYUSINGIMMERSINGVIBRATORSOFHIGHFREQUENCIESANDLOWAMPLITUDESOFVIBRATIONRECIPETHEBELOWGIVENCONTENTOF1M3OFTHECONCRETEMIXTUREWASDETERMINEDASARESULTOFAPPLICATIONOFTHEGENERALPRINCIPLESOFCONCRETEMIXTUREDESIGNINGWITHTAKINGINTOACCOUNTSPECIFICITYOFAPPLICATIONOFLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATESASWELLASRESULTSOFVERIFICATIONOFPRELIMINARYDESIGNASSUMPTIONSBYLABORATORYTESTSCEMI325CEMENT–350KGCERAMSITE–450KG,FRACTIONSFROM020MMFLYASH–150KGWATER–250LSUPERPLASTIFICATOR–03OFCEMENTMASSTHEABOVEGIVENRECIPEWASPREPAREDFORCERAMSITECONCRETEOFAFIRMSTRUCTUREDEGREEOFFILLINGTHEVOIDSPACESBETWEENAGGREGATEPARTICLESBYCEMENTSLURRYSHOULDBENOTSMALLERTHAN85THECONCRETEOFFIRMSTRUCTURE–INCONTRASTTOTHATHAVINGCAVITIESORSEMIFIRMONE–ISCHARACTERIZEDBYAGREATERCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHANDGREATERWORKABILITY,OBTAINABLEESPECIALLYAFTERADDINGFLYASHESANDPLASTIFYINGADDITIVESELABORATIONOFAPRECISERECIPEFORLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATECONCRETEMIXTUREBRINGSABOUTCERTAINDIFFICULTIESBECAUSEOFHIGHABSORBABILITYOFLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATEASWELLASITSSUCEPTIBILITYTOSEGREGATIONSUCHRECIPESHOULDBECURRENTLYVERIFIEDDURINGPRODUCTIONPROCESSANDINTRODUCTIONOFNECESSARYCORRECTIONS,MAINLYTOAMOUNTOFDOSEDWATER,SHOULDBEPOSSIBLEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSINTHECASEINQUESTIONTHEFIRSTSTEPINMANUFACTURINGOFCONCRETEMIXTUREWASTOSOAKTHEAGGREGATEINABOUT50AMOUNTOFWORKINGWATERNEXT,INLINEWITHTHEABOVEMENTIONEDPRINCIPLESOFSEQUENCINGTHECOMPONENTADDITION,THECOMPONENTSWEREMIXEDINAMIXERUPTOTHESTATEOFAUNIFORM,NONSEPARATING,DENSEPLASTICMASSTHEREMAININGAMOUNTOFWORKINGWATERWASTHENADDEDUNDERCONTINUOUSCONTROLOFTHESLURRY’SCONSISTENCEINORDERTOPREVENTTHEMIXTUREFROMEXCESSIVELIQUEFACTION,THATCOULDMAKECORRECTAPPLICATIONOFTHECONCRETEIMPOSSIBLEANDITSSEGREGATIONEASIERAFTEROBTAININGITSAPPROPRIATECONSISTENCEANDSUFFICIENTDEGREEOFMIXINGITSCOMPONENTS,THEMIXTUREWASPLACEDONTOASHIPPLATINGELEMENTFORTHEMIXTUREPLACINGTHEIMMERSINGVIBRATORSWEREAPPLIEDINORDERTOOBTAINITSUNIFORMDISTRIBUTIONCORRECTLYMANUFACTUREDCONCRETEWELLSPREADS,DOESNOTLEAVEVOIDSPACESANDDOESNOTSEGREGATEORSTRATIFYITSCOMPONENTSFIG3APPLICATIONOFTHECONCRETEINTOTHESHIPBOTTOMSTRUCTURETHESOPREPAREDCONCRETEMIXTURESHOWED–DURINGLABORATORYTESTS–THEVALUESOFVOLUMETRICDENSITYINTHERANGEOF1100–1200KG/M3,ANDTHEVALUESOFTHECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGINTHERANGEOF1214MPAAPPLICATIONOFTHEPOZZOLANFLYASHADDITIVEMAKESITPOSSIBLETOEXPECTAFURTHERRISEOFTHECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHBYABOUT1015OFITSVALUEAFTER28DAYCURINGLIGHTWEIGHTCERAMSITECONCRETEUSEDASANADDITIONALPROTECTIONOFFUELOILTANKSONSHIPS

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簡介：2068單詞，單詞，11600英文字符，英文字符，4000漢字漢字出處出處SOURCEFORNAROJAMESM,BUTTERMILCHRITAJ,BIONDOJOHNACCOUNTINGFORNONMONETARYEXCHANGESJCPAJOURNAL,FEB2008,VOL78ISSUE23841外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯FORNAROJAMESM,BUTTERMILCHRITAJ,BIONDOJOHN原文ACCOUNTINGFORNONMONETARYEXCHANGESBUSINESSESUSENONMONETARYEXCHANGESFORAVARIETYOFREASONSTHESERANGEFROMROUTINETRADEINSOFOLDEQUIPMENTTOSOPHISTICATEDEXCHANGESOFREALESTATEINDECEMBER2004,FASBISSUEDSFAS153,EXCHANGESOFNONMONETARYASSETS,ANAMENDMENTOFAPBOPINIONNO29,WHICHPRESERVESTHEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLETHATTHEACCOUNTINGFORNONMONETARYTRANSACTIONSSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEFAIRVALUESOFTHEASSETSEXCHANGEDACCORDINGLY,ANONMONETARYASSETRECEIVEDINARECIPROCALEXCHANGESHOULDBERECORDEDUSINGTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHEASSETRELINQUISHED,ORTHEVALUEOFTHEASSETRECEIVEDIFITISMORECLEARLYEVIDENTSINCE1973,APBO29,ACCOUNTINGFORNONMONETARYTRANSACTIONS,PERMITTEDANEXCEPTIONTOTHISFAIRVALUEPRINCIPLEFOREXCHANGESINVOLVING“SIMILARPRODUCTIVEASSETS“SUCHEXCHANGESWEREGENERALLYMEASUREDANDRECOGNIZEDBYREFERENCETOTHEBOOKVALUEOFTHEASSETSRELINQUISHEDSFAS153ELIMINATESTHATEXCEPTION,BUTINTRODUCESANEWEXCEPTIONFOREXCHANGESTHATLACK“COMMERCIALSUBSTANCE“APBO29ALSOADDRESSEDOTHERTYPESOFNONMONETARYTRANSACTIONS,INCLUDING“NONRECIPROCAL“TRANSFERSWITHOWNERSEG,DIVIDENDSINKINDOROTHERPARTIESEG,INKINDCHARITABLECONTRIBUTIONSTHESETRANSACTIONSWERENOTIMPACTEDBYSFAS153THISSTANDARDWASISSUEDASPARTOFTHESHORTTERMCONVERGENCEPROJECTWITHTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDIASBINFACT,FASBLARGELYADOPTEDTHEREVISIONSPREVIOUSLYMADETOIAS16,PROPERTY,PLANTANDEQUIPMENTIMPLEMENTINGSFAS153REQUIRESANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHETERM“COMMERCIALSUBSTANCE“ANDHOWTHISCONCEPTINTRODUCESAUNIQUEELEMENTOFSUBJECTIVITYTOTHEACCOUNTINGFORNONMONETARYTRANSACTIONSGIVENTHELACKOFIMPLEMENTATIONGUIDANCEINSFAS153,SPECIFICILLUSTRATIONSAREPROVIDEDBELOWANDCONTRASTEDWITHPRIORPRACTICETHEAUTHORSBELIEVETHATSFAS153NOTONLYPRESENTSANUMBEROFINTERESTINGANDCHALLENGINGISSUES,ITALSOINTRODUCESELEMENTSOFPROFESSIONALJUDGMENTTHATARELIKELYTORECURINFUTURESTANDARDS2005CERTAINTRANSACTIONSARESPECIFICALLYEXCLUDEDFROMITSSCOPEBUSINESSCOMBINATIONSNONMONETARYEXCHANGESOFASSETSBETWEENENTITIESUNDERCOMMONCONTROLNONMONETARYASSETSORSERVICESACQUIREDINEXCHANGEFORTHEREPORTINGENTITYSCOMMONSTOCKSTOCKDIVIDENDSANDSPLITSATRANSFEROFASSETSINEXCHANGEFORANEQUITYINTERESTINTHATENTITYTRANSFERSOFFINANCIALASSETSANDCERTAINTRANSACTIONSBYOILANDGASPRODUCERSSFAS153ALSOAMENDSTHESCOPEOFSFAS140,ACCOUNTINGFORTRANSFERSANDSERVICINGOFFINANCIALASSETSANDEXTINGUISHMENTSOFLIABILITIES,TOINCLUDEEXCHANGESOFEQUITYMETHODINVESTMENTSFORSIMILARPRODUCTIVEASSETSDURINGITSDELIBERATIONSOVERSFAS153PARAA20,FASBCONSIDEREDAMENDINGTHESCOPEOFSFAS66,ACCOUNTINGFORSALESOFREALESTATE,TOALSOINCLUDEEXCHANGESOFREALESTATEFASBLATERDECIDEDTHATACCOUNTINGGUIDANCEFORRECIPROCALEXCHANGESOFREALESTATEWOULDREMAINWITHINTHESCOPEOFAPBO29ANEWFOCUSONCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCESFAS153REQUIRESTHATNONMONETARYEXCHANGESBERECORDEDUSINGTHEBOOKVALUEOFTHEASSETRELINQUISHEDAFTERAREDUCTIONFORIMPAIRMENT,IFAPPLICABLEIFONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGTHREECONDITIONSAPPLIESTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHEASSETRELINQUISHEDORRECEIVEDCANNOTBEDETERMINEDWITHINREASONABLELIMITSTHEREISANEXCHANGEOFINVENTORYFORINVENTORYTHATWILLBESOLDINTHESAMELINEOFBUSINESSTOFACILITATESALESTOCUSTOMERSTHETRANSACTIONLACKSCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCETHEFIRSTTWOCONDITIONSAREESSENTIALLYUNCHANGEDFROMAPBO29THETHIRDCONDITIONREPLACESTHEPRIOREXCEPTIONFORSIMILARPRODUCTIVEASSETS“COMMERCIALSUBSTANCE“ISANEWCONCEPTINUSGAAPANDPRESENTSUNIQUE,SUBJECTIVECHALLENGESFORPRACTITIONERSUNFORTUNATELY,FASBDIDNOTSPECIFICALLYDEFINETHISTERMTHECONCEPTFOCUSESONTHEBUSINESSPURPOSEORRATIONALEOFTHEEXCHANGE,ANDREQUIRESANEXAMINATIONOFCHANGESINTHEENTITYSECONOMICPOSITIONASARESULTOFTHETRANSACTIONESSENTIALLY,COMMERCIALSUBSTANCEEXISTS“IFTHEENTITYSFUTURECASHFLOWSAREEXPECTEDTOSIGNIFICANTLYCHANGEASARESULTOFTHEEXCHANGE“PARA2DFASBBELIEVESTHATCASHFLOWTESTSPROVIDE“OBJECTIVEEVIDENCE“OFTHE

