簡(jiǎn)介：TOXICOLOGY1982004195–201STUDIESONTHETOXICITYOFARISTOLOCHIAMANSHURIENSISGUANMUTON?SHILINHUA,?,HONGQIZHANGB,KELVINCHANB,QUANXIMEICAINSTITUTEOFCHINESEMATERIALMEDICA,CHINAACADEMYOFTRADITIONALCHINESEMEDICINE,BEIJING100700,CHINABSCHOOLOFCHINESEMEDICINE,HONGKONGBAPTISTUNIVERSITY,HONGKONG,CHINACZHONGSHANHOSPITALOFTRADITIONALCHINESEMEDICINE,ZHONGSHAN,GUANGDONGPROVINCE,CHINAABSTRACTAIMS1TOSTUDYTHEACUTEANDCHRONICTOXICITYOFSTEMOFARISTOLOCHIAMANSHURIENSISAMAGUANMUTONWHICHISACHINESEMEDICINALHERBINORDERTOPROVIDEBASISFORSAFECLINICALUSE2TOINVESTIGATETHEPOSSIBILITYOFREDUCINGTOXICITYOFTHEHERBCOMBINEDWITHRHIZOMACOPTIDISHUANGLIANMETHODSTHE70ETHANOLEXTRACTOFTHEHERBWASFEDTOMICEVIAGASTRICTUBEFOR8WEEKSTHEBLOODWASCOLLECTEDTOASSESSLIVERANDRENALFUNCTIONSTHETISSUESAMPLESOFTHELIVER,KIDNEYANDBLADDERWERECOLLECTEDFROMEXECUTEDANIMALSFORPATHOLOGYEXAMINATIONRESULTSTHELD50WITHA95AVERAGETRUSTABLEPROBABILITYP095OFAMAFROMHANZHONGHZIS292±371G/KGTHEWEIGHTOFANIMALSINTHETREATMENTGROUPATADOSEOF4G/KGRAWDRUG,EQUIVALENTTO40TIMESOFNORMALHUMANDOSEINCLINICALPRESCRIPTION,REMAINEDTHESAMEASTHECONTROLGROUPP005ONPATHOLOGICALEXAMINATION,THEREWERENOMORPHOLOGICALCHANGESUNDERLIGHTMICROSCOPEINTHELIVERANDBLADDERFORTHEKIDNEY,THERENALTOXICITYWASSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEDAFTERUSINGETHANOLEXTRACTOFRCOPTIDISTOPROCESSHZAMAINTHATTHEREWERENOINTERSTITIALINFLAMMATION,FORMATIONOFHYALINECASTORREGENERATIONOFRENALTUBULES?2004PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERIRELANDLTDKEYWORDSHERBALSAFETYARISOLOCHICACIDARISTOLOCHIAMANSHURIENSIS1INTRODUCTIONTHESTEMOFARISTOLOCHIAMANSHURIENSISKOMAMA,GUANMUTONISATRADITIONALCHINESEMEDICINALHERBMAINLYHARVESTEDFROMTHENORTHEASTOFCHINAITHASBEENUSEDWIDELYFORTHOUSANDSYEARSINCHINAANDOTHERCOUNTRIESIN1983,ASANEXAMPLEFROMASURVEYCONDUCTED20YEARSAGO,THEDOMESTICSALEOFGUANMUTONWAS320TTHISIMPLIEDTHAT,BASEDON6G?SUPPORTEDBYHONGKONGBAPTISTUNIVERSITYFRG/0001/II81?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL861064012317FAX861064012317EMAILADDRESSH5HORSE5163COMSLHUPERDAYWITHA10DAYCOURSE,THEREWOULDBEABOUT53MILLIONPEOPLEUSINGITITCOULDIMPLY,BASEDONTHISACCOUNT,THATTHEREWOULDBE6400TOFGUANMUTONCONSUMEDOVERTHELAST20YEARSINVOLVING1BILLIONPATIENTSTHEEXPORTOFTHEHERBTOJAPANANDSOUTHEASTASIACOUNTRIESWASABOUT20TPERYEARCMM,1995DESPITETHISLARGECONSUMPTION,HOWEVER,THEINCIDENCEOFRENALCARCINOMATHATMIGHTNOTBERELATEDTOGUANMUTONINCHINAIS35WITHINALLCANCERS,LOWERTHANTHATOFTHE4WORLDWIDEAVERAGEANDMOSTWESTERNCOUNTRIESLI,2001FROMTHEEPIDEMIOLOGICALPOINTOFVIEW,THEREISNOEVIDENCEFORTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEUSEOFGUANMUTONAMAANDCARCINOGENESISINTHEURINARYTRACTINCHINA0300483X/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2004PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERIRELANDLTDDOI101016/JTOX200401026SLHUETAL/TOXICOLOGY1982004195–2011973HZL,1G/KGPERDAYIE01G/1ML/100GPERDAY4HZP,2G/KGPERDAY5JLL,1G/KGPERDAY6SXL,1G/KGPERDAY7HZC,2G/KGPERDAY8CONTROLGROUPCON,DISTILLWATER1ML/100GPERDAYATTHEFIRSTANDTHEEIGHTHWEEKS,BLOODSAMPLESWERECOLLECTEDFROMRETROOCULARVENOUSPLEXUS1–2MLFORBIOCHEMICALEXAMINATIONSATWEEK8,10RATSFROMEACHGROUPWERESACRIFICEDANDTHEIRORGANSLIVER,KIDNEYANDBLADDERWERECOLLECTEDFORPATHOLOGICALEXAMINATIONTHEREMAININGMICESTOPPEDTOTAKETHEHERBALMEDICINESFROMWEEK9,ANDWERESACRIFICEDATWEEK10FORCOLLECTIONOFBLOODANDORGANSAMPLESBLOODTESTSINCLUDINGALT,AST,TOTALBILIRUBIN,ALBUMIN,CREATININECRANDBUNWEREPERFORMEDTHECOLLECTEDTISSUESAMPLESWEREPREPAREDROUTINELY,ANDTABLE1LD50OFARISTOLOCHIAMANSHURIENSISHZGROUPNDOSEG/KGLGDXDEATHMORTALITYPP21101602204D1,XM1012101122049D2101310781892D3101410551740D41011510381580D5909081610271431D5303009NOTELD50FROMTHELASTTHREEGROUPSIS292G/KGWITHA95TRUSTABLELIMIT292±371G/KGTABLE2ALTCHANGESU/LTIMENCONHZCHZPYQLJLLHZLHZMHZH0N16579±127619±131566±96579±122489±89552±85585±95496±1518N12405±87592±163??420±123407±78366±73343±78379±86538±140?10N6377±39447±84396±136428±167558±317439±111390±66452±93NOTECOMPARINGWITHTHECONTROLGROUPCON?P005ATEARLYSTAGETHEREWERECASUALTIESTHATWERESHOWNBYAUTOPSYTOBECAUSEDBYTECHNICALERRORSINTUBEFEEDINGINSTEADOFBYDRUGTOXICITYATLATESTAGE,THE

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簡(jiǎn)介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFACADEMICRESEARCHINACCOUNTING,FINANCEANDMANAGEMENTSCIENCESVOL3,NO3,JULY2013,PP298–310ISSN22258329?2013HRMARSWWWHRMARSCOMIMPACTOFMANAGERIALFACTORSONCOMMERCIALBANKPROFITABILITYEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFROMJORDANMOHAMMADABDELKARIMALMUMANIDEPARTMENTOFADMINISTRATIVESCIENCESFINANCESECTIONRCCKINGSAUDUNIVERSITY,POBOX28095,RIYADH11437,KINGDOMOFSAUDIARABIAEMAILMALMUMANIKSUEDUSA,MOBILE00966565167537ABSTRACTTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTODETERMINETHEMANAGEMENTCONTROLLABLEFACTORSTHATDETERMINEBANK’SPROFITABILITYOFTHEJORDANIANCOMMERCIALBANKSLISTEDINAMMANSTOCKOFEXCHANGEASEFORTHIS,THEBANKSPECIFICVARIABLESAREDERIVEDFROMTHEINCOMESTATEMENTSANDTHEBALANCESHEETSOFCOMMERCIALBANKSPUBLISHEDINASEEXCLUDINGISLAMICBANKS,THIRTEENJORDANIANCOMMERCIALBANKSLISTEDINASESINCE2000WERESELECTED91OBSERVATIONSOVERTHE20052011INTERVALSTHISPAPERUSESDESCRIPTIVEANALYSISINCLUDESTHEMEAN,MINIMUM,MAXIMUM,MEDIANANDSTANDARDDEVIATION,FINANCIALRATIOSANALYSIS,PEARSONCORRELATIONANALYSIS,REGRESSIONANALYSIS,ANALYSISOFVARIANCEANOVAANDTHENATURALLOGARITHMTOIMPLICATETHERESULTSWITHTHEHYPOTHESESTHEFACTORSTAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONAREPROFITABILITYMEASUREDBYROA,MEASUREDBYCOSTEFFICIENCYCIR,MEASUREDBYLIQUIDITYLADST,MEASUREDBYCREDITCOMPOSITIONMEASUREDBYNCTA,CREDITRISKMEASUREDBYPRCF,CAPITALADEQUACYMEASUREDBYTETAANDTHEBANKSIZEMEASUREDBYSZETHEMAJOROUTCOMEOFTHISSTUDYISTHATTHECOSTINCOMERATIOISTHEMAJORENDOGENOUSFACTORSUNDERTHECONTROLOFMANAGEMENTTHATDETERMINESTHEPROFITABILITYOFTHECOMMERCIALBANKSINJORDANOTHERVARIABLES,SUCHASLADST,NCTA,PRCF,TETAANDSZEDIDNOTSHOWANYSTATISTICALEFFECTONPROFITABILITYKEYWORDSMANAGERIALFACTORS,COSTEFFICIENCY,LIQUIDITY,CREDITRISK,CAPITALADEQUACYDOI106007/IJARAFMS/V3I3/203URLHTTP//DXDOIORG/106007/IJARAFMS/V3I3/2031INTRODUCTIONTHEPROFITABILITYBECAMEONEOFTHECHALLENGESFACEDBYTHECOMMERCIALBANKSTOSTRENGTHENTHEIRFINANCIALPOSITIONSINORDERTOMEETTHERISKSASSOCIATEDWITHOPENNESSANDGLOBALIZATIONAPROFITABLEBANKINGSECTORISBETTERABLETOWITHSTANDNEGATIVESHOCKSANDCONTRIBUTETOTHESTABILITYOFTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMTHEDETERMINANTSOFPROFITABILITYAREWELLOBSERVEDANDEXPLORED,ASITISINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTTOSTRENGTHENTHEFOUNDATIONSOFDOMESTICFINANCIALSYSTEMASAWAYTOBUILDUPFLEXIBILITYFORCAPITALFLOWVOLATILITYTHEPROFITABILITYOFCOMMERCIALBANKSISAFFECTEDBYMANAGERIALINTERNALANDENVIRONMENTALEXTERNALFACTORSMANAGERIALFACTORSAREAFFECTEDBYMANAGEMENTDECISIONSANDGOALSTOBEACHIEVEDBYTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEBANKSUCHASCAPITALRATIO,CREDITRISK,PRODUCTIVITYGROWTHANDSIZEOFTHEBANKPERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTALFACTORSAREAFFECTEDBYEXTERNALFORCESSUCHASFINANCIALMARKETSTRUCTURE,TRADEINTERDEPENDENCE,ECONOMICGROWTH,INFLATION,MARKETINTERESTRATESANDOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREINTHISCONTEXT,THEIMPORTANCEOFTHISSTUDYISTOIDENTIFYTHEMANAGERIALFACTORSTHATAFFECTCOMMERCIALBANKSPROFITABILITYINGENERAL,ANDJORDANIANBANKSINPARTICULARTHISPAPERCONTRIBUTESTOLITERATUREINAUNIQUEWAYTHEDATASET,MADEUPOFTHIRTEENJORDANIANCOMMERCIALBANKS91OBSERVATIONSCONSISTOF813OFBANKSLISTEDINAMMANSTOCKEXCHANGEASETHISENHANCESTHEGENERALIZATIONOFOURRESULTTOALLTHEBANKSOPERATINGINJORDANTHERESTOFTHEPAPERISDIVIDEDASFOLLOWSHIGHLIGHTSONTHEJORDANIANBANKINGSECTORREVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATUREMETHODOLOGICALISSUESAREDISCUSSEDINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFACADEMICRESEARCHINACCOUNTING,FINANCEANDMANAGEMENTSCIENCESVOL33,PP298–310,?2013HRMARS300GROWTHRATE8633841479443497603450THROUGHOUTTHEABOVEANALYSIS,ITCOULDBECONCLUDEDTHATMOSTOFTHEIMPROVEMENTSINTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYWEREATTRIBUTABLETOMARKETCONDITIONSANDTHESTRUCTURALFACTORSSUCHASTHEADVANCEDTECHNOLOGYANDCOMPETITIVEBEHAVIORTHESECONDITIONSTRANSFORMEDTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYTOBECOMEMOREOPENANDMORECOMPETITIVECAUSINGANOVERALLENHANCEMENTINTHEMACROECONOMICPERFORMANCE3LITERATUREREVIEWDETERMINANTSOFBANKPROFITABILITYHAVERECEIVEDMUCHATTENTIONFROMACADEMICRESEARCHERSTHISSECTIONPROVIDESTHEOVERVIEWOFPREVIOUSSTUDIESREVIEWEDRELATEDTOTHEDETERMINANTSOFTHEPROFITABILITYOFBANKSSOMESTUDIESWERECOUNTRYSPECIFICANDFEWOFTHEMCONSIDEREDPANELOFCOUNTRIESFORREVIEWINGTHEDETERMINANTSOFPROFITABILITYABUZAR2013EXPLOREDTHEDETERMINANTSOFPROFITABILITYOFISLAMICBANKSINSUDANTHESTUDYFOUNDTHATONLYTHEINTERNALFACTORSTOTHESEBANKSHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONBANKSPROFITABILITY,ASMEASUREDBYRETURNONASSETSROA,RETURNONEQUITYROE,ANDNETFINANCINGMARGINMARGMORESPECIFICALLY,COST,LIQUIDITY,ANDSIZEOFTHEBANKAREFOUNDTOHAVEPOSITIVEANDSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONPROFITABILITYHOWEVER,EXTERNALMACROECONOMICFACTORSARECLASSIFIEDASREDUNDANTANDHAVENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONPROFITABILITYYILMAZETAL2013ANALYZEDPROFITABILITYANDITSDETERMINANTSFORNINEEMERGINGCOUNTRIESINCLUDINGTURKEYTHERESULTSREVEALTHATOPERATINGEXPENSESMANAGEMENT,CAPITALIZATION,CREDITRISK,BANKSIZEANDINFLATIONAREIMPORTANTDETERMINANTSFORBOTH,RETURNONASSETANDNETINTERESTMARGINDEPENDENTVARIABLESZEITUN2012MEASUREDSOMEINFLUENTIALFACTORSFOREIGNOWNERSHIP,BANKSSPECIFICVARIABLES,ANDMACROECONOMICFACTORSONISLAMICANDCONVENTIONALBANKSINGULFCOOPERATIONCOUNCILGCCCOUNTRIES,DURINGTHEPERIOD20022009THERESULTSSHOWTHATABANK’SEQUITYISIMPORTANTINEXPLAININGANDINCREASINGCONVENTIONALBANKSPROFITABILITYONLYTHECOSTTOINCOMEHADANEGATIVEANDSIGNIFICANTIMPACTONISLAMICANDCONVENTIONALBANKSPERFORMANCEADDITIONALLY,THEESTIMATEDEFFEC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簡(jiǎn)介：第1頁(yè)共14頁(yè)ASPNETASPNETASPNET是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的WEB開發(fā)模型，它包括您使用盡可能少的代碼生成企業(yè)級(jí)WEB應(yīng)用程序所必需的各種服務(wù)。ASPNET作為NETFRAMEWORK的一部分提供。當(dāng)您編寫ASPNET應(yīng)用程序的代碼時(shí)，可以訪問(wèn)NETFRAMEWORK中的類。您可以使用與公共語(yǔ)言運(yùn)行庫(kù)CLR兼容的任何語(yǔ)言來(lái)編寫應(yīng)用程序的代碼，這些語(yǔ)言包括MICROSOFTVISUALBASIC、C、JSCRIPTNET和J。使用這些語(yǔ)言，可以開發(fā)利用公共語(yǔ)言運(yùn)行庫(kù)、類型安全、繼承等方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)的ASPNET應(yīng)用程序。ASPNET包括?頁(yè)和控件框架?ASPNET編譯器?安全基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)?狀態(tài)管理功能?應(yīng)用程序配置?運(yùn)行狀況監(jiān)視和性能功能?調(diào)試支持?XMLWEBSERVICES框架?可擴(kuò)展的宿主環(huán)境和應(yīng)用程序生命周期管理?可擴(kuò)展的設(shè)計(jì)器環(huán)境ASPNET頁(yè)和控件框架是一種編程框架，它在WEB服務(wù)器上運(yùn)行，可以動(dòng)態(tài)地生成和呈現(xiàn)ASPNET網(wǎng)頁(yè)?？梢詮娜魏螢g覽器或客戶端設(shè)備請(qǐng)求ASPNET網(wǎng)頁(yè)，ASPNET會(huì)向請(qǐng)求瀏覽器呈現(xiàn)標(biāo)記（例如HTML）。