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簡(jiǎn)介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/5348661NEWPROCEDUREFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFHANSENSOLUBILITYPARAMETERSBYMEANSOFINVERSEGASCHROMATOGRAPHYARTICLEINJOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYAJULY2008DOI101016/JCHROMA200805020SOURCEPUBMEDCITATIONS23READS583AUTHORS,INCLUDINGADAMVOELKELPOZNANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY185PUBLICATIONS1,819CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLINTEXTREFERENCESUNDERLINEDINBLUEARELINKEDTOPUBLICATIONSONRESEARCHGATE,LETTINGYOUACCESSANDREADTHEMIMMEDIATELYAVAILABLEFROMADAMVOELKELRETRIEVEDON23JULY2016KADAMSKAETAL/JCHROMATOGRA11952008146–149147FIG13DHANSEN“ROOM”SOLVENTSAREDIVIDEDINTOGOODSOLVENTSANDNONSOLVENTSACCORDINGTOTHEMEASUREDSOLUBILITYTHETHREEHANSENPARAMETERSCREATEA3D“ROOM”INWHICHEVERYMATERIALISREPRESENTEDBYASINGLEPOINT,SEEFIG1THEMISCIBILITYORSOLUBILITYOFTWOSUBSTANCESISTHEBETTERTHESMALLERTHEDISTANCEISBETWEENTHESUBSTANCESINHANSEN“ROOM”UNFORTUNATELY,THISMETHODDOESNOTLEADTOAWELLDEFINEDRESULTTHESEPARATIONINTOGOODSOLVENTSANDNONSOLVENTSISARBITRARYANDOTHERBOUNDARIESFORDEFININGSOLVENTSWILLRESULTINDIFFERENTFINALHANSENPARAMETERSMOREOVER,THISMETHOD“PRODUCES”HSPVALUESATROOMTEMPERATUREUSELESSINEXAMINATIONOFEGPOLYMERBLENDSATELEVATEDTEMPERATURESININVERSEGASCHROMATOGRAPHICEXPERIMENTTHEINVESTIGATEDMATERIALSTATIONARYPHASEISPLACEDINTOTHECHROMATOGRAPHICCOLUMNTHEVOLATILECOMPOUNDSTESTSOLUTESAREINJECTEDINTOTHECOLUMNANDTRANSPORTEDOVERTHEEXAMINEDMATERIALBYACARRIERGASEACHTESTSOLUTEINTERACTSWITHINVESTIGATEDMATERIALMAGNITUDEOFTHISINTERACTIONREFLECTSINTHEVALUEOFSPECIFICRETENTIONVOLUMEVGANDISFURTHERPRESENTEDASTHEFLORY–HUGGINSINTERACTIONPARAMETER?THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCHROMATOGRAPHICANDTHERMODYNAMICDATAISGIVENBELOW22?LN?27315RP01VGMR,1??P01RTB11?V1LN??1?2???1?V1V2?4WHEREMR,1,P01,B11,VG,V1,V2,?1,?2ARETHEMOLECULARMASS,SATURATEDVAPORPRESSUREOFTHETESTSOLUTE,SECONDVIRIALCOEFFICIENTOFTHETESTSOLUTE,SPECIFICRETENTIONVOLUMEOFTHETESTSOLUTE,MOLARVOLUMEOFTHETESTSOLUTE,MOLARVOLUMEOFTHEEXAMINEDMATERIAL,DENSITYOFTHETESTSOLUTEANDDENSITYOFTHEEXAMINEDMATERIALSURFACTANT,POLYMERATTHETEMPERATUREOFMEASUREMENT,RESPECTIVELYINTERACTIONPARAMETERHASBEENCONSIDEREDASAGIBBSFREEENERGYPARAMETERANDSUCHASSUMPTIONALLOWSDIVIDINGINTERACTIONPARAMETER?INTOENTROPY?SANDENTHALPY?HCOMPONENTS23??S?H5THEENTHALPYTERMCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHEHILDEBRANDSCATCHARDREGULARSOLUTIONTHEORYANDENTROPYTERMSHOULDHAVEAVALUEOFAPPROXIMATELY02TO049,03TO04OR0349,24THEENTHALPYCOMPONENTISRELATEDTOSOLUBILITYPARAMETERSOFTWOCOMPONENTS,ACCORDINGTOHILDEBRANDSCATCHARDTHEORY,BYTHERELATION?HV1RTI1?I226WHEREI1ANDI2ARETHESOLUBILITYPARAMETERSOLVENTANDPOLYMER,RESPECTIVELYANDV1ISTHESOLVENTMOLARVOLUME24THEUSEOFEQ6WITHFLORY–HUGGINSEQ5GIVES??V1RT?I1?I22?S7GUILLETANDCOWORKERS15,16PROPOSEDTOESTIMATETHESOLUBILITYPARAMETEROFPOLYMERSBYUSINGTHEMODIFICATIONOFEQ7I21RT??VI2I2RTI1??I22RT?∞SVI?8VOELKELANDJANAS25PROPOSEDTOEXTENTTHEPRICE’SPROCEDURE26FORCALCULATIONOFHANSEN’STHREECOMPONENTPARAMETERSVALUESOFEACHCOMPONENTSOFTHETOTALSOLUBILITYPARAMETERCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHESLOPEOFSTRAIGHTLINEBYUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGRELATIONSHIPSAIDMNALKANESRT2BIPM1?MNALKANESRT2CIHM2?MNALKANESRT29WHEREMNAKANESVALUEOFTHESLOPEFORNALKANESM1VALUEOFTHESLOPEFORAROMATICHYDROCARBONES,KETONES,1NITROPROPANE,ACETONITRILE,1,2DICHLOROETHANEM2VALUEOFTHESLOPEFORALCOHOLS,1,2DIOXANEANDPYRIDINEVALUEOFTHETOTALSOLUBILITYPARAMETERISOBTAINEDFROMEQ3THEUSEOFTHISPROCEDUREREQUIRESTHECAREFULSELECTIONOFTHETESTSOLUTESTOGROUPSREPRESENTINGDIFFERENTINTERMOLECULARINTERACTIONSPOSSIBLEERRORMAYLEADTOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESINTHEFINALRESULTSWHICHWILLBEPRESENTEDINSECTION3VALUESOFTHECOMPONENTSOFTHESOLUBILITYPARAMETERCANBEESTIMATEDBYUSINGEXPERIMENTALDATAOFTHEINTERACTIONPARAMETER?ANDHSPLITERATUREDATAOFTESTSOLUTES,USEDINIGCMEASUREMENTSINTHISCASETHEFLORY–HUGGINSTHEORYCANBEAPPLIEDACCORDINGTOTHISTHEORYCRITICALVALUESOFTHEINTERACTIONPARAMETER?CNISCALCULATEDASFOLLOWS23?CRI12?1?V1V2?210WHEREV1ANDV2DENOTEMOLARVOLUMEOFTESTSOLUTEANDEXAMINEDMATERIAL,RESPECTIVELYSELECTIONOFTESTSOLUTESFORFURTHERCALCULATIONSISBASEDONTHECONDITION??CRI11THESETESTSOLUTES,FORWHICHEXPERIMENTALVALUEOFTHEINTERACTIONPARAMETERISHIGHERTHANCRITICALVALUE,AREUSEDINFURTHERCALCULATIONSVALUEOFRESPECTIVEHANSENSOLUBILITYPARAMETER,EGID,FOREXAMINEDMATERIALISCALCULATEDASTHEARITHMETICMEANOFTHEVALUESOFTHISPARAMETERFORALLSELECTEDTESTSOLUTESEQ11DESCRIBESTHERMODYNAMICCOMPATIBILITY,MISCIBILITYBETWEENAPOLYMERANDASOLVENTCHOIETAL18,ACCORDINGTO?CRIASSUMPTION,PRESENTEDTHEMETHODOFESTIMATIONOFTHEHANSENSOLUBILITYPARAMETERSFORSELECTEDGROUPOFSURFACTANTSAIMOFTHISPAPERISTHEPRESENTATIONOFTHENEWPROCEDUREFORESTIMATIONOFHSPVALUESLEADINGTOREALISTICVALUESTHESEPHYSICOCHEMICALDATAWILLBEACCESSIBLEATDIFFERENTTEMPERATURESWHATENABLESTHEPREDICTIONOFBEHAVIOROFVARIOUSEXCIPIENTS,EGATELEVATEDTEMPERATURES2MATERIALSANDMETHODSTHEEXAMINEDMATERIALSWEREDIFFERENTPHARMACEUTICALEXCIPIENTSTABLE1CETIOLBCOGNIS,GERMANY,LABRASOLGATTEFOSSE,

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3070字出處出處SHIAOYH,DANIELABOVO?,GUIDOM,ETALMICROSATELLITEINSTABILITYAND/ORLOSSOFHETEROZYGOSITYINYOUNGGASTRICCANCERPATIENTSINITALYJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCANCER,1999,8215962青年胃癌患者的微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性和青年胃癌患者的微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性和/或雜和性缺失或雜和性缺失摘要胃癌在40歲前極少。比較40歲和大于40歲的患者，早期胃癌的分子機(jī)制可能是微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性MSI、錯(cuò)配修復(fù)和雜和性缺失（LOH）。從102例40歲胃癌患者的取出的標(biāo)本,用福爾馬林固定,石蠟包埋后,用PCR非放射篩查法檢測(cè)MSI和/或LOH。11/102患者中在1基因座發(fā)現(xiàn)MSI和/或LOH。MSI和/或LOH的發(fā)生率在D11S904基因座要高于D2S119、D2S123、D5S409和IFNA區(qū)域。在老年患者中未發(fā)現(xiàn)D11S904基因座上有優(yōu)先的基因改變。關(guān)于幾個(gè)臨床病理參數(shù)，相對(duì)于胃竇部和胃體的腫瘤，只有賁門的腫瘤上與MSI和/或LOH有顯著的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)聯(lián)系。我們的研究提示，可能有獨(dú)特的機(jī)制增加了D11S904基因座對(duì)MSI和/或LOH的敏感性，特別是在年輕的賁門癌患者。40歲人群胃癌的早期啟動(dòng)與某些染色體基因座的基因改變，包括D11S904，有關(guān)。正文盡管胃癌的發(fā)病率在下降，但在90年代仍是全世界第二常見的和第二位致死腫瘤PARKINETAL,1993。由于胃癌自然的侵襲性，其總體5年生存率低于20％BREAUXETAL,1990。胃癌一般發(fā)病于大于50歲的患者，只有5％的胃癌患者小于40歲NEUGUTETAL,1996。小于40歲患者的胃癌比老年患者的胃癌更具侵襲性FUJIMOTOETAL,1994。將小于40歲患者的胃癌與老年患者的胃癌比較，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)有特殊的分子機(jī)制與腫瘤早期啟動(dòng)相關(guān)。微衛(wèi)星是短串連DNA重復(fù)序列，普遍存在于哺乳動(dòng)物的基因中。二、三、四個(gè)核酸重復(fù)序列存在于一半以上的人基因中BECKMANANDWEBER,1992。串連的DCDAN尤其豐富。每個(gè)位點(diǎn)重復(fù)的數(shù)目不同，如微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性（MSI），與人類不同的疾病相關(guān)，包括腫瘤SPEICHER,1995。微衛(wèi)星序列的多態(tài)性也很明顯。由于重復(fù)數(shù)目不同引起的多態(tài)性對(duì)判斷基因的變化很有用，如雜和性缺失（LOH）。本研究中，我們檢測(cè)了5個(gè)染色體基因座，在一般人群的胃癌患者和小于40歲的胃癌患者中常在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)MSI和/或LOHRHYUETAL,1994CHONGETAL,1994NAGELETAL,1995TAMURAETAL,1995LINETAL,1995SERUCAETAL,1995BUONSANTIETAL，1997。并對(duì)MSI和/或LOH發(fā)生的頻率和其與其他臨床病理數(shù)據(jù)的聯(lián)系進(jìn)行了討論。材料和方法患者從具有可比性胃癌證據(jù)的多家意大利醫(yī)院中收集了102例小于40歲（平均年齡35歲；范圍16～40）的胃癌患者的福爾馬林固定，石蠟包埋的組織塊。通過協(xié)作研究得到人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和病理學(xué)資料，包括年齡、性別、腫瘤的位置和腫瘤的TNM分期BEAHRSANDMYERS,1983。腫瘤的位置分為胃竇、胃體和賁門。沒有癌超出胃食管接合部。根據(jù)LAURéN分型（1965），胃癌分為腸型和彌漫型。當(dāng)兩種類型都有的時(shí)候，則根據(jù)最具代表性的組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)。胃炎（非萎縮性和萎縮性/化生）的分類根據(jù)HOUSTONUPDATEDSYDNEY系統(tǒng)DIXONETAL,1996。所有的病例均由兩個(gè)作者共同分析MCANDMR）。DNA的提取腫瘤和鄰近的非瘤組織用顯微切割的方法從未染色的福爾馬林固定，石蠟包埋的切片中分離，進(jìn)行去石蠟作用、蛋白激酶K消化和DNA純化SHIAOETAL,1994。顯微切割的瘤組織至少包含50％的腫瘤細(xì)胞?？赡軙r(shí)，淋巴結(jié)作為對(duì)照的非瘤細(xì)胞。PCR選擇5個(gè)帶有CAN二核苷酸重復(fù)D2S119,D2S123,D5S409,IFNAANDD11S904的染色101MSI1ND,NOTDETERMINED2,NODETECTABLEMSIAND/ORLOHTABLETABLEIIIICOMPARISONCOMPARISONOFOFTHETHEFREQUENCYFREQUENCYOFOFMSIMSIAND/ORAND/ORLOHLOHBETWEENBETWEENYOUNGYOUNGTHISTHISSTUDYSTUDYANDANDELDERLYELDERLYPATIENTSPATIENTSREFERENCEREFERENCED2S119D2S119D2S123D2S123D5S409D5S409IFNAIFNAD11S904D11S904THISSTUDY1/9610/8702/9921/10119/1009RHYUETAL199411/522115/5229NDND9/5217CHONGETAL1994ND117/7523NDNDNDNAGELETAL1995ND7/1937NDNDNDTAMURAETAL1995ND3/23137/23306/2326NDLINETAL1995ND16/5927NDNDNDSERUCAETAL1995NDNDNDND4/2417BUONSANTIETAL1997NDNDNDND2/8251ND,NOTDETERMINEDFIGUREFIGURE11ANALYSISOFMSIAND/ORLOHATTHED11S904LOCUSUSINGANONRADIOACTIVEMETHODN,NORMALC,CANCER