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簡介：外文原文翻譯外文原文翻譯ASPNETASPNETCC版ASP動態(tài)服務(wù)器主頁是一種較新的技術(shù),它已經(jīng)過幾個階段的發(fā)展進(jìn)化它是怎么誕生的呢在七年前,它作為一種簡單的方法來往普通網(wǎng)頁里添加動態(tài)內(nèi)容。自從那時以后，它的發(fā)展勢頭強(qiáng)勁作為高級網(wǎng)頁程序的開發(fā)平臺，包括電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站、基于事件驅(qū)動的門戶網(wǎng)站和你在網(wǎng)上能看到的其他所有東西。ASPNET20是ASP的最新版本,而且擁有最讓人激動的更新。在ASPNET幫助下，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程時，開發(fā)者不再把一大堆HTML源碼和腳本代碼雜亂地放在同一頁面上。你可以完全使用代碼和工具（VISUALSTUDIO2005）來創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)頁程序。這些創(chuàng)新的代價僅僅是多學(xué)一些東西。你要學(xué)一些高級開發(fā)工具（VISUALSTUDIO）和工具包（THENETFRAMEWORK），而且你需要精通一門編程語言，如C＃。網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展的演化因特網(wǎng)是在1960年末在試驗中誕生的。它的目標(biāo)是建立一個真實的、有彈性的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以經(jīng)受的起若干數(shù)量的電腦的崩潰，而不至于阻斷其他電腦的正常通信。經(jīng)得起潛在的重大災(zāi)難（如核武器攻擊）。美國國防部提供了剛開始的研究基金。最早的因特網(wǎng)局限在教育機(jī)構(gòu)和從事國防的單位。它因為作為學(xué)術(shù)研究的一種工具而繁榮，它讓全球的研究人員可以彼此共享信息。到了1990初，偉大的“貓”誕生了，它通過電話線工作，從此，因特網(wǎng)向商業(yè)用戶打開了大門。在1993年，第一個HTML瀏覽器誕生了，標(biāo)志著因特網(wǎng)革命的到來。我們很難把最早的網(wǎng)頁稱為網(wǎng)頁序。第一代的網(wǎng)頁看起來更像小冊子主要由固定的HTML頁面構(gòu)成，這些也都需要手動修改。一個簡單的HTML頁面有點像一個字處理文檔它包含了格式化的內(nèi)容，可以在你的電腦上顯示，但是并不完成其他任何功能。上面的就是一個最簡單的例子，文檔包括頭信息和單行文本。一個HTML文檔有兩種類型的內(nèi)容文本和標(biāo)記（告訴瀏覽器如何格式化）。這些標(biāo)記很容易辨認(rèn)，因為它們總是出現(xiàn)在之間。HTML定義了不同級別的標(biāo)題、段落、超鏈接、斜體和粗體格式、水平線等。舉個例子某個文本，告訴瀏覽器用標(biāo)題1的格式來顯示這個文本，就是用最大的黑體字來顯示。圖1－1顯示了這個頁面在瀏覽器中的效果。提示你不需要精通HTML就能進(jìn)行ASPNET網(wǎng)頁編程，雖然它（HTML）是很有用的。為了快速介紹一下HTML，給大家介紹一個網(wǎng)上的優(yōu)秀HTML指南。HTML20首次引入了一個網(wǎng)頁編程的新技術(shù)，稱為HTML表單。HTML表單擴(kuò)展了HTML的功能，不僅包含了格式化標(biāo)簽，而且包含了窗體小部件或者叫控件。這些控件包含了普通的功能部件，如下拉列表、文本框和按鈕。下面是一個由HTML表單控件創(chuàng)建的網(wǎng)頁。網(wǎng)頁表單允許網(wǎng)頁程序設(shè)計師設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輸入頁面。當(dāng)用戶單擊圖1－2的提交按鈕，所有在輸入控件中的數(shù)據(jù)（在這個例子中是兩個復(fù)選框）將打包成一個長字符串，接著發(fā)送到服務(wù)器。在服務(wù)器端，一個客戶程序接收和處理這些數(shù)據(jù)。令人驚奇的是這些為HTML表單創(chuàng)建有超過十年之久的控件仍然是你用來創(chuàng)建ASPNET頁面的基礎(chǔ)。不同的是這些程序控件將運行在服務(wù)器端。