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簡介：中文中文3560漢字漢字出處出處ADAMSKAK,BELLINGHAUSENR,VOELKELANEWPROCEDUREFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFHANSENSOLUBILITYPARAMETERSBYMEANSOFINVERSEGASCHROMATOGRAPHYJJOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYA,2008,119511951469英文文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文反氣相色譜法測定漢森溶解度參數(shù)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號學(xué)院專業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師2014年6月化工與環(huán)境學(xué)院特種能源工程與煙火技術(shù)第2頁共13頁1引言引言溶解度參數(shù)可以用于估計不同材料的物理化學(xué)參數(shù)，例如表面自由能，表面張力1。溶解度參數(shù)也可用于估計不同物質(zhì)的混溶性2，其溶解度值接近的兩種或三種物質(zhì)混合時可以混溶在一起。因此，溶解度參數(shù)的概念在涂料工業(yè)使用中用來選擇溶劑的涂料配方3,4或匹配一對粘結(jié)劑5，在印刷行業(yè)被用于選擇最佳的粘結(jié)劑，清洗劑6以及用于表征不同的添加劑（增塑劑，抗靜電劑）聚合物7。溶解度參數(shù)概念的提出人斯卡查德等認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)的凝聚力只能來源于色散力，此溶解度參數(shù)是內(nèi)聚能密度（CED）。其中Δ溶解度參數(shù)，R氣體常數(shù)，T溫度，H摩爾蒸發(fā)焓，VM摩爾體積E氣化能不能使用此公式計算低或無揮發(fā)性的化合物。因此，要用其他方式進(jìn)行推定這組材料的溶解度參數(shù)。它們有溶脹法9，添加劑的組合方法1012，材料的分子結(jié)構(gòu)法黏度法1314和反氣相色譜法（IGC）1520。漢森推出的溶解度概念有三維溶解度參數(shù)和漢森溶解度參數(shù)（HSP）21。根據(jù)漢森理論，內(nèi)聚能可以被看作是一個貢獻(xiàn)色散（ED），極性（EP）以及氫鍵（EH）相互作用力的總和。?ECOH?ED?EP?EH2總?cè)芙舛葏?shù)表示為

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簡介：中文中文9169字出處出處ZWIRNERN,FUERTESM,GIRARTM,ETALCYTOKINEDRIVENREGULATIONOFNKCELLFUNCTIONSINTUMORIMMUNITYROLEOFTHEMICANKG2DSYSTEMJCYTOKINEGROWTHFACTORREVIEWS,2007,181215970腫瘤免疫中腫瘤免疫中NK細(xì)胞功能的細(xì)胞因子驅(qū)使調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞功能的細(xì)胞因子驅(qū)使調(diào)節(jié)MICANKG2D系統(tǒng)的作用系統(tǒng)的作用NZWIRNER，MFUERTES，MGIRART，CDOMAICA，LROSSI摘要NK細(xì)胞在免疫活性宿主的腫瘤生長調(diào)控中起著關(guān)鍵作用。NK細(xì)胞還和樹突細(xì)胞相互，并且促進(jìn)了TH1介導(dǎo)的免疫活動。NKG2D是指導(dǎo)NK細(xì)胞殺滅腫瘤作用的樞紐受體，它通過識別如MICA這樣的廣泛表達(dá)于不同腫瘤內(nèi)的一組配體發(fā)揮作用。這里我們將論述最重要的腫瘤免疫逃逸機(jī)制，即NKG2D的功能和它的相關(guān)配體，包括TGFB分泌物，腫瘤的可溶性MICA脫落物，及其他機(jī)制即NKG2D表達(dá)細(xì)胞的殺滅腫瘤作用。這些機(jī)制可能緩解了NK細(xì)胞和樹突細(xì)胞在抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)中的相互作用。最近的研究可能產(chǎn)生一種新的方法來促進(jìn)有效的NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)。關(guān)鍵詞MHC；NKG2D；NK細(xì)胞；MICA；腫瘤11序論序論腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)化和生長是一個多步驟過程，包括突變的積累和導(dǎo)致遺傳不穩(wěn)定性，細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控的喪失，抗凋亡，無限自我增殖能力和具有入侵局部和遠(yuǎn)處組織能力的腫瘤突變體的選擇。盡管如此，在免疫活性宿主中，腫瘤一直在一個免疫系統(tǒng)給予的免疫壓力下生長。這種觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)引出免疫監(jiān)視假說。如今，我們知道有許多免疫介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞破壞機(jī)制被激活來消滅腫瘤細(xì)胞。在過去二十年中，細(xì)胞和分子免疫學(xué)及腫瘤學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的進(jìn)展已經(jīng)很大程度地促進(jìn)了腫瘤和宿主之間聯(lián)系的深入研究。已經(jīng)有新的觀點(diǎn)被提出來解釋免疫系統(tǒng)對腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用的復(fù)雜本質(zhì)以及腫瘤逃避不同免疫效應(yīng)機(jī)制的機(jī)理。盡管不是互相排斥，這種觀點(diǎn)的兩條主要思路依然是假說。第一種思路提出腫瘤生長是免疫系統(tǒng)對腫瘤細(xì)胞的一個免疫編輯過程的結(jié)果。而且，腫瘤在免疫活性宿主的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移是三個步驟的結(jié)果。第一步，免疫系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)對敏感腫瘤細(xì)胞的消除（免疫監(jiān)視）。