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簡(jiǎn)介：COMPARISONOFBASICCONVERTERTOPOLOGIESFORPOWERFACTORCORRECTIONHUAIWEI,IEEEMEMBER,ANDISSABATARSEH,IEEESENIORMEMBERUNIVERSITYOFCENTRALFLORIDAORLANDO,FL32816ABSTRACTBASICTYPESOFDCDCCONVERTERS,WHENOPERATINGINDISCONTINUOUSCONDUCTIONMODE,HAVESELFPOWERFACTORCORRECTIONPFCPROPERTY,THATIS,IFTHESECONVERTERSARECONNECTEDTOTHERECTIFIEDACLINE,THEYHAVETHECAPABILITYTOGIVEHIGHERPOWERFACTORBYTHENATUREOFTHEIRTOPOLOGIESINPUTCURRENTFEEDBACKISUNNECESSARYWHENTHESECONVERTERSAREEMPLOYEDTOIMPROVEPOWERFACTORINTHISPAPER,BASICTYPESOFDCDCCONVERTERTOPOLOGIESARESTUDIEDTOINVESTIGATETHEIRSELFPFCCAPABILITIESTHEIRINPUTCHARACTERISTICSWILLBECOMPAREDANDTHEIRINPUTLINECURRENTWAVEFORMSWILLBEPREDICTEDIINTRODUCTIONTOIMPROVEINPUTPOWERFACTOROFPOWERCONVERTERS,NORMALLYAPOWERFACTORCORRECTIONPFCCIRCUITISDESIGNEDANDPLACEDINFRONTENDOFTHECONVERTER,WHICHINTURNINTERFACEDWITHTHELOADTHISPOWERFACTORCORRECTIONCIRCUITMAYBEANINDEPENDENTUNIT,BYWHICHTHEPOWERSUPPLYFOLLOWED,ORANINSEPARABLEPARTOFCIRCUITINCORPORATEDINTOTHEPOWERSUPPLYOFTHELOADTHELINEISAVOLTAGESOURCEANDWILLNOTBEDISTORTEDIFTHELINECURRENTISASINUSOIDALONEHENCE,THEBASICIDEAOFDOINGPFCISSTRAIGHTFORWARD,BYCERTAINMEANS,TOFORCETHELINECURRENTTOFOLLOWTHEWAVEFORMOFTHELINEVOLTAGEHOWEVER,THEREEXISTSANUNBALANCEOFINSTANTANEOUSPOWERBETWEENTHEINPUTPOWEROFTHEPFCCIRCUIT,WHICHISANALTERNATIVEQUANTITYWITHTWOTIMESTHELINEFREQUENCY,ANDITSDCOUTPUTPOWERTHEREFORE,THEOPERATIONPRINCIPLEOFAPFCCIRCUITISTOPROCESSTHEINPUTPOWERINCERTAINWAYTHATITSTORESTHEEXCESSIVEINPUTENERGYWHENTHEINPUTPOWERISLARGERTHANTHEDCOUTPUTPOWER,ANDRELEASESTHESTOREDENERGYWHENTHEINPUTPOWERISLESSTHANTHEDCOUTPUTPOWERTOACCOMPLISHTHEABOVEPROCESS,ATLEASTONEENERGYSTORAGEELEMENTMUSTBEINCLUDEDINTHEPFCCIRCUITINMOSTPFCCIRCUITS,ANINPUTINDUCTORHASBEENCONNECTEDTOTHEBRIDGERECTIFIERBECAUSEOFTHECURRENTCONTINUITYNATUREOFINDUCTOR,WEUSUALLYCALLSUCHCONNECTIONAS“CURRENTDRIVEN”11THEINPUTINDUCTORCANOPERATEINEITHERCONTINUOUSCONDUCTIONMODECCMORDISCONTINUOUSCONDUCTIONMODEDCMINDCM,THEINPUTINDUCTORISNOLONGERASTATEVARIABLESINCEITSSTATEINAGIVENSWITCHINGCYCLEISINDEPENDENTONTHEVALUEINTHEPREVIOUSSWITCHINGCYCLE2THEPEAKOFTHEINDUCTORCURRENTISSAMPLINGTHELINEVOLTAGEAUTOMATICALLYTHISPROPERTYOFDCMINPUTCIRCUITCANBECALLED“SELFPOWERFACTORCORRECTION”BECAUSENOCONTROLLOOPISREQUIREDFROMITSINPUTSIDETHISISALSOTHEMAINADVANTAGEOVERACCMPOWERFACTORCORRECTIONCIRCUIT,INWHICHMULTILOOPCONTROLSTRATEGYISESSENTIALHOWEVER,THEINPUTINDUCTOROPERATINGINDCMCANNOTHOLDTHEEXCESSIVEINPUTENERGYBECAUSEITMUSTRELEASEALLITSSTOREDENERGYBEFORETHEENDOFEACHSWITCHINGCYCLEASARESULT,ABULKYCAPACITORISUSEDTOBALANCETHEINSTANTANEOUSPOWERBETWEENTHEINPUTANDOUTPUTINADDITION,IFDISCONTINUOUSCONDUCTIONMODEISAPPLIED,THEINPUTCURRENTISNORMALLYATRAINOFTRIANGLEPULSEWITHNEARLYCONSTANTDUTYRATIOINTHISCASE,ANINPUTFILTERISNECESSARYFORSMOOTHINGTHEPULSATINGINPUTCURRENTINTOACONTINUOUSONEOBVIOUSLY,TOENSUREHIGHPOWERFACTOR,THEAVERAGECURRENTOFTHEPULSATINGCURRENTSHOULDFOLLOWTHEINPUTVOLTAGEINBOTHSHAPEANDPHASETHEDCMINPUTCIRCUITCANBEONEOFTHEBASICDCDCCONVERTERTOPOLOGIESHOWEVER,WHENTHEYAREAPPLIEDTOTHERECTIFIEDLINEVOLTAGE,THEYMAYDRAWDIFFERENTSHAPEOFAVERAGEDLINECURRENTINTHISPAPER,BASICBUCK,BOOST,BUCKBOOST,FLYBACK,FORWARD,CUK,SEPICANDZETACONVERTERTOPOLOGIESAREINVESTIGATEDANALYSISRESULTSSHOWTHATONLYSOMEOFTHEMARESUITABLEFORPFCAPPLICATION11INPUTVOLTAGECURRENTCHARACTERISTICSOFBASICCONVERTERTOPOLOGIESINORDERTOEXAMINETHESELFPFCCAPABILITIESOFTHEBASICCONVERTERS,WEFIRSTINVESTIGATETHEIRINPUTCHARACTERISTICSBECAUSETHEINPUTCURRENTSOFTHESECONVERTERSAREDISCRETEWHENTHEYAREOPERATINGIN0780343913/98/10001998IEEE348SINUSOIDALAVERAGEINPUTCURRENTFROMTHELINE,SHOWNASINFIG2CFDITSBINPUTCURRENTWTCINPUTVICHARACTERISTICSFIG2INPUTVICHARACTERISTICOFBASICBOOSTCONVERTEROPERATINGINDCMASONEMIGHTNOTICEFROMEQ2THATTHEMAINREASONTOCAUSETHENONLINEARITYISTHEEXISTENCEOFD1IDEALLY,IFD10,THEINPUTVICHARACTERISTICWILLBEALINEARONEINPRACTICE