在過去，當(dāng)用戶單么這些控件將返回一個含有JAVASCRIPT的更多功能的頁面。盡管如此，不管瀏覽器的功能有多強(qiáng)大，你的代碼始終在服務(wù)器端執(zhí)行。狀態(tài)限制為了保證最佳性能，網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計成無狀態(tài)的協(xié)議。意思就是一旦頁面已經(jīng)傳送給用戶，連接就關(guān)閉了而且用戶指定的信息也被丟棄了。ASP包括一個SESSIONSTATE（會話狀態(tài)）特性允許程序員來解決這個問題。使用SESSIONSTATE，一個網(wǎng)頁程序可以為每一個客戶端暫時保存信息（保存在服務(wù)器的內(nèi)存里）。盡管如此，如果一個網(wǎng)站是放在幾個服務(wù)器上，SESSIONSTATE就無能無力了。在這種情況下，一個客戶要訪問B服務(wù)器，而他的會話信息是被A服務(wù)器保留的，這樣實際上這個會話信息將被丟棄掉。ASPNET糾正了這個問題，允許把狀態(tài)儲存在中央倉庫，就像一個單獨的進(jìn)程或者一個所有服務(wù)器都可以訪問的數(shù)據(jù)庫。ASPNET通過引進(jìn)全新的模型解決了上述問題（當(dāng)然不止這些啦）。這個模型是基于一個偉大的技術(shù)，稱之為NETFRAMEWORK。你應(yīng)該知道的是NETFRAMEWORK是幾種技術(shù)的群集（集合）。NET語言包括C＃、VBNETVISUALBASICNET一種面向?qū)ο蟮?、現(xiàn)代化的語言（VB60的繼任者）；這些語言還包括JSCIRPTNET服務(wù)器端版本的JAVASCRIPT，J＃（JAVA的兼容產(chǎn)品），還有C＋＋管理擴(kuò)充。CLR（公共語言運行庫）CLR是執(zhí)行所有NET程序和為這些程序提供自動服務(wù)的引擎，如安全驗證、內(nèi)存管理和優(yōu)化等。NETFRAMEWORK類庫類庫包含了成千上萬個已經(jīng)預(yù)建好的函數(shù)，你可以在你的程序中嵌入它們。這些眾多屬性有時也被成為一個技術(shù)集，如ADONET（用來創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫程序的技術(shù)）和WINDOWSFORMS（也是一種技術(shù)，用來創(chuàng)建基于桌面的用戶界面程序）。ASPNET這是一種主機(jī)網(wǎng)頁程序和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的引擎，從NET類庫中包含了幾乎所有特性。ASPNET還包含了網(wǎng)頁特有的服務(wù)。VISUALSTUDIO這個可選的開發(fā)工具包含了眾多提高效率和調(diào)試功能的特性。VS的安裝CD（或DVD）包含了完整的NETFRAMEWORK，所以你不需要額外下載它。有趣的是，C＃和VBNET比C＃和JAVA要相似多了（或者是VB6和VBNET）。雖然語法是不同的，但是C＃和VBNET都使用NET類庫，也都由CLR支持。事實上，幾乎所有的C＃代碼塊都可以一行一行翻譯成VBNET的代碼塊。當(dāng)然也有不行的時候（如C＃語言支持一種屬性叫調(diào)用匿名方法，而VBNET不支持）。但是對絕大部分來說，只要開發(fā)者學(xué)會了其中一個NET語言，就可以很快學(xué)會另一種。簡而言之，C＃和VBNET都是一流的，現(xiàn)代的用來開發(fā)下一代網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序的語言。NET10引進(jìn)了一種全新的語言。盡管如此，NET20語言的變化還是細(xì)微的。C2005和VB2005都添加了一些新的特性，但是這些語言絕大部分都沒有變化。因此，任何使用C＃10編寫的代碼都可以同樣的在20下運行。在第二、三章，就會學(xué)到C＃語法和面向?qū)ο缶幊痰幕A(chǔ)。搞定了這些基礎(chǔ)，你就可以開始創(chuàng)建簡單的網(wǎng)頁了。這樣你就會少點困惑，學(xué)得更快。（向一些高級話題進(jìn)軍，如數(shù)據(jù)庫訪問和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)）CLR（公共語言運行庫）只能運行IL代碼，這就意味著它根本不知道你的源代碼是用哪一個語言編寫的，盡管如此，CLR竟然完成了另外一個編譯步驟它接受了IL代碼并把它轉(zhuǎn)換成適合當(dāng)前平臺的本機(jī)機(jī)器語言。這個步驟在程序啟動時發(fā)生，而且在代碼被真正執(zhí)行之前。在ASPNET程序中，當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序正在運行時，這些特定機(jī)器文件存儲在高速緩存中，所以它們可以

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