通常，您可以對(duì)多個(gè)瀏覽器使用相同的頁(yè)，因?yàn)锳SPNET會(huì)為發(fā)出請(qǐng)求的瀏覽器呈現(xiàn)適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)記。但是，您可以針對(duì)諸如MICROSOFTINTERNETEXPLORER6的特定瀏覽器設(shè)計(jì)ASPNET網(wǎng)頁(yè)，并利用該瀏覽器的功能。ASPNET支持基于WEB的設(shè)備（如移動(dòng)電話、手持型計(jì)算機(jī)和個(gè)人數(shù)字助理PDA）的移動(dòng)控件。第3頁(yè)共14頁(yè)理WEB應(yīng)用程序的功能和信息方面的授權(quán)。您可以根據(jù)應(yīng)用程序的需要方便地移除、添加或替換這些方案。ASPNET始終使用特定的WINDOWS標(biāo)識(shí)運(yùn)行，因此，您可以通過(guò)使用WINDOWS功能（例如NTFS訪問(wèn)控制列表ACL、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)權(quán)限等等）來(lái)保護(hù)應(yīng)用程序的安全。ASPNET提供了內(nèi)部狀態(tài)管理功能，它使您能夠存儲(chǔ)頁(yè)請(qǐng)求期間的信息，例如客戶信息或購(gòu)物車的內(nèi)容。您可以保存和管理應(yīng)用程序特定、會(huì)話特定、頁(yè)特定、用戶特定和開發(fā)人員定義的信息。此信息可以獨(dú)立于頁(yè)上的任何控件。ASPNET提供了分布式狀態(tài)功能，使您能夠管理一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)或數(shù)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)上同一應(yīng)用程序的多個(gè)實(shí)例的狀態(tài)信息。通過(guò)ASPNET應(yīng)用程序使用的配置系統(tǒng)，可以定義WEB服務(wù)器、網(wǎng)站或單個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的配置設(shè)置。您可以在部署ASPNET應(yīng)用程序時(shí)定義配置設(shè)置，并且可以隨時(shí)添加或修訂配置設(shè)置，且對(duì)運(yùn)行的WEB應(yīng)用程序和服務(wù)器具有最小的影響。ASPNET配置設(shè)置存儲(chǔ)在基于XML的文件中。由于這些XML文件是ASCII文本文件，因此對(duì)WEB應(yīng)用程序進(jìn)行配置更改比較簡(jiǎn)單。您可以擴(kuò)展配置方案，使其符合自己的要求。ASPNET包括可監(jiān)視ASPNET應(yīng)用程序的運(yùn)行狀況和性能的功能。使用ASPNET運(yùn)行狀況監(jiān)視可以報(bào)告關(guān)鍵事件，這些關(guān)鍵事件提供有關(guān)應(yīng)用程序的運(yùn)行狀況和錯(cuò)誤情況的信息。這些事件顯示診斷和監(jiān)視特征的組合，并在記錄哪些事件以及如何記錄事件等方面提供了高度的靈活性。ASPNET支持兩組可供應(yīng)用程序訪問(wèn)的性能計(jì)數(shù)器?ASPNET系統(tǒng)性能計(jì)數(shù)器組?ASPNET應(yīng)用程序性能計(jì)數(shù)器組ASPNET利用運(yùn)行庫(kù)調(diào)試基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)提供跨語(yǔ)言和跨計(jì)算機(jī)調(diào)試支持。可以調(diào)試托管和非托管對(duì)象，以及公共語(yǔ)言運(yùn)行庫(kù)和腳本語(yǔ)言支持的所有語(yǔ)言。

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簡(jiǎn)介：西安文理學(xué)院西安文理學(xué)院計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)系本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯題目ASPNETOVERVIEW專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)系計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)系班級(jí)0606級(jí)1班學(xué)號(hào)1410106010714101060107指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師楊振華楊振華職稱講師講師20102010年3月1919日ASPNETWEBPAGESARECOMPLETELYOBJECTORIENTEDWITHINASPNETWEBPAGESYOUCANWORKWITHHTMLELEMENTSUSINGPROPERTIES,METHODS,ANDEVENTSTHEASPNETPAGEFRAMEWORKREMOVESTHEIMPLEMENTATIONDETAILSOFTHESEPARATIONOFCLIENTANDSERVERINHERENTINWEBBASEDAPPLICATIONSBYPRESENTINGAUNIFIEDMODELFORRESPONDINGTOCLIENTEVENTSINCODETHATRUNSATTHESERVERTHEFRAMEWORKALSOAUTOMATICALLYMAINTAINSTHESTATEOFAPAGEANDTHECONTROLSONTHATPAGEDURINGTHEPAGEPROCESSINGLIFECYCLETHEASPNETPAGEANDCONTROLSFRAMEWORKALSOENABLESYOUTOENCAPSULATECOMMONUIFUNCTIONALITYINEASYTOUSE,REUSABLECONTROLSCONTROLSAREWRITTENONCE,CANBEUSEDINMANYPAGES,ANDAREINTEGRATEDINTOTHEASPNETWEBPAGETHATTHEYAREPLACEDINDURINGRENDERINGTHEASPNETPAGEANDCONTROLSFRAMEWORKALSOPROVIDESFEATURESTOCONTROLTHEOVERALLLOOKANDFEELOFYOURWEBSITEVIATHEMESANDSKINSYOUCANDEFINETHEMESANDSKINSANDTHENAPPLYTHEMATAPAGELEVELORATACONTROLLEVELINADDITIONTOTHEMES,YOUCANDEFINEMASTERPAGESTHATYOUUSETOCREATEACONSISTENTLAYOUTFORTHEPAGESINYOURAPPLICATIONASINGLEMASTERPAGEDEFINESTHELAYOUTANDSTANDARDBEHAVIORTHATYOUWANTFORALLTHEPAGESORAGROUPOFPAGESINYOURAPPLICATIONYOUCANTHENCREATEINDIVIDUALCONTENTPAGESTHATCONTAINTHEPAGESPECIFICCONTENTYOUWANTTODISPLAYWHENUSERSREQUESTTHECONTENTPAGES,THEYMERGEWITHTHEMASTERPAGETOPRODUCEOUTPUTTHATCOMBINESTHELAYOUTOFTHEMASTERPAGEWITHTHECONTENTFROMTHECONTENTPAGEALLASPNETCODEISCOMPILED,WHICHENABLESSTRONGTYPING,PERFORMANCEOPTIMIZATIONS,ANDEARLYBINDING,AMONGOTHERBENEFITSONCETHECODEHASBEENCOMPILED,THECOMMONLANGUAGERUNTIMEFURTHERCOMPILESASPNETCODETONATIVECODE,PROVIDINGIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEASPNETINCLUDESACOMPILERTHATWILLCOMPILEALLYOURAPPLICATIONCOMPONENTSINCLUDINGPAGESANDCONTROLSINTOANASSEMBLYTHATTHEASPNETHOSTINGENVIRONMENTCANTHENUSETOSERVICEUSERREQUESTSINADDITIONTOTHESECURITYFEATURESOFNET,ASPNETPROVIDESANADVANCEDSECURITYINFRASTRUCTUREFORAUTHENTICATINGANDAUTHORIZINGUSERACCESSASWELLASPERFORMINGOTHERSECURITYRELATEDTASKSYOUCANAUTHENTICATEUSERSUSINGWINDOWSAUTHENTICATIONSUPPLIEDBYIIS,ORYOUCANMANAGEAUTHENTICATIONUSINGYOUROWNUSERDATABASEUSINGASPNETFORMSAUTHENTICATIONANDASPNETMEMBERSHIPADDITIONALLY,YOUCANMANAGETHEAUTHORIZATIONTOTHECAPABILITIESANDINFORMATIONOFYOURWEBAPPLICATIONUSINGWINDOWSGROUPSORYOUROWNCUSTOMROLEDATABASEUSINGASPNETROLESYOUCANEASILYREMOVE,ADDTO,ORREPLACETHESESCHEMESDEPENDINGUPONTHENEEDSOFYOURAPPLICATION