,TOREDUCETHEDISCHARGEPERIODD1,BYPROPERLYCONFIGURINGTHECIRCUITTOPOLOGY,AHIGHERVOLTAGE,INSTEADOFV,,CANBECREATEDTOBEAPPLIEDTOTHEINDUCTORDURINGD1TODISCHARGETHEINDUCTBECAUSEOFTHEREASONS,BOOSTCONVERTERISCOMPARABLYSUPERIORTOOFTHEOTHERCONVERTERSWHENAPPLIEDTODOHOWEVER,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATBOOSTCONVERTERCANOPERATEPROPERLYONLYWHENTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEISHIGHERTHANITSINPUTVOLTAGEWHENLOWVOLTAGEOUTPUTISNEEDED,ASTEPDOWNDCDCCONVERTERMUSTBECASCADEDCBUCKBOOSTCONVERTERFIGURE3ASHOWSABASICBUCKBOOSTCONVERTERTHEAVERAGEDINPUTCURRENTOFTHISCONVERTERCANBEFOUNDACCORDINGTOITSINPUTCURRENTWAVEFORM,SHOWNINFIG3BABUCKBOOSTCONVERTER40DTST,BINPUTCURRENTCINPUTVICHARACTERISTICSFIG3INPUTVICHARACTERISTICANDINPUTWAVEFORMSEQUATION3GIVESAPERFECTLINEARRELATIONSHIPBETWEENI,,U,,DTANDV,T,WHICHPROVESTHATABUCKBOOSTHASEXCELLENTSELFPFCPROPERTYTHISISBECAUSETHEINPUTCURRENTOFBUCKBOOSTCONVERTERDOESNOTRELATEDTOTHEDISCHARGINGPERIODD1ITSINPUTVICHARACTERISTICSANDINPUTVOLTAGEAND350

簡(jiǎn)介：CYTOKINEDRIVENREGULATIONOFNKCELLFUNCTIONSINTUMORIMMUNITYROLEOFTHEMICANKG2DSYSTEMNORBERTOWZWIRNER,MERCEDESBFUERTES,MARI′AVICTORIAGIRART,CAROLINAIDOMAICA,LUCASEROSSILABORATORIODEINMUNOGENE′TICA,HOSPITALDECLI′NICAS‘‘JOSE′DESANMARTI′N’’,ANDDEPARTAMENTODEMICROBIOLOGI′A,FACULTADDEMEDICINA,UNIVERSIDADDEBUENOSAIRES,BUENOSAIRES,ARGENTINAAVAILABLEONLINE26FEBRUARY2007ABSTRACTNATURALKILLERNKCELLSARECRITICALPLAYERSDURINGTUMORGROWTHCONTROLINIMMUNOCOMPETENTHOSTSTHESECELLSALSOESTABLISHACROSSTALKWITHDENDRITICCELLSDCSANDPROMOTEATH1MEDIATEDIMMUNITYNKG2DISAPIVOTALRECEPTORTHATDIRECTSTHETUMORICIDALACTIVITYOFNKCELLSTHROUGHTHERECOGNITIONOFAGROUPOFLIGANDSSUCHASMICAWIDELYEXPRESSEDONDIFFERENTTUMORSHEREWEWILLREVIEWTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTUMORIMMUNEESCAPEMECHANISMSTHATCOMPROMISETHEFUNCTIONALITYOFNKG2DANDITSCOGNATELIGANDS,INCLUDINGTGFBSECRETION,TUMORSHEDDINGOFSOLUBLEMICA,ANDADDITIONALMECHANISMSTHATCOMPROMISETHETUMORICIDALACTIVITYOFNKG2DEXPRESSINGCELLSSUCHMECHANISMSMAYALSODAMPENTHECROSSTALKBETWEENNKCELLSANDDCSDURINGTHEANTITUMORIMMUNERESPONSESRECENTKNOWLEDGEMAYLEADTOINNOVATIVEAPPROACHESTOPROMOTEEFFICIENTNKCELLMEDIATEDANTITUMORIMMUNERESPONSES2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSMHCNKG2DNKCELLSMICATUMOR1INTRODUCTIONTUMORTRANSFORMATIONANDGROWTHISAMULTISTEPPROCESSTHATINVOLVESTHEACCUMULATIONOFMUTATIONSANDRESULTSINAGENETICINSTABILITY,LOSSOFCELLCYCLECONTROL,RESISTANCETOAPOPTOSIS,UNLIMITEDSELFRENEWALCAPACITYANDTHESELECTIONOFTUMORVARIANTSWITHTHEABILITYTOINVADELOCALANDDISTANTTISSUESHOWEVER,INIMMUNOCOMPETENTHOSTSTUMORSAREFORCEDTOGROWUNDERTHEPERMANENTPRESSUREOFANIMMUNESYSTEMTHATIMPOSESANIMMUNOLOGICALPRESSURETHISOBSERVATIONHASLEDTOTHEPOSTULATIONOFTHEIMMUNOSURVEILLANCEHYPOTHESISCURRENTLY,WEKNOWTHATMANYIMMUNEMEDIATEDCELLDESTRUCTIONMECHANISMSAREACTIVATEDTOELIMINATETUMORCELLSTHEPROGRESSMADEDURINGTHELASTTWODECADESINTHEAREAOFCELLULARANDMOLECULARIMMUNOLOGYANDONCOLOGYHASGREATLYCONTRIBUTEDTOADEEPERKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHETUMORHOSTRELATIONSHIPNEWIDEASHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOEXPLAINTHECOMPLEXNATUREOFTHEEFFECTOFTHEIMMUNESYSTEMONTHETUMORCELLSANDTHEMECHANISMSDEVELOPEDBYTUMORSTOESCAPEDIFFERENTIMMUNEEFFECTORMECHANISMSALTHOUGHNOTMUTUALLYEXCLUSIVE,TWOMAINLINESOFTHINKINGWEREPOSTULATED1,2INTHEFIRSTCASE,ITWASPROPOSEDTHATTUMORGROWTHISACONSEQUENCEOFANIMMUNOEDITINGPROCESSACHIEVEDBYTHEIMMUNESYSTEMONTUMORCELLS1ACCORDINGLY,TUMORGROWTHANDMETASTASISINIMMUNOCOMPETENTHOSTSISACONSEQUENCEOFTHREESTAGESTHE‘‘THREEES’’OFIMMUNOEDITINGFIRST,THEIMMUNESYSTEMACHIEVESELIMINATIONOFSUSCEPTIBLETUMORCELLSIMMUNOSURVEILLANCESECONDLY,EQUILIBRIUMBETWEENTHEIMMUNESYSTEMANDTHESURVIVINGRESISTANTTUMORCELLSISREACHED,THUSSCULPTINGTHETUMORPHENOTYPEFINALLY,SURVIVINGTUMORCELLSENTERTHETUMORESCAPEPHASETHATISOFTENACCOMPANIEDBYTHEESTABLISHMENTOFMETASTASISOTHERAUTHORSHAVEPROPOSEDTHATTUMORSGROWWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CYTOGFRCYTOKINEFAX541159508758EMAILADDRESSNWZSINECTISCOMARNWZWIRNER13596101/–SEEFRONTMATTER2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCYTOGFR200701013THEABILITYOFNKG2DENGAGEMENTALONETOTRIGGERIFNGSECRETIONHASBEENQUESTIONEDBYTHEOBSERVATIONTHATENGAGEMENTOFTHISRECEPTORBYSOMESOLIDPHASEIMMOBILIZEDNKG2DSPECIFICMABSCOULDELICITCYTOTOXICGRANULERELEASEANDTARGETCELLKILLINGBUTNOTIFNGSECRETION13,16,19,23INSOMECASES,THISDIFFERENTIALRESPONSEHASBEENATTRIBUTEDTOADIFFERENTIALSPLICINGOFNKG2DINMOUSEBUTNOTHUMANNKCELLSANDTOADIFFERENTIALASSOCIATIONWITHTHEDAP10ANDDAP12ADAPTERPROTEINS24,25HOWEVER,RECENTEXPERIMENTALEVIDENCEINDICATESTHATMOUSENKG2DASSOCIATESWITHBOTHADAPTERPROTEINSINNKCELLSTOTRIGGERANACTIVATIONSIGNAL26INSOMECASES,THEDISCREPANCYINTHEABILITYOFNKG2DTOPROMOTEIFNGSECRETIONMIGHTBEDUETOTHEUSEOFSOLIDPHASEIMMOBILIZEDMABSAGAINSTNKG2DSINCEINTHESEEXPERIMENTS,IFNGSECRETIONWASINDUCEDBYENGAGEMENTOFNKG2DWITHSOLIDPHASEIMMOBILIZEDCHIMERICMOLECULESTHATRESEMBLENKG2DLS,SUCHASMICAFCANDULBP1FC16INADDITION,ITISLIKELYTHATINORDERTOTRIGGERIFNGSECRETIONTHROUGHNKG2D,NKCELLSREQUIRETHECOENGAGEMENTOFOTHERRECEPTORS12,13,23THEREFORE,INTERPRETATIONOFTHERESULTSOBTAINEDUPONSTIMULATIONOFNKCELLSTHROUGHNKG2DDURINGTHEINITIATIONOFCYTOTOXICITYANDCYTOKINEPRODUCTIONSHOULDBECAUTIOUSCONSIDERINGTHATTHEDISTINCTOUTCOMESDEPENDONTHECELLTYPE,ACTIVATIONSTATEOFTHECELLS,SPECIESANALYZEDHUMANORMOUSEANDTHESPECIFICLIGANDBEINGTESTEDTWOPOPULATIONSOFHUMANNKCELLSHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDTHEMAJORPOPULATIONABOUT90ISCYTOTOXICANDSHOWSACD56DIMCD16PHENOTYPE,WHEREASTHEREMAINING10OFTHENKCELLSAREASOURCEOFIMMUNOREGULATORYCYTOKINESANDPRESENTACD56BRIGHTCD16DIMORCD56BRIGHTCD16?PHENOTYPE27ALTHOUGHNKG2DEXPRESSIONSEEMSTOBESLIGHTLYHIGHERINCD56DIMTHANINCD56BRIGHTNKCELLS,THESEDIFFERENCESDONOTAPPEARTOBEINVOLVEDINTHEDIFFERENTIALIFNGPRODUCTIONANDPROLIFERATIONOFTHESENKCELLSUBSETSUPONACTIVATIONBYDENDRITICCELLSDCS28INHUMANSANDMICE,NKG2DISPROMISCUOUSINTERMSOFLIGANDRECOGNITIONHUMANNKG2DLIGANDSNKG2DLSARETHEMHCCLASSIRELATEDCHAINGENESAANDBMICAANDMICB15,ANDAGROUPOFGLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLGPIBOUNDSURFACEMOLECULESCALLEDUL16BINDINGPROTEINULBP1,2,3AND418,29MICEHAVEADIFFERENTSETOFNKG2DLS,WHICHCOMPRISETHERETINOICACIDEARLYINDUCIBLEGENERAE1FAMILYAGROUPOFGPIANCHORED,CELLSURFACEGLYCOPROTEIN,THEMINORHISTOCOMPATIBILITYANTIGENH60ANINTEGRALTRANSMEMBRANEPROTEINS,ANDTHEMURINEUL16BINDINGPROTEINLIKETRANSCRIPT1MULT1,ALLOFWHICHEXHIBITLOWSEQUENCEHOMOLOGYWITHTHEIRHUMANCOUNTERPARTS18,29HOWEVER,HUMANNKG2DBINDSMOUSENKG2DLSANDMOUSENKG2DCANRECOGNIZESOMEHUMANNKG2DLS,MOSTLIKELYREFLECTINGASELECTIVEADVANTAGEOFPRESERVINGTHENKG2DRECEPTORINBOTHSPECIESTHEMICAANDMICBGENESWEREDESCRIBEDIN1994ASAGROUPOFGENESTHATMAPWITHINTHEMHCCLASSIREGION,BUTEXHIBITALOWHOMOLOGYWITHTHECLASSICALMHCCLASSIGENES30,31EXPRESSIONOFMICAHASBEENOBSERVEDINHUMANEPITHELIALANDFIBROBLASTCELLLINES32,33,INPRIMARYCULTURESOFENDOTHELIALCELLSANDFIBROBLASTS34,TUMORSOFDIFFERENTHISTOTYPES12,35,THYMICMEDULLA36,ANDGASTROINTESTINALEPITHELIUM32EXPRESSIONOFMICAWASALSOOBSERVEDINCULTUREDHUMANKERATINOCYTES37,BUTTHISEXPRESSIONWASNOTOBSERVEDONTHECELLSURFACE34ALSO,ACTIVATEDCD4ANDCD8TCELLSWERESHOWNTOEXPRESSMICA38–40,ALTHOUGHLOWLEVELSOFTHISNKG2DLAREEXPRESSEDONTHECELLSURFACE41THEGENERALIZEDEXPRESSIONOFMICAOBSERVEDINMANYTUMORS35,42–46SUGGESTSTHATITSEXPRESSIONISACONSEQUENCEOFTHEMALIGNANTNEOTRANSFORMATIONHOWEVER,RECENTEVIDENCEINDICATESTHATEXPRESSIONOFMICAANDOTHERNKG2DLSISINDUCEDBYTHEDNADAMAGEPATHWAYINRESPONSETOGENOTOXICINSULTS,WHICHISACRITICALSTEPDURINGTHENEOTRANSFORMATION47HOWEVER,ALTHOUGHTHETUMORSUPPRESSORP53ANTIONCOGENHASBEENINVOLVEDINTHEPROTECTIONAGAINSTMALIGNTRANSFORMATION48,P53DOESNOTAPPEARTOBEINVOLVEDINUPREGULATIONOFMICAANDSUBSEQUENTACQUISITIONOFSUSCEPTIBILITYTONKG2DMEDIATEDCYTOTOXICITYALSO,EXPRESSIONOFMICAINACTIVATEDTCELLSINDICATESTHATTHISNKG2DLCANALSOBEINDUCEDBYCELLACTIVATIONCOINCIDENTALLY,CELLACTIVATIONANDNEOTRANSFORMATIONARETWOCELLULARPROCESSESREGULATEDBYNFKB49EXPERIMENTALEVIDENCEACCUMULATEDDURINGTHELASTYEARSINDICATESTHATTHEMICANKG2DSYSTEMPARTICIPATESINDIFFERENTASPECTSOFTHEIMMUNERESPONSE15,32,50–56,BUTTHATTHISINTERACTIONISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTDURINGTUMORIMMUNITY42,43,57–60THEANTITUMOREFFECTORMECHANISMSUSEDBYNKCELLSCOMPRISETHECYTOTOXICITYAGAINSTSUSCEPTIBLETARGETCELLSANDTHESECRETIONOFIFNGANDOTHERPROINFLAMMATORYCYTOKINESTHEMECHANISMSOFNKCELLMEDIATEDCYTOTOXICITYHAVEBEENREVIEWEDELSEWHERE61,62INMOSTCASES,NKCELLSLYSESUSCEPTIBLETARGETCELLSSECRETINGCYTOTOXICGRANULESTHATCONTAINGRANZYMESANDPERFORINHOWEVER,STUDIESINPERFORIN,GRANZYMESORNKCELLDEFICIENTMICEANDSTUDIESWITHHUMANCELLSREVEALEDTHATNKCELLSCANALSOLYSETARGETCELLSBYDEATHRECEPTORMEDIATEDCYTOTOXICITYSUCHASTHEFASFASLSYSTEMANDTHETNFRELATEDAPOPTOSISINDUCINGLIGANDTRAIL63INMICE,NKCELLPERFORINMEDIATEDCYTOTOXICITY,BUTNOTPRODUCTIONOFIFNGWASCRITICALFORTHEREJECTIONOFRAE1BEXPRESSINGTUMORCELLSINVIVO22ANDFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTUMORMETASTASIS64,SUGGESTINGTHATPERFORINGRANZYMESECRETIONISTHEMAJOREFFECTORMECHANISMSOFTHENKG2DDEPENDENT,NKCELLMEDIATEDANTITUMORRESPONSETHEREFORE,CURRENTEVIDENCEINDICATESTHATTHEMECHANISMSTHROUGHWHICHNKG2DTRIGGERSNKCELLMEDIATEDCYTOTOXICITYRELIESONTHEGRANULESECRETIONPATHWAY,BUTITREMAINSANOPENQUESTIONWHETHERNKG2DENGAGEMENTCANALSOELICITFASANDTRAILMEDIATEDAPOPTOSISOFSUSCEPTIBLETARGETSTHEMOLECULARDISSECTIONOFRECEPTORSANDEFFECTORMOLECULESINVOLVEDINNKCELLMEDIATEDTUMORCELLDESTRUCTIONMAYLEADTOTHENWZWIRNERETAL/CYTOKINEGROWTHFACTORREVIEWS182007159–170161

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4580字，字，2800單詞，單詞，14800英文字符英文字符出處出處?ZDENPEKTA?TURGUTVISUALIDENTITYOFELECTRONICDESIGNMAGAZINESJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2016,833990994VISUALIDENTITYOFELECTRONICDESIGNMAGAZINESOZDENPEKTA§TURGUTABSTRACTTHECHANGINGCONCEPTOFPUBLICATIONINTHELIGHTOFADVANCEDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIES,HASTRANSFORMEDINTOELECTRONICPUBLICATIONWHEREEMEDIATOOLSAREBEINGACTIVELYUSEDINTHEAREASOFPROCESSING,STORINGANDDISTRIBUTINGINFORMATIONFACTTOHUMANKINDNEEDSOFREACHINGINFORMATIONFASTER1THEDEVELOPMENTOFELECTRONICPUBLISHINGAPERSONISINNEEDTOLEARNWHATISHAPPENINGAROUNDHER/HIM,TOANNOUNCEWHATHAPPENEDTOHER/HIM,ANDTOTRANSMITHIS/HERIDEASTOOTHERSSHE/HEHASFACILITATEDFROMVARIOUSMETHODSFORTRANSMITTINGTHEINFORMATIONTHATSHE/HEHASTHEIDEASEXPRESSEDTHROUGHSIGNSANDSYMBOLSATTHEBEGINNING,HAVEGAINEDANEWDIMENSIONWITHWRITING,REACHEDTOMASSESWITHTHEINVENTIONOFTHEPRINTINGPRESSANDCOULDBETRANSMITTEDTOFUTUREGENERATIONSWITHOUTLOSINGTHEIRMEANINGHENRIBERR,INHISINTRODUCTIONOFGEORGESWEILL’SLEJOURNALSTATES“SCRIPTANDPRESSHAVEPLAYEDACRUCIALROLEINTHESEARCHFORTHETRUTHSCRIPTCREATEDTHETALKINGMATTERANDTHEPRESSMULTIPLIEDITENDLESSTIMESANDMADEITETERNALTHISWAY,THOUGHTOVERCAMETIME’’INUGUR,2002THETECHNOLOGIESTHATDEVELOPINTIMEANDTHEUSAGEOFPERSONALCOMPUTERSINDESKTOPPUBLISHINGSTARTINGFROMTHE1980SINCREASEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFPUBLISHINGDESIGNTHEREFORE,THISENABLEDTHEPRODUCTIONOFDESIGNSWITHIMPRESSIVEVISUALSANDCOMMUNICATINGTHESEDESIGNSTOTHEREADERSGRADUALLY,PUBLISHINGCEASEDTOBEPAPERDEPENDENTANDISOFFEREDTOTHEREADERINWAYSSPECIFICTOTHEELECTRONICMEDIUMELECTRONICPUBLISHING,WHICHEMERGEDASANALTERNATIVEWAYTOTHEINCREASINGPRESSANDDISTRIBUTIONEXPENSES,ISAHIGHLYPREFERREDTYPEOFPUBLISHINGBYTHEAUTHORSANDREADERSTHETERMEPUBLISHING,DEFINEDASTHEINFORMATION,WHICHISCONSTITUTED,STORED,PROCESSEDANDUPDATEDINCOMPUTERBASISKIST,1989,WASUSETOINDICATETHEBROADCASTSMADEORAIMEDTOBEREPLICATEDTHROUGHMEANSLIKEFAX,RADIO,ANDTELEVISION,TOBEMADEREADYTOBEPRESSEDWITHCOMPUTERANDITSCOMPLEMENTARYTOOLSPRINTER,SCANNER,SOFTWARE,ETCTODAYTHISTERMMOSTLYREFERSTOONLINEORWEBBASEDPUBLISHINGTHENUMBEROFPUBLISHINGHOUSESANDEPUBLICATION,WHATCANONLYBEREADONTHEELECTRONICMEDIUM,INCREASEEVERYDAY,ANDTHISSITUATIONLEADSTOTHEEMERGENCEOFANEWSECTORNPUBLISHINGEPUBLICATIONS,WHICHCOULDONLYBEREADTHROUGHCOMPUTERSBEFORE,CANNOWBEREADEASILYTHANKSTOTHEPORTABLETOOLSLIKESMARTMOBILEPHONES,EBOOKREADERSANDTABLETSWHILEINMOTION,DURINGHOLIDAYS,INCARSLOUDREADINGSYSTEMUPDATINGTHEPUBLICATIONSINPRESSEDFORMONTHEINTERNETMEDIUM,THEUSAGEOFDIGITALPAPERCONSTITUTINGMOTIONPICTURESASITWORKSBASICALLYVECTORIALLYANDADDITIONALLYASITSUPPORTSBITMAPIMAGESNUMEROUSAPPLICATIONSLIKEANIMATIONS,PAGEFLIPPINGEFFECT,THEMESONGSTHATTHEREADERCANCHOOSEFROM,CHANGINGBACKGROUNDIMAGES,INTERACTIVEIMAGES,TEXTSTHATFOLLOWTHEMOTIONOFTHEMOUSECANBEAPPLIEDTOTHEDESIGNWITHSPECIALCODESCALLEDACTIONSCRIPTFINALLY,THEFINISHEDWORKCANNOTONLYBEVIEWEDINALMOSTEVERYCOMPUTERWITHSWFEXTENSION,BUTALSOWITHSPECIALSAVINGOPTIONSCANBECONVERTEDTODOCUMENTFORMATSWHICHCANWORKBYITSELFINTHEMEDIUMTHATITWILLBEPUBLISHEDFLASHEMAGAZINES,MANYEXAMPLESOFWHICHCANBESEENINTHEWORLDOFGRAPHICDESIGN,AREAMONGTHEMAGAZINETYPESWITHTHEHIGHESTLEVELOFUSERINTERACTIONTHEREADERHASTHEOPTIONSTOVIEWTHEMAGAZINEFULLSCREENORINONEPARTOFTHESCREENONACHOSENBACKGROUNDANIMAGECOMPOSEDOFREPEATINGTEXTUREISPLACEDINTHEBACKGROUND,INTHEMIDDLEOFTHESCREENINORDERTOENHANCETHECOMPREHENSIBILITYOFTHEMAGAZINETHEREFORE,THEMAGAZINEISDETACHEDFROMTHEDESKTOPIMAGEOFTHECOMPUTERANDTHEREADERISENABLEDTOFOCUSEASILYTOTHEMAGAZINETHISBACKGROUNDIMAGECONSTITUTEDBYATEXTURE,DRAWINGORAPHOTOGRAPHCANBEOFFEREDTOTHEREADERSCHOICEWITHMORETHANONEOPTIONMOSTLYATHEMATICMEDIUMISALSOCREATEDBYTHEUSAGEOFSOUNDTHATSUPPORTSTHEBACKGROUNDIMAGEFORINSTANCE,INENCOREMAGAZINE,WHEN“ONTHEBEACH”THEMEISCHOSENAMONGTHE4BACKGROUNDOPTIONS,THEBACKGROUNDOFTHEMAGAZINEISCOVEREDWITHASANDIMAGEANDTHESOUNDSOFSEAGULLS,WAVESANDTHEVOICESOFCHILDRENRUNNINGATTHESEASIDEAREPLACEDATTHEBACKGROUNDSOUND,WHICHISANIMPORTANTPARTOFMAKINGSENSEOFOURENVIRONMENT,ISVERYCRUCIALINEXPRESSINGTHEREALITYOFTHEIMAGEINANELECTRONICMEDIUMSOUNDISAPSYCHOLOGICALLYCOMPLEMENTARYELEMENTOFTHEIMAGESIZETHEVIEWERGENERALLYTENDSTOPERCEIVESOUNDANDTHEIMAGEONTHESCREENASAWHOLEKIIIQ,2003SOUNDEFFECTSANDMUSICTHATDIVERSIFIED,THANKSTOTHEDEVELOPINGTECHNOLOGIES,MADETHEEMAGAZINESLIVELIERANDENHANCETHEREADERS5ATTENTIONTOTHEMAGAZINETHEKEYSOUNDSUSEDATTHEBUTTONSINTHEPAGES,COMPLEMENTTHEMEANINGOFTHEIMAGEANDPERPETUATETHEFEELINGOFINTERACTIONFORTHEREADERSTHEBACKGROUNDMUSICFOUNDINMANYFLASHMAGAZINESCREATESANEMOTIONALVIRTUALWORLDANDMAKESCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETIMETHEREADERENJOYSTHEELEMENTSOFIMAGEANDSOUNDAREINLEADINGANDCOMPLEMENTARYPLACESVARYINGFROMTIMETOTIMEBETWEENTHESETWOELEMENTSWHICHAREINFACTPERCEIVEDSEPARATELY,THEREISANABSOLUTEUNITYINDESIGN”ZETTLE，1973INTHEAPPLICATIONSINWHICHVARIOUSELEMENTSLIKESOUND,IMAGE,ANIMATING,ANDVIDEOAREUSEDSIMULTANEOUSLY,“INTERACTION”ISCRUCIALTHE2MOSTIMPORTANTDIFFERENCESOFELECTRONICPUBLISHINGFROMTHEPRINTEDPUBLISHINGAREITS“MULTIMEDIA”AND“INTERACTION”FEATURESESPECIALLYINELECTRONICMAGAZINES，THEPASSIVEREADEROFTHETRADITIONALMEANS,AREENABLEDTOTAKETHEAUTHORITYANDGAINPOWERTHEREADER,DIFFERENTFROMTHEPRINTEDMAGAZINES,HASTHECONTROLOFTHEMOVEMENTSINPAGESANDTHEFEATURESINTHEINTERACTIONREALIZEDTHROUGHTHEREADER5SMOUSECLICKSANDKEYBOARDAPPROVALS,SHE/HECANOPENORCLOSETHEMAGAZINEWHENEVERSHE/HEWANTS,TURNTHEPAGES,STOPTHEVIDEOSANDSOUNDSANDRESTARTTHEMTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDINTERACTIONMETHODINTHEELECTRONICMAGAZINES,ISTHEAPPLICATIONOFHOLDINGTHEPAGEFROMTHECORNERS,LIFTINGITTHEMANDFLIPPINGITJUSTLIKEAPAGEOFAREALMAGAZINETHISSTRIKINGMETHODISUSEDINTHEGREATMAJORITYOFTHEFLASHMAGAZINESTHISAPPLICATION,WHICHISTHOUGHTFORPSYCHOLOGICALLYMAKINGTHEREADERHAVETHEFEELINGOFREVIEWINGAPRINTEDPUBLICATIONVIRTUALLY,ISONEOFTHEMETHODSOFNAVIGATINGTHROUGHTHEPAGESAPARTFROMTHIS,NAVIGATIONISMADEINTHESHAPEOFPAGEICONSOPENEDFACETOFACEATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEPAGEORWITHFORWARDBACKWARDS

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簡(jiǎn)介：CHAPTER128INSTITUTIONALFACTORSANALYSISOFLISTEDCOMPANY’SEQUITYFINANCINGPREFERENCEBASEDONTHELATESTDATAOFLISTEDCOMPANYINMANUFACTORYINDUSTRYJIANQIANGGUO,HANGZHANGANDHONGNAWANGABSTRACTINORDERTOANALYZETHEINFLUENCEOFINSTITUTIONALFACTORSONLISTEDCOMPANY’SEQUITYFINANCINGPREFERENCE,THISPAPERCOLLECTSTHEDATAOFMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESDURING2003–2010INCHINA’SASHAREMARKET,WHICHHASBEGUNTOTAKESHAPEAFTERSEVERALYEARSOFRAPIDDEVELOPMENTTHEPAPERMAINLYANALYZESTHEROLEOFCONTROLPROPERTIES,EQUITYSTRUCTUREANDPRICEEARNINGSRATIOINTHECOMPANY’SFINANCINGPREFERENCETHESTATISTICALREGRESSIONRESULTSSHOWTHATDIFFERENTCONTROLPROPERTYWILLRESULTINDIFFERENTFINANCINGPREFERENCESOFTHELISTEDCOMPANIESANDONLYEQUITYSTRUCTUREANDPRICEEARNINGSRATIOARECOMBINEDWITHCONTROLPROPERTYTHEYWOULDPLAYAROLEINCOMPANY’SFINANCIALSTRUCTUREITARGUESTHATTHISISMAINLYBECAUSEOFTHEMAINBODYOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYISRESTRUCTUREDSTATEOWNEDENTERPRISES,WHICHARECONTROLLEDBYSTATECAPITALSOTHECHOICEOFFINANCINGMODEREFLECTSTHEWILLOFTHEMANAGERSTHISPAPERPROVIDESIMPORTANTREFERENCETOTHEWHOLESTOCKMARKETANDCAPITALMARKETKEYWORDSFINANCINGPREFERENCE?CONTROLPROPERTY?EQUITYSTRUCTURE1281INTRODUCTIONTHEFINANCINGSTRUCTUREOFLISTEDCOMPANIESINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESGENERALLYFOLLOWSTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYOFMYERSANDMAJLUF1984AFIRM’SFINANCINGORDERISRETAINEDEARNINGS,DEBTANDEQUITYBASEDONTHESTUDYOFCHINESELISTEDCOMPANIES’FINANCINGPREFERENCE,SCHOLARSFOUNDTHATCHINESELISTEDCOMPANIESPREFEREQUITYFINANCINGRATHERTHANDEBTFINANCINGTHEFORMATIONOFTHEEQUITYFINANCINGPREFERENCEOFLISTEDCOMPANIESINCHINAISSTRONGLYLINKEDTOINSTITUTIONALJGUO?HZHANG?HWANGSCHOOLOFBUSINESS,SHANDONGUNIVERSITY,WEIHAI,CHINAEMAILGJQ939163COMWEWONGANDTMAEDS,EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIESFORINFORMATIONSYSTEMS,COMPUTING,ANDMANAGEMENT,LECTURENOTESINELECTRICALENGINEERING236,DOI101007/9781461470106_128,?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIANEWYORK20131147OBTAINFINANCINGRETURNFROMTHEEQUITYFINANCING7XIAOZUOPINGANDHONGZHENGEXPLICITLYPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEEQUITYSTRUCTUREWASANIMPORTANTFACTORINTHECOMPANY’SCAPITALSTRUCTURE8HUANGSHAOANANDZHANGGANGPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEREWEREINTERNALCONTROLPROBLEMINTHELISTEDCOMPANIES9MANAGERSWILLCHOOSEEQUITYFINANCINGINORDERTOOBTAINCONTROLBENEFITSANDAVOIDTHERISKOFBANKRUPTCYANDBECAUSEOFTHEPROPORTIONOFMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPISVERYLOWOREVENZERO,MANAGERSCHOOSEEQUITYFINANCINGWOULDNOTAFFECTTHEIRCONTROL,ANDWOULDPROTECTTHEMFROMTHE‘‘HARDCONSTRAINTS’’OFLIABILITIES10RECENTLY,SCHOLARSAREINTERESTEDINTHEINSTITUTIONALFACTORSMOREANDMORETHISPAPERWILLPROVIDEASYSTEMATICANALYSISOFTHEEQUITYFINANCINGPREFERENCEFROMTHEVIEWOFINSTITUTIONALFACTORSONCHINA’SSPECIALBACKGROUND1283RESEARCHDESIGN12831VARIABLESSETTHISPAPERSELECTSDEBTTOLONGCAPITALRATIOASFINANCINGPREFERENCEPROXYVARIABLE,OREXPLAINEDVARIABLEREPRESENTEDBYDEBTINADDITION,WEAPPLYINSTITUTIONALFACTORSPROXYVARIABLEASEXPLANATORYVARIABLETHEFOLLOWINGVARIABLESAREMAINLYINCLUDED1PERATIOREPRESENTEDBYPEDESPITETHELOWPERATIOISWORTHTOBEINVESTEDFORPEOPLE,HOWEVER,FROMTHESHAREHOLDERSANDMANAGERS’PERSPECTIVES,HIGHPERATIOISMORESUITEDTOTHEIRINTERESTSTHEREFORE,THISPAPERFORECASTSPERATIOANDDEBTTOLONGCAPITALEXERTNEGATIVECORRELATION2OWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONANDLEVELOFMANAGERIALSHAREOWNERSHIPGOVERNANCESTRUCTUREOFOURLISTEDCOMPANIESISNOTPERFECT,MAINLYREFLECTEDBYSERIOUSPHENOMENONTHATONESHAREHOLDERORAFEWSHAREHOLDERSCONTROLSTAKESTHISPAPERFORECASTSTHEFIRSTLARGEPROPORTIONOFSHAREHOLDINGANDDEBTTOLONGCAPITALEXERTSNEGATIVECORRELATIONFROMTHEVIEWOFBENEFITMAXIMIZATION,LOWLEVELMANAGERIALSHAREOWNERSHIPREPRESENTEDBYMANAGELEADSCOMPANYMANAGERTOPREFEREQUITYFINANCINGSOTHISPAPERFORECASTSTHECOEFFICIENTISPOSITIVE3ACTUALCONTROLLERPROPERTYREPRESENTEDBYCONTRLTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEDUMMYVARIABLESOFACTUALCONTROLLERPROPERTY1STANDSFORSTATEOWNEDCAPITALHOLDING,WHILE0STANDSFOROTHERCAPITALHOLDINGSTHISPAPERCANNOTFORECASTSYMBOL,ONLYDATACANILLUSTRATETHEPROBLEMFINALLY,ACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHCONCLUSIONSOFDOMESTICANDFOREIGNSCHOLARS,WESELECTFIVECONTROLVARIABLESTOREGULATETHEIMPACTOFOTHERFACTORSONEQUITYFINANCINGPREFERENCEINEMPIRICALRESEARCH,THEYARECOMPANYSIZEREPRESENTEDBYSIZE,PROFITRATETONETWORTHREPRESENTEDBYROA,TANGIBLEASSETRATEREPRESENTEDBYTANG,INCREASERATEOFBUSINESSREVENUEREPRESENTEDBYGR_OI,ACTUALINCOMETAXRATEREPRESENTEDBYTAXTHEPAPERFORECASTSTHEREISPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENDEBTTOLONGCAPITALRATIOANDACTUALINCOMETAXRATE,DEBTTOLONGCAPITALRATIOANDTANGIBLEASSETRATEASFOROTHERVARIABLES,ONLYDATACANILLUSTRATETHEPROBLEM128INSTITUTIONALFACTORSANALYSISOFLISTEDCOMPANY’SEQUITYFINANCINGPREFERENCE1149

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