簡(jiǎn)介：QUARTERLYBULLETINFROMTHECULTURESTATISTICSPROGRAMCATALOGUENO87004XIEWINTER2000VOL12,NO4INTHISISSUEARTICLESMARKETOPPORTUNITIESINTERNATIONALTRADEOFCULTUREGOODSANDSERVICES1CHANGINGTIMESFORHERITAGEINSTITUTIONS8PROVINCIAL/TERRITORIALDATAPERFORMINGARTS15TELEVISIONVIEWING15MARKETOPPORTUNITIESINTERNATIONALTRADEOFCULTUREGOODSANDSERVICESBYCINDYCARTERANDMICHELDURANDCANADA’S2001SPEECHFROMTHETHRONEOUTLINEDTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHENATION’SCULTUREINANINCREASINGLYGLOBALIZEDWORLDITRECOGNIZEDTHATTHEOPENINGOFNEWMARKETSPROVIDESNEWOUTLETSFORCANADIANCULTURALCOMMODITIESANDSERVICESACCORDINGLY,THEGOVERNMENTHASMADEACOMMITMENTTOADVANCECANADIANCULTUREBYPROVIDINGCANADIANSANDINTERNATIONALAUDIENCESWITHENHANCEDACCESSTOCANADIANMADECULTUREGOODSANDSERVICESKEYINDUSTRYPLAYERSBELIEVETHATGLOBALIZATIONPROVIDESOPPORTUNITIESFORCANADIANSTOINCREASECULTUREEXPORTS,PARTICULARLYINTHOSENICHEMARKETSWHERECANADAISKNOWNTOBECOMPETITIVEASTHEDOMESTICMARKETISSMALL,THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALTRADEISFUNDAMENTALIFCANADIANCOMPANIESARETOCOMPETEOVERTHELONGTERMGOVERNMENTPOLICYWORKSTOENSURETHATCANADIANCULTUREGOODSANDSERVICES,WHICHREFLECTACOMMUNITYWITHANCESTRALROOTSINALMOSTEVERYCOUNTRYINTHEWORLD,WILLALSOAPPEALTOAGROWINGINTERNATIONALAUDIENCEWHILECULTUREGOODSANDSERVICESAREHIGHLYMARKETABLECOMMODITIES,THEGLOBALIZATIONOFCULTUREALSOACCENTUATESCANADA’STRADITIONALCONCERNSABOUTFOREIGNCONTENTANDFOREIGNCONTROLOFTHEDOMESTICMARKETPLACEJUSTASEXPANDEDINTERNATIONALTRADEOPENSNEWMARKETSFORCANADIANGOODS,ITINCREASESOUREXPOSURETOTHECULTUREWARESOFOTHERCOUNTRIESCONSEQUENTLY,THEFOCUSOFNEWCULTURALPOLICIES,ASFOUNDINTHESPEECHFROMTHETHRONE,ISONEXCELLENCEINTHECREATIVEPROCESS,THECREATIONOFDIVERSECANADIANCONTENTANDIMPROVEDACCESSTOTHEARTSANDHERITAGEFORALLCANADIANSCANADIANCREATORSARTISTS,WRITERS,ANDPERFORMERSARECALLEDUPONTOPROMOTECANADIANCREATIVITYACROSSALLMEDIATHEINTERNATIONALCONTEXTFORTRADEINCULTURALGOODSACCORDINGTOTHEUNITEDNATIONSEDUCATIONAL,SCIENTIFICANDCULTURALORGANISATIONUNESCOINSTITUTEFORSTATISTICS,WORLDTRADEINCULTURALGOODSROSEFROM478BILLIONUSIN1980TO2137BILLIONUSIN1998FROM12PERCAPITAIN1980TO45IN19971IN1998,CULTUREGOODSEXPORTSEXCEEDEDIMPORTSINDEVELOPING1UNESCOINSTITUTEFORSTATISTICS,INTERNATIONALFLOWSOFSELECTEDCULTURALGOODS,198098EXECUTIVESUMMARY,P4FOCUSONCULTURE,VOL12NO4STATISTICSCANADA–CATALOGUENO870043ASENSEOFWHATWESTANDFOR,ANDANAPPRECIATIONOFOURCULTURETHERECENTINTERNATIONALSUCCESSENJOYEDBYTHECULTURESECTORCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOANUMBEROFFACTORSMATURINGCULTURALINDUSTRIES,EXCEPTIONALPERFORMANCESBYCREATIVEANDPERFORMINGARTISTS,INCREASEDMARKETINGANDPROMOTIONEFFORTS,GROWINGPRIVATEANDPUBLICSECTORPARTNERSHIPSAND,GENERALLY,ADYNAMICINTERNATIONALTRADEENVIRONMENTTHERESULTISTHAT,OVERTHEPASTTENYEARSORSO,THECANADIANCULTURALSECTOR,INPARTICULARTHEFILMANDVIDEOPRODUCTIONSECTOR,HASFINALLYBEENABLETOMAKESUBSTANTIALINROADSINTOFOREIGNMARKETSTHEDOMESTICMARKETFORCULTUREPRODUCTIONISSMALLANDSEGMENTEDINCREASEDPENETRATIONOFFOREIGNMARKETSISCRITICALIFTHECANADIANSECTORISTOBECOMEMOREVIABLEINFACT,THEDEVELOPMENTOFNICHEMARKETSISONEAPPROACHTHATHASBEENSUCCESSFULFOROTHERTRADINGPARTNERSANDSOMECANADIANCOMPANIESHAVEWORKEDTOREPLICATETHEAPPROACHTENSOFTHOUSANDSOFJOBSANESTIMATED5TO10OFCULTUREJOBSARESUSTAINEDBYEXPORTINGACTIVITIESTHESECTORSMOSTINFLUENCEDBYEXPORTBASEDEMPLOYMENTIN199798WERETHEFILMANDVIDEOPRODUCTIONSECTOR38OFALLJOBSANDPOSTPRODUCTIONANDLABORATORYSERVICES41OFALLJOBS5THENORTHAMERICANFREETRADEAGREEMENTNAFTA,THEEUROPEANUNIONEUANDTHEALLIANCEOFASIANCOUNTRIESOFFERNEWOUTLETSFORCANADIANCULTURALPRODUCTSANDSERVICESEXPORTS,WHICHAREASSUMINGANINCREASINGSHAREOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDP,NOWAPPEARTOBETHEMAJORENGINEOFGROWTHFORTHECULTURESECTORINEFFECT,THEVALUEOFEXPORTEDCULTURECOMMODITIES,SERVICESANDINTELLECTUALPROPERTYREACHEDAPPROXIMATELY45BILLIONIN2000THISREPRESENTSA384INCREASEOVER1996TABLE16UNITEDSTATESSTILLOURBIGGESTEXPORTMARKETWHILECANADATRADESWITHVIRTUALLYALLCOUNTRIES,CERTAINMARKETSHAVEPROVENTOBEMOREWELCOMINGTHANOTHERSFORTHECULTURESECTORTHEUNITEDSTATESOVERWHELMINGLYCONTINUESTOBEOURMOSTIMPORTANTEXPORTMARKETFORALLCULTURALPRODUCTSANDSERVICESINFACT,ACCORDINGTOUNESCO,THEUNITEDSTATESISTHENUMBERONEIMPORTEROFCULTUREGOODS7INTHEWORLDIN2000,THENORTHAMERICANREGIONCAPTUREDAWHOPPING94OFCANADA’SCULTURECOMMODITYEXPORTSAVALUEOF222BILLION,A94INCREASEINTABLE1EXPORTSOFCULTURECOMMODITIESANDSERVICESINCREASINGFASTERTHANIMPORTSBUTCANADASTILLHASATRADEDEFICITCULTURENETTRADEPOSITION19961997199819992000CHANGE1996TO2000MILLIONSCURRENTEXPORTSCOMMODITIES1,5971,5881,8572,1292,353473CULTURESERVICESANDIP1,6361,9161,8842,0092,120296TOTALEXPORTS3,2333,5033,7414,1394,473384IMPORTSCOMMODITIES4,0914,6264,4554,7184,794172CULTURESERVICESANDIP2,0422,0832,5142,6812,729336TOTALIMPORTS6,1336,7096,9697,3997,523227NETTRADEPOSITIONCOMMODITIES2,4943,0382,5982,5892,44121CULTURESERVICESANDIP406168630672609500TOTALNETTRADEPOSITION2,9003,2063,2283,2613,05052TRADERATIOSIMPORT/EXPORT19011921186117911681113EXPORT/IMPORT05310521054105610591128NOTETOTALSMAYNOTADDDUETOROUNDINGSOURCESTATISTICSCANADA,CULTURE,TOURISMANDTHECENTREFOREDUCATIONSTATISTICSDIVISION5STATISTICSCANADATHEFILM,VIDEOANDAUDIOVISUALSURVEY,19979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簡(jiǎn)介：淮陰工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院院計(jì)算機(jī)工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)通信工程姓名名鄭啟航學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)1081302234外文出外文出處處PROFESSIONALASPNETWEBSERVICES用外文寫RUSSBASIURA,MIKEBATONGBACAL附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。附件附件1外文外文資料翻料翻譯譯譯譯文ASP體系結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展體系結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展利用ASP開發(fā)WEB應(yīng)用程序首先必須確立WEB應(yīng)用的體系結(jié)構(gòu)。目前在應(yīng)用中常用到的有兩種C/S體系結(jié)構(gòu)和B/S體系結(jié)構(gòu)。C/S體系結(jié)構(gòu)即CLIENT/SERVER，客戶端/服務(wù)器端。兩層的客戶/服務(wù)器結(jié)構(gòu)。客戶/服務(wù)器（CLIENT/SERVER）模型是一種良好的軟件體系結(jié)構(gòu)，是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的最佳應(yīng)用模式之一。從技術(shù)上看，它本身是一個(gè)邏輯概念，是指將一個(gè)應(yīng)用分解成多個(gè)任務(wù)分別執(zhí)行，共同完成整個(gè)應(yīng)用任務(wù)的功能。網(wǎng)絡(luò)各站點(diǎn)主機(jī)上資源（硬件、軟件、數(shù)據(jù)）分步不均衡，在客戶/服務(wù)器結(jié)構(gòu)下，無(wú)資源的客戶機(jī)通過(guò)向有資源的服務(wù)器發(fā)出請(qǐng)求，并得到資源請(qǐng)求，從而適應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中資源分布的不均衡性。采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)能綜合各種計(jì)算機(jī)協(xié)同工作，各盡其能，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)模優(yōu)化（RIGHTSIZING）和規(guī)?？s小化DOWNSIZING。如下圖從技術(shù)角度講，“客戶機(jī)”和“服務(wù)器”都是邏輯的概念，其含義是將計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用分成兩大部分，其中一部分支持多個(gè)用戶共享的功能與資源，它由服務(wù)器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)；另一部分是面向每個(gè)用戶的，由客戶機(jī)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，也就是說(shuō)，客戶機(jī)通常執(zhí)行前臺(tái)功能，通過(guò)用戶界面實(shí)現(xiàn)人機(jī)對(duì)話，或是執(zhí)行用戶特定的應(yīng)用程序。而服務(wù)器通常執(zhí)行后臺(tái)功能，管理共享的外設(shè)，接受并回答用戶的請(qǐng)求等。對(duì)于一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，它可以具有雙重功能，在某一時(shí)刻充當(dāng)服務(wù)器，而在另一時(shí)刻又成為客戶機(jī)?？蛻?服務(wù)器類型把計(jì)算機(jī)分為兩類，提供服務(wù)的一方稱為服務(wù)器，請(qǐng)求服務(wù)的一方稱為客戶。為了能夠提供服務(wù)，服務(wù)器一方必須具有一定的硬件和相應(yīng)的服務(wù)器軟件；同樣，客戶一方也必須具有一定的硬件和相應(yīng)的客戶軟件。在服務(wù)器和客戶之間必須有一個(gè)協(xié)議，雙方根據(jù)這個(gè)協(xié)議進(jìn)行通信。

簡(jiǎn)介：鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院?？飘厴I(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）英文翻譯英文翻譯題目基于ASPNET的企業(yè)網(wǎng)站宣傳學(xué)生姓名馬寶勇專業(yè)班級(jí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)管理1002班學(xué)號(hào)621013550221院（系）軟件學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師（職稱）康國(guó)磊（副教授）完成時(shí)間2012年3月25日2RESPONDINGTOCLIENTEVENTSINCODETHATRUNSATTHESERVERTHEFRAMEWORKALSOAUTOMATICALLYMAINTAINSTHESTATEOFAPAGEANDTHECONTROLSONTHATPAGEDURINGTHEPAGEPROCESSINGLIFECYCLETHEASPNETPAGEANDCONTROLSFRAMEWORKALSOENABLESYOUTOENCAPSULATECOMMONUIFUNCTIONALITYINEASYTOUSE,REUSABLECONTROLSCONTROLSAREWRITTENONCE,CANBEUSEDINMANYPAGES,ANDAREINTEGRATEDINTOTHEASPNETWEBPAGETHATTHEYAREPLACEDINDURINGRENDERINGTHEASPNETPAGEANDCONTROLSFRAMEWORKALSOPROVIDESFEATURESTOCONTROLTHEOVERALLLOOKANDFEELOFYOURWEBSITEVIATHEMESANDSKINSYOUCANDEFINETHEMESANDSKINSANDTHENAPPLYTHEMATAPAGELEVELORATACONTROLLEVELALLASPNETCODEISCOMPILED,WHICHENABLESSTRONGTYPING,PERFORMANCEOPTIMIZATIONS,ANDEARLYBINDING,AMONGOTHERBENEFITSONCETHECODEHASBEENCOMPILED,THECOMMONLANGUAGERUNTIMEFURTHERCOMPILESASPNETCODETONATIVECODE,PROVIDINGIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEASPNETINCLUDESACOMPILERTHATWILLCOMPILEALLYOURAPPLICATIONCOMPONENTSINCLUDINGPAGESANDCONTROLSINTOANASSEMBLYTHATTHEASPNETHOSTINGENVIRONMENTCANTHENUSETOSERVICEUSERREQUESTSINADDITIONTOTHESECURITYFEATURESOFNET,ASPNETPROVIDESANADVANCEDSECURITYINFRASTRUCTUREFORAUTHENTICATINGANDAUTHORIZINGUSERACCESSASWELLASPERFORMINGOTHERSECURITYRELATEDTASKSYOUCANAUTHENTICATEUSERSUSINGWINDOWSAUTHENTICATIONSUPPLIEDBYIIS,ORYOUCANMANAGEAUTHENTICATIONUSINGYOUROWNUSERDATABASEUSINGASPNETFORMSAUTHENTICATIONANDASPNETMEMBERSHIPADDITIONALLY,YOUCANMANAGETHEAUTHORIZATIONTOTHECAPABILITIESANDINFORMATIONOFYOURWEBAPPLICATIONUSINGWINDOWSGROUPSORYOUROWNCUSTOMROLEDATABASEUSINGASPNETROLESYOUCANEASILYREMOVE,ADDTO,ORREPLACETHESESCHEMESDEPENDINGUPONTHENEEDSOFYOURAPPLICATIONASPNETALWAYSRUNSWITHAPARTICULARWINDOWSIDENTITYSOYOUCANSECUREYOURAPPLICATIONUSINGWINDOWSCAPABILITIESSUCHASNTFSACCESSCONTROLLISTSACLS,DATABASEPERMISSIONS,ANDSOONFORMOREINFORMATIONONTHEIDENTITYOFASPNET,

簡(jiǎn)介：ULTRASENSITIVEELECTRICALBIOSENSINGOFPROTEINSANDDNACARBONNANOTUBEDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONOFTHERECOGNITIONANDTRANSDUCTIONEVENTSJOSEPHWANG,GUODONGLIU,ANDMRASULJAN?DEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRYANDBIOCHEMISTRY,NEWMEXICOSTATEUNIVERSITY,LASCRUCES,NEWMEXICO88003RECEIVEDDECEMBER15,2003EMAILJOEWANGNMSUEDUTHEDETECTIONOFDNAANDPROTEINSISOFCENTRALIMPORTANCETOTHEDIAGNOSISANDTREATMENTOFGENETICDISEASES,TOTHEDETECTIONOFINFECTIOUSAGENTS,DRUGDISCOVERY,ORWARNINGAGAINSTBIOWARFAREAGENTS14SUCHBIODETECTIONCOMMONLYRELIESONHYBRIDIZATIONORANTIGENANTIBODYAGABINTERACTIONS,ANDREQUIRESPROPERATTENTIONTOTHEACHIEVEMENTOFULTRASENSITIVEMEASUREMENTSELECTROCHEMICALTRANSDUCERSAREVERYATTRACTIVEFORSUCHBIOASSAYS,OWINGTOTHEIRHIGHSENSITIVITY,INHERENTSIMPLICITYANDMINIATURIZATION,ANDLOWCOSTANDPOWERREQUIREMENTSTHEUSEOFENZYMELABELSTOGENERATEELECTRICALSIGNALSHASBEENEXTREMELYUSEFULFORULTRASENSITIVEELECTROCHEMICALBIOAFFINITYASSAYSOFPROTEINSANDDNAHELLER’SGROUP5,6DEMONSTRATEDTHATAHIGHLYSENSITIVEAMPEROMETRICMONITORINGOFDNAHYBRIDIZATIONDOWNTO5ZMOLCOULDBEACHIEVEDINCONNECTIONWITHAHORSERADISHPEROXIDASEHRPLABELEDTARGETANDANELECTRONCONDUCTINGREDOXPOLYMERHRPLABELHASBEENCOMBINEDBYWILLNER’SGROUP7,8WITHABIOCATALYTICPRECIPITATIVEACCUMULATIONOFTHEENZYMEGENERATINGPRODUCTTOACHIEVEMULTIPLEAMPLIFICATIONSANDVERYLOW25AMOLDETECTIONLIMITSEFFORTSTOAMPLIFYENZYMELINKEDELECTRICALPROTEINASSAYSINCLUDEDDUALENZYMESUBSTRATERECYCLING9ORIONEXCHANGEACCUMULATIONOFTHEPRODUCT10YET,AMPLIFIEDTRANSDUCTIONOFBIOLOGICALRECOGNITIONEVENTSREMAINSAMAJORCHALLENGETOELECTRICALBIOASSAYSNEWSCHEMESBASEDONCOUPLINGTHEBIOCATALYTICAMPLIFICATIONOFENZYMETAGSWITHADDITIONALAMPLIFICATIONUNITSANDPROCESSESAREHIGHLYDESIREDFORMEETINGTHEHIGHSENSITIVITYDEMANDSOFELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONOFPROTEINSANDNUCLEICACIDSHEREWEDEMONSTRATETHEUSEOFCARBONNANOTUBESCNTSFORDRAMATICALLYAMPLIFYINGENZYMEBASEDBIOAFFINITYELECTRICALSENSINGOFPROTEINSANDDNATHEUNIQUEELECTRONIC,CHEMICAL,ANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCNTSMAKETHEMEXTREMELYATTRACTIVEFORELECTROCHEMICALSENSORS11,12MOSTCNTSENSINGWORKHASFOCUSEDONTHEABILITYOFSURFACECONFINEDCNTSTOPROMOTEELECTRONTRANSFERREACTIONSINVOLVEDINBIOCATALYTICDEVICES13,14INOURNEWBIOAFFINITYASSAYSFIGURE1,CNTSPLAYADUALAMPLIFICATIONROLEINBOTHTHERECOGNITIONANDTRANSDUCTIONEVENTS,NAMELYASCARRIERSFORNUMEROUSENZYMETAGSANDFORACCUMULATINGTHEPRODUCTOFTHEENZYMATICREACTIONTHESENOVELSUPPORTANDPRECONCENTRATIONFUNCTIONSOFCNTSREFLECTTHEIRLARGESPECIFICSURFACEAREA15ANDAREILLUSTRATEDUSINGTHEALKALINEPHOSPHATASEALPENZYMETRACERSUCHCOUPLINGOFSEVERALCNTDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONPROCESSESLEADSTOTHELOWESTDETECTIONLIMITREPORTEDTHUSFARFORELECTRICALDNADETECTIONTHENEWCNTBASEDAMPLIFIEDBIOELECTRONICPROTOCOLFIGURE1INVOLVESTHESANDWICHHYBRIDIZATIONAORANTIGENANTIBODYBBINDINGALONGWITHMAGNETICSEPARATIONOFTHEANALYTELINKEDMAGNETICBEAD/CNTASSEMBLYA,FOLLOWEDBYENZYMATICAMPLIFICATIONB,ANDCHRONOPOTENTIOMETRICSTRIPPINGDETECTIONOFTHEPRODUCTATTHECNTMODIFIEDELECTRODECOURTEMOBSERVATIONSEG,FIGURE2INDICATETHATTHEHYBRIDIZATIONEVENTLEADSTOCROSSLINKINGOFTHEALPLOADEDCNTSANDTHEMAGNETICBEADSWITHTHEDNADUPLEXACTINGAS“GLUE”TOOURKNOWLEDGE,THISISTHEFIRSTEXAMPLEOFUSINGDNAFORLINKINGPARTICLESTOCNTSNOSUCHAGGREGATIONWASOBSERVEDINTHEPRESENCEOFNONCOMPLEMENTARYOLIGONUCLEOTIDESBAPPARENTLY,WITHOUTTHERECOGNITIONEVENT,THEALPTAGGEDCNTSAREREMOVEDBYTHEMAGNETICSEPARATION,LEAVINGTHEMAGNETICBEADSBEHINDALPWASIMMOBILIZEDONCNTSUSINGA1ETHYL33DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYLCARBODIIMIDELINKERSEEFIGURE1INSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONACOVERAGEOFAROUND9600ENZYMEMOLECULESPERACNTIE,BINDINGEVENTWASESTIMATEDFROMASEPARATEELECTROCHEMICALEXPERIMENTCOMPARINGTHERNAPHTHOLRESPONSEOFKNOWNAMOUNTSOFALPLOADEDCNTSANDALPASSUMINGSIMILARACTIVITIESFORTHEFREEANDBOUNDALPTHEDRAMATICSIGNALENHANCEMENTASSOCIATEDWITHTHECNTBASEDDUALAMPLIFICATIONROUTEISDEMONSTRATEDINFIGURE3FORDNAHYBRIDIZATIONAANDAGABBBIOASSAYSTHECONVENTIONALPROTOCOLS,BASEDONTHESINGLEENZYMETAGANDAGLASSYCARBONTRANSDUCER,ARENOTRESPONDINGTOEITHER10PGML1DNATARGETA,AOR80PGML1IGGB,ATHEFIRSTAMPLIFICATIONSTEPBASEDONTHEALPLOADEDCNTSBOFFERSCONVENIENTDETECTIONOFTHESELOWANALYTECONCENTRATIONSTHESINGLEALPPROTOCOLSDISPLAYEDA?PERMANENTADDRESSDEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRY,UNIVERSITYOFPESHAWAR,PAKISTANFIGURE1SCHEMATICREPRESENTATIONOFTHEANALYTICALPROTOCOLACAPTUREOFTHEALPLOADEDCNTTAGSTOTHESTREPTAVIDINMODIFIEDMAGNETICBEADSBYASANDWICHDNAHYBRIDIZATIONAORABAGABINTERACTIONBBENZYMATICREACTIONCELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONOFTHEPRODUCTOFTHEENZYMATICREACTIONATTHECNTMODIFIEDGLASSYCARBONELECTRODEMB,MAGNETICBEADSP,DNAPROBE1T,DNATARGETP2,DNAPROBE2AB1,FIRSTANTIBODYAG,ANTIGENAB2,SECONDARYANTIBODYSANDP,SUBSTRATEANDPRODUCT,RESPECTIVELY,OFTHEENZYMATICREACTIONGC,GLASSYCARBONELECTRODECNT,CARBONNANOTUBELAYERFIGURE2TEMIMAGESOFTHEMAGNETICBEADSDNACNTASSEMBLYPRODUCEDFOLLOWINGA20MINHYBRIDIZATIONWITHTHE10AAND0BPGML1TARGETSAMPLETHEMICROGRAPHSWERETAKENWITHAHITACHIH7000INSTRUMENTOPERATEDAT75KVPUBLISHEDONWEB02/18/200430109JAMCHEMSOC2004,126,30103011101021/JA031723WCCC2750?2004AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETYLOWERSIGNALFORASIGNIFICANTLY1000FOLDHIGHERTARGETCONCENTRATIONNOTSHOWNTHENEARLY104IMPROVEMENTINTHESENSITIVITYISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEESTIMATEDALPLOADINGPERCNTONLY～50FOLDSENSITIVITYENHANCEMENTWASOBSERVEDBYUSINGASTREPTAVIDINCOATEDPOLYSTYRENECARRIERBEADINSTEADOFTHECNTSUPPORTFURTHERENHANCEMENTSOFTHEDNAANDPROTEINSIGNALSBY～30FOLDAREOBSERVEDINTHESECONDAMPLIFICATIONPATH,EMPLOYINGTHECNTMODIFIEDTRANSDUCERCTHELATTERREFLECTTHESTRONGADSORPTIVEACCUMULATIONOFTHELIBERATEDRNAPHTHOLONTHECNTLAYERTHEPRECONCENTRATIONFEATUREOFTHECNTLAYERWASINDICATEDFROMTHEUSEOFDIFFERENTACCUMULATIONTIMESTHATLEDTOASHARPINCREASEINTHERNAPHTHOLSIGNALCOMPAREDTOTHETIMEINDEPENDENTSIGNALOBSERVEDATTHEBAREELECTRODESEEFIGURE2INSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFIGURE4ADISPLAYSTYPICALCHRONOPOTENTIOGRAMSFOREXTREMELYLOWTARGETDNACONCENTRATIONS001100PGML1AEWELLDEFINEDRNAPHTHOLSIGNALSAREOBSERVEDFORTHESELOWDNACONCENTRATIONSINCONNECTIONWITH20MINHYBRIDIZATIONTHERESULTINGPLOTOFRESPONSEVSLOGTARGETSHOWNASINSETISLINEARANDSUITABLEFORQUANTITATIVEWORKTHEFAVORABLERESPONSEOFTHE5FGML1DNATARGETBINDICATESAREMARKABLYLOWDETECTIONLIMITOFAROUND1FGML154AM,IE,820COPIESOR13ZMOLINTHE25ΜLSAMPLESUCHALOWDETECTIONLIMITCOMPARESFAVORABLYWITHTHELOWESTVALUESOF5ZMOL3000COPIESAND25AMOLREPORTEDFORELECTRICALDNADETECTION6,8SIMILARLY,IGGWASDETERMINEDWITHADETECTIONLIMITOF500FGML1160ZMOLIN25ΜLSAMPLESANDEXHIBITSAWELLDEFINEDLOGARITHMICCONCENTRATIONDEPENDENCETHESMALLERSIGNALOBSERVEDINACONTROLEXPERIMENTFORAHUGE～106EXCESSOFANONCOMPLEMENTARYOLIGONUCLEOTIDEFIGURE4,CVSBREFLECTSTHEHIGHSELECTIVITYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEFFECTIVEMAGNETICSEPARATIONTHEAMPLIFIEDELECTRICALSIGNALISCOUPLEDTOAGOODREPRODUCIBILITYTWOSERIESOFSIXREPETITIVEMEASUREMENTSOF1PGML1DNATARGETOR08NGML1IGGYIELDEDREPRODUCIBLESIGNALSWITHRELATIVESTANDARDDEVIATIONSOF56AND89,RESPECTIVELYINCONCLUSION,WEHAVEDEMONSTRATEDACNTBASEDDUALAMPLIFICATIONROUTEFORULTRASENSITIVEELECTRICALBIOASSAYSOFPROTEINSANDDNATHEUSEOFCNTAMPLIFIERSLOADEDWITHNUMEROUSALPTAGSHASBEENCOMBINEDWITHTHEPRECONCENTRATIONFEATUREOFCNTTRANSDUCERSTOYIELDADRAMATICENHANCEMENTOFTHESENSITIVITYSUCHCOUPLINGOFSEVERALCNTDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONPROCESSESRESULTSINHIGHLYSENSITIVEDETECTIONOFPROTEINSANDDNAANDHENCEINDICATESGREATPROMISEFORPCRFREEDNAASSAYSFURTHERIMPROVEMENTSINTHESENSITIVITYAREEXPECTEDEITHERTHROUGHREDUCINGTHEELECTRODESIZEANDSAMPLEVOLUME6ORBYSUBSTRATERECYCLING9THENEWCNTDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONBIOASSAYSAREEXPECTEDTOOPENNEWOPPORTUNITIESFORMEDICALDIAGNOSTICSANDPROTEINANALYSISTHEFINDINGTHATDNAHYBRIDIZATIONCANBEUSEDFORLINKINGCNTSTOPARTICLESHOLDSPROMISEFORASSEMBLINGCONTROLLABLENANOSCALESYSTEMSACKNOWLEDGMENTFINANCIALSUPPORTFROMTHENATIONALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONGRANTCHE0209707ANDNATIONALINSTITUTESOFHEALTHAWARDR01A105604701ISGRATEFULLYACKNOWLEDGEDSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONAVAILABLERELATEDEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSINSTRUMENTATION,REAGENTS,SEQUENCES,ANDPROCEDURESALONGWITHADDITIONALDATAPDFTHISMATERIALISAVAILABLEFREEOFCHARGEVIATHEINTERNETATHTTP//PUBSACSORGREFERENCES1PALECEK,EFOJTA,MANALCHEM2001,73,75A2DRUMMOND,TGHILL,MGBARTON,JKNATBIOTECHNOL2003,21,11923WANG,JCHEMEURJ1999,5,16814GOODING,JJELECTROANALYSIS2002,14,11495CARUANA,DJHELLER,AJAMCHEMSOC1999,121,7696ZHANG,YKIM,HHELLER,AANALCHEM2003,75,32677PATOLSKY,FKATZ,EBARDEA,AWILLNER,ILANGMUIR1996,12,37038PATOLSKY,FLITCHENSTEIN,AWILLNER,IANGEWCHEM,INTED2000,39,9409BAUER,CEREMENKO,AEHRENTREICHFOSTER,EBIER,FMAKOWER,AHALSALL,HBHEINEMAN,WRSCHELLER,FWANALCHEM1996,68,245310LIMOGES,BDEGRAND,CANALCHEM1996,68,414111BAUGHMAN,RHZAKHIDOV,ADEHEER,WASCIENCE2002,297,78712ZHAO,QGAN,ZZHUANG,QELECTROANALYSIS2002,14,160913WANG,JMUSAMEH,MLIN,YJAMCHEMSOC2003,125,240814RUBIANES,MDRIVAS,GAELECTROCHEMCOMMUN2003,5,68915PEIGNEY,ALAURENT,CFLAHAUT,EBASCA,RROUSSET,ACARBON2001,39,507JA031723WFIGURE3CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRICSIGNALSFOR10PGML1TARGETOLIGONUCLEOTIDEAAND80PGML1IGGBUSINGTHEGLASSYCARBONGCTRANSDUCERANDAASINGLEALPTAGANDBCNTLOADEDWITHMULTIPLEALPTAGSCSAMEASBBUTUSINGTHECNTMODIFIEDGCELECTRODEAMOUNTOFMAGNETICBEADS,50ΜGSANDWICHASSAYWITH20AND30MINFOREACHHYBRIDIZATIONEVENTANDAG/ABASSOCIATION,RESPECTIVELYSAMPLEVOLUME,50ΜLDETECTION,ADDITIONOF50ΜLRNAPHTHYLPHOSPHATE50MMSOLUTIONWITHA20MINENZYMATICREACTIONMEASUREMENTSOFTHERNAPHTHOLPRODUCTWEREPERFORMEDATTHEBAREORMODIFIEDGCELECTRODES,USINGA2MINACCUMULATIONAT02VINASTIRREDPHOSPHATEBUFFERSOLUTION005M,PH741ML,FOLLOWEDBYA10SRESTPERIODWITHOUTSTIRRINGANDAPPLICATIONOFANANODICCURRENTOF50ΜASEESUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFORTHECONCENTRATIONSOFTHEOLIGONUCLEOTIDEPROBESANDANTIBODY,ANDSEQUENCEOFOLIGONUCLEOTIDEPROBES,LEVELSANDPREPARATIONOFTHEALPDNACNTANDALPSTREPTAVIDINCNTCONJUGATESFIGURE4CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRICSIGNALSFORINCREASINGLEVELSOFTHEDNATARGETA001,B01,C1,D50,E100PGML1ALSOSHOWNINSETISTHERESULTINGCALIBRATIONPLOTA,ANDTHERESPONSEFOR5FGML1TARGETDNABAND10NGML1NONCOMPLEMENTARYNCOLIGONUCLEOTIDECSAMPLEVOLUME,25ΜLBAND50ΜLCOTHERCONDITIONS,ASINFIGURE3A,CBASEDONPROTOCOLOFFIGURE1AACCOMMUNICATIONSJAMCHEMSOC9VOL126,NO10,20043011

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5790字出處出處ELECTRONICS,ROBOTICSANDAUTOMOTIVEMECHANICSCONFERENCE,2009CERMA09IEEE,2009187192AXEBOTROBOTTHEMECHANICALDESIGNFORANAUTONOMOUSOMNIDIRECTIONALMOBILEROBOTTIAGOPDONASCIMENTO,AUGUSTOLOUREIRODACOSTA,CRISTIANECORREAPAIMPOSTGRADUATIONPROGRAMINELECTRICALENGINEERINGUNIVERSIDADEFEDERALDABAHIASALVADOR,BAHIA,BRASILTIAGOPNIEEEORG,AUGUSTOLOUREIROUFBABR,CPAIMUFBABRABSTRACTTHEAXEBOTROBOT’SMECHANICALDESIGN,AFULLYAUTONOMOUSMOBILEROBOT,FORTHEROBOCUPSMALLSIZELEAGUE,ISPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERTHEAXEBOTROBOTUSESTHREEOMNIDIRECTIONALWHEELSFORMOVEMENTANDISEQUIPPEDBYASHOOTINGDEVICEFORSHOOTINGTHEBALLINDIFFERENTDIRECTIONSONCETHEAXEBOTROBOTISAFULLYAUTONOMOUSMOBILEROBOTALLTHESENSORS,ENGINES,SERVOS,BATTERIES,ANDTHECOMPUTERSYSTEM,MUSTBEEMBEDDEDONTHEPROJECTCANBESEPARATEDINFOURDIFFERENTPARTSTHECHASSISDESIGN,THEWHEELDESIGN,THESHOOTINGDEVICEDESIGNANDTHEOVERALLASSEMBLYWHICHMAKESASHELLDESIGNPOSSIBLETOCOVERTHEWHOLEROBOTTHEAXEBOTMECHANICALDESIGNBRINGSUPANEWCHASSISCONCEPTFORTHREEWHEELSOMNIDIRECTIONALROBOT,ALSOPRESENTANEWSHOOTINGDEVICE,ANDFINALLYPRESENTAXEBOTSPROTOTYPEASSEMBLY1INTRODUCTIONTHEROBOCUPINITIATIVEISANINTERNATIONALRESEARCHGROUPWHOSEAIMSARETOPROMOTETHEFIELDSOFROBOTICSANDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEASTANDARDCHALLENGE,ASOCCERMATCHPERFORMEDBYAUTONOMOUSROBOTTEAMS,WASPROPOSEDIN19961INITIALLYWITHTHREEDIFFERENTLEAGUES2DROBOTSOCCERSIMULATIONLEAGUE,SMALLSIZEROBOTLEAGUE,ANDMIDDLESIZEROBOTLEAGUENOWADAYSTHESELEAGUESHAVEBEENINCREASEDUPTOFOURLEGGEDLEAGUE,HUMANOIDLEAGUE,MIDDLESIZELEAGUE,ROBOCUPJUNIORSOCCER,SMALLSIZELEAGUE,SOCCERSIMULATION,STANDARDROBOTLEAGUEALSO,ANOTHERCHALLENGE,THEROBOCUPRESCUEWASPROPOSEDIN1999TOSHOWTHATTHERESULTFROMTHEROBOTSOCCERRESEARCHCOULDBEDIRECTLYAPPLIEDONAREALWORLDPROBLEMLIKEADISASTERRESCUEMADEBYROBOTSTHROUGHTHEINTEGRATIONOFTECHNOLOGYANDADVANCEDCOMPUTERALGORITHMS,THEGOALOFROBOCUPISTOBUILDATEAMOFHUMANOIDROBOTSTHATCANBEATTHECURRENTWORLDCUPCHAMPIONSBYTHEYEAR2050THEAXEBOTUSESTHREEOMNIDIRECTIONALWHEELS,POSITIONEDONACIRCLEWITHANANGLEOF120OAMONGEACHWHEEL,TOMOVEINDIFFERENTDIRECTIONSTHREEMAXXONA22MOTORSAREUSEDTODRIVETHEOMNIDIRECTIONALWHEELS,ONEMOTORPERWHEELTHESEMOTORSARECONTROLLEDBYTWOBRAINSTEMMOTO10ANDACASCADECONTROLLERMADETOCONTROLTHEROBOTTRAJECTORY23THEAXEBOTALSOHOLDSASHOOTINGDEVICETOKICKTHEBALLINGETASTIFFERANDSTRONGERCHASSIS,ASECONDCHASSISPART,THEUPPERCHASSIS,ISMODELEDTHISISALMOSTANEXACTCOPYOFTHEFIRSTPART,ONLYNOWTHEREARE3CUTOUTSTHATPROVIDEMORESPACEFORPLACINGTHECOMPONENTSOFTHEROBOTTHESECUTOUTSALSOSAVESOMEMATERIALANDTHEREFOREWEIGHTTHEBOTHPARTSARETHISSANDWICHCONSTRUCTIONGIVESTHEWHOLECHASSISMORESTIFFNESS,ANDSOTHETOTALTHICKNESSOFBOTHTHECHASSISCANPROBABLYBELOWERTHANUSINGONECHASSISPARTFIGURE1LOWERCHASSISFIGURE2UPPERANDLOWERCHASSISATTACHEDTOEACHOTHER23CHASSISMOULDTOBUILDTHESEPARTS,AMOULDWASMADETHISISJUSTANEGATIVEOFTHEACTUALROBOTPARTSINFIGURE3THEMOULDOFTHEUPPERCHASSISTOCHANGETHISMOULDINTHEMOULDFORTHELOWERCHASSIS,WHERETHEGROUNDPLATEDOESNOTHAVEHOLES,THEINDICATEDPIECESWITHWHITESTRIPESANDTHENOTINDICATEDLEFTPIECESYMMETRICTOTHEMOSTRIGHTPARTSHOULDBELOWERED4MMFORTHEUPPERANDLOWERCHASSIS,THEBASISMOULDISEXACTLYTHESAMEONLYPIECEONEANDTWOAREDIFFERENTFORTHETWOCHASSIS,THEMOTORPIECEANDTHESHOOTINGSYSTEMPIECEARETHESAMEFIGURE3CHASSISMOULD3WHEELSTHEAXEBOTROBOTISEQUIPPEDWITHTHREEWHEELSPOSITIONEDONACIRCLEWITHANANGLEOF120°AMONGATTACHEDTOEACHOTHERASSHOWNINTHEPICTUREBELOWEACHWHEELTHESEWHEELSHAVETOENABLETHEOMNIDIRECTIONALITYOFTHEAXEBOTROBOTTHISMEANSTHATTHEWHEELSHAVETOBEABLETOLETTHEROBOTMAKETWOTRANSLATIONALMOVEMENTSINXANDYDIRECTION,SEEFIGURE4WITHOUTROTATINGTHEROBOTAROUNDITSZAXISTHEAXISPERPENDICULARTOTHEYANDXAXIS,THATISROTATIONINFIGURE4THEWHEELSHAVEALSOTOENABLEAROTATIONOFTHETOTALROBOTAROUNDTHEZAXIS

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簡(jiǎn)介：原文原文THEFIRSTORIGINOFASPTHERESEARCHTOASPMODEANDASPENTERPRISESORIGINCANPROCEEDWITHTWORESPECTS,ONETOINTERMSOFBUSINESSANDTECHNOLOGY,ISITCARRYONRESEARCHTOCOMEFROMASPDEVELOPINGHISTORYTHATBUSINESSCOMMITANOTHERONEISSTUDIESTHEORIGINSOFASPENTERPRISESANDEVOLUTIONCOURSEATPRESENTINTERMSOFORGANIZATIONSDEVELOPMENTWHETHERSTANDUPSYNTHETICALLYABOVEMENTIONEDDEVELOPINGSTAGE,TOPUTITBRIEFLY,PRESENTASPHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENTPATHOFPROVIDERCANSIMPLETODESCRIBEASTHEFIRST,DEVELOPEDFROMTHEPASTISP,ROUNDEDTHEINFRASTRUCTUREANDCOMMUNICATIONFUNCTION,COOPERATEWITHSOFTWAREMANUFACTURER,INCREASETHEBUSINESSSCOPE,DEVELOPINTOTHEPRESENTIDCTHEDATACENTREOFINTERNET；THESECOND，THEPASTISVINDEPENDENTSOFTWAREPROVIDERANDVARTHETRADERTHATRESELLSVALUEADDEDSERVICE,ATINTERNETAGE,CHANGEDTHEMARKETINGWAYINTHEPAST,WOULDRELYMAINLYONSALEOFTHESOFTWAREPRODUCTTOCHANGEDIRECTIONTORELYMAINLYONTHEFACTTHATRIGHTTOUSEISLEASEDINTHEPAST,BALEFROMPHYSICSCARRIERENCAPSULATIONWAYCHANGEDIRECTIONANDLONGRANGEOPERATIONWAYMAINFACTNOW,THROUGHTHECOOPERATIONWITHNETWORKOPERATOR,REALIZETHETRANSITIONTOASP；THETHIRD，ITSERVICEDEPARTMENTSANDTRADITIONALADVISORYCOMPANIESOFTRADITIONALLARGESCALEORGANIZATION,ATTHEFOUNDATIONKNOWNDEEPLYININTERNET,DEPENDONLONGTERMEXPERIENCE,ISITCARRYONSYSTEMATICDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFSCHEMEFOROTHERCUSTOMERTOBEGIN,THROUGHESTABLISHINWITHTRADERWHOOPERATESNETWORKANDALLIANCERELATIONBETWEENTHEAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREMANUFACTURER,REALIZETHEASPPROVIDERTHATAPPEARSINTHECAPACITYOFSYSTEMINTEGRATIONTRADERTHESECONDTHEDEVELOPINGHISTORYANDCLASSIFICATIONOFASPSEENFROMTHEPRESENT,ASPISASEMERGINGANDPROPOSINGFORMALLYITISONLYATHINGFROMTHEENDOF1998TOTHEBEGINNINGOF1999OFAKINDOFMODEANDUNTILTHEFORTHCHINAASPMARKETSOVERVIEWIN2000,THETOTALSALESAMOUNTOFCHINAASPMARKETWAS33MILLIONDOLLARS,ACCOUNTEDFOR03OFGLOBALTOTALSALESAMOUNTIDCISEXPECTED,THEANNUALAVERAGERATEOFINCREASEOFTHELARGECHINADISTRICTASPMARKETWILLBE64FROM2000TO2004,BY2004,THECAPACITYOFTHELARGECHINADISTRICTASPMARKETWILLREACH243MILLIONDOLLARSCHINAASPMARKETBEGANTOSPROUTWHENTHEBEGINNINGOF2000,REMAINSTHEMARKETFORANUNRIPEINITIALSTAGENOW,ITSHOWASTHEMARKETSTOREMEDIUMANDSMALLSCALESPECIALIZINGINUSINGANDSERVINGCOMPANYTHATCOMESUPTOALARGENUMBERIN,ITISMAINLYTHOSETRADITIONALINDEPENDENTSOFTWAREDEVELOPERS,SYSTEMINTEGRATIONTRADERANDCOMCOMPANYBUTCOMPANYTHESEPOSSESSHEAVYCOMPETITIVENESSTOOATABILITYANDCOMPANYSCALETHATITSELFPROVIDESERVICEINTERNETOFOURCOUNTRYDEVELOPSAFTERGOINGTHROUGHFANATICALLY,BEGINSTOTENDTOWARDSREASONANDNORMTHISYEARITISEXACTLYWHILESUMMARIZINGANDADJUSTINGWEBSITESINDUSTRYSDEVELOPMENTPATHNOW,WENEEDTOTHINKANDKNOWINTERNETSOWNCHARACTERISTICANDADVANTAGEAGAINFORTHISITSCHARACTERISTICS,SUCHASHIGHEFFICIENT,SIMPLEANDDIRECT,INDIVIDUALIZED,RESOURCESHARING,CROSSINGOVERSPACETIMEANDRELATIVELYCHEAPCOST,ETC,ITISTHEMOTIVEPOWERTHATITMUSTUSEHIGHSPEEDDEVELOPMENTATTHEPRESENT,THOSECOMPANIESSPECIALIZINGINOFFERINGSERVICEOFUSINGSTILLFACETHECHALLENGEFIRSTOFALL,INAMONGBEINGITTRADE,ISITISITSERVETHESEKINDOFMODEFARACCEPTBYMASSESEVENTOUSETOSELL,BECAUSEMOSTTRADITIONALTRADESHAVENOTREALIZEDYETTHATASPWAYCANBRINGTHEINTERESTSTOTHEMSECONDLY,HOWTOSELLTHEAPPLICATIONPROGRAMINAKINDOFWAYWHICHISSIMILARTOTHEWHOLESOLUTION,ITISALLIMPORTANTPROBLEMSTHATASPMANUFACTURERSFACEHOWTOMAKEPRICINGSYSTEMFINALLY,HOWBETHROUGHOFFERAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSERVICEANDTRADITIONALSOFTWARESELLMODEPARTICIPATEINTHECOMPETITION,ITISAQUESTIONTHATCHINAASPSHOULDBEPONDEREDDEEPLYTOOANDATPRESENT,THEOPERATIONPRINCIPLESOFMOSTWEBSITESAREREMOTEFROMABOVEMENTIONEDADVANTAGEANDCHARACTERISTICININTERNET,THETRAINSOFTHOUGHTOFOPERATIONOFWEBSITESSEEMTHATSTILLSTAYSINMANAGEMENTMODEANDMANAGEMENTTHEORYINOLDERABUTATTHESAMETIME,THECURRENTSITUATIONOFTHECHINESEMARKETISTHATTHECOMPETITIONISBEINGAGGRAVATEDCONSTANTLYAMONG