第二步，免疫系統(tǒng)和存活腫瘤細(xì)胞之間達(dá)到平衡，從而腫瘤表型出現(xiàn)。最后，存活腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腫瘤逃逸階段，該階段經(jīng)常伴隨有腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。其他專家也有提出腫瘤在活性免疫系統(tǒng)不斷給予的固定選擇壓力下生長。這種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，只有那些對免疫系統(tǒng)的免疫破壞和攻擊耐受的腫瘤細(xì)胞才會成為過度生長的腫瘤細(xì)胞。這些特性共同賦予腫瘤不受控制生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的潛力。盡管如此，腫瘤生長其實是一個更為復(fù)雜的過程，因為在腫瘤生長中，一系列血管生成和抗血管生成因子也參與形成腫瘤表型。；另外，細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)在腫瘤生長中的重要作用最近也已經(jīng)被認(rèn)識到。不管有多少作用因素，無可爭議的是，免疫系統(tǒng)對腫瘤生長的調(diào)控很關(guān)鍵。細(xì)胞毒性細(xì)胞，特別是NK細(xì)胞及致炎細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)了免疫抗腫瘤作用。在這篇綜述中，我們將集中于腫瘤免疫中NK細(xì)胞功能的細(xì)胞因子驅(qū)使調(diào)節(jié)研究的新方面，特別是MICANKG2D系統(tǒng)在腫瘤逃逸中的作用。關(guān)于T淋巴細(xì)胞在腫瘤免疫中的作用以及細(xì)胞因子如何參與形成這些機(jī)制，將在另一篇優(yōu)秀的綜述中論述。2NK細(xì)胞，受體和配體細(xì)胞，受體和配體在過去幾十年的研究中已經(jīng)明確NK細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)細(xì)胞毒性，分泌致炎細(xì)胞因子如IFNG,TNFA,TNFB,IL13,IL10ANDGMCSF與敏感腫瘤靶細(xì)胞接觸。例如，活體內(nèi)NK細(xì)胞缺失會導(dǎo)致腫瘤生長的不受控制。而且，化學(xué)方法誘發(fā)的腫瘤在NK細(xì)胞缺陷的小鼠體內(nèi)被迅速排斥，而移植入NK細(xì)胞充分的小鼠體內(nèi)則腫瘤發(fā)展平衡。最近，NK細(xì)胞還被證明參與形成小鼠和人類的適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)。NK細(xì)胞對靶細(xì)胞的識別是通過種系密碼，細(xì)胞表面抑制和活化受體實現(xiàn)的。我們知和MICB，以及一組叫UL16結(jié)合蛋白1，2，3，4的糖基磷脂酰肌醇錨定表面分子。小鼠有一組不同的NKG2D配體，其中包含了維甲酸早期誘導(dǎo)基因I家族，次要組織相容性抗原H60，及小鼠UL16結(jié)合蛋白類轉(zhuǎn)錄子。盡管如此，人類NKG2D能結(jié)合小鼠的NKG2DLS，而小鼠的NKG2D也能識別一些人類NKG2DLS，這一現(xiàn)象最有可能反映的是NKG2D受體在人類和小鼠中的選擇性保存優(yōu)勢，MICA和MICB基因在1994年被描述為一組基因，定位于MHC類別I區(qū)域，但和經(jīng)典MHC類別I基因呈現(xiàn)低同源性。MICA的表達(dá)已經(jīng)在人類上皮和成纖維細(xì)胞系中發(fā)現(xiàn)，首先是在上皮細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞，不同組織分型的腫瘤，胸腺髓質(zhì)，胃腸上皮組織的培養(yǎng)系中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。MICA的表達(dá)也在人工培養(yǎng)的人類角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是這種表達(dá)不是發(fā)生在細(xì)胞表面。而且，活化的CD4和CD8T細(xì)胞也被證明表達(dá)MICA，盡管低水平的這種NKG2DL是表達(dá)在細(xì)胞表面。MICA在許多腫瘤上發(fā)現(xiàn)有表達(dá)，這表明它的表達(dá)是腫瘤惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果。盡管如此，最近的證據(jù)表明MICA和其他NKG2DLS的表達(dá)是適應(yīng)遺傳毒性損傷的DNA破壞途徑導(dǎo)致的，這是轉(zhuǎn)化中的關(guān)鍵步驟。雖然抑癌基因P53參與保護(hù)對抗惡性轉(zhuǎn)化，P53并不涉及MICA的上調(diào)及隨后NKG2D介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性敏感性的獲得。另外，MICA在活化T細(xì)胞的表達(dá)表明NKG2DL也能由細(xì)胞活化導(dǎo)致。同時，細(xì)胞活化和轉(zhuǎn)化是兩個受NFKB調(diào)控的細(xì)胞過程。去年的實驗證據(jù)表明MICANKG2D系統(tǒng)參與免疫反應(yīng)的不同方面，但是這種相互作用在腫瘤免疫中尤其重要。NK細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)物機(jī)制包含對可疑靶細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性，IFN的分泌和其他致炎細(xì)胞因子。NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性機(jī)制已經(jīng)在別處進(jìn)行了綜述。在大多數(shù)實驗中，NK細(xì)胞溶解敏感靶細(xì)胞分泌細(xì)胞毒性顆粒，其中包含粒酶和穿孔素。盡管如此，對于穿孔素，粒酶或者NK細(xì)胞缺陷小鼠和人類細(xì)胞的研究表明NK細(xì)胞也能通過死亡受體介導(dǎo)（TRAIL）的細(xì)胞毒性溶解靶細(xì)胞。在小鼠體內(nèi)，NK細(xì)胞穿孔素介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性，但不是IFN的產(chǎn)生對于體內(nèi)RAE1B表達(dá)的腫瘤細(xì)胞的排斥和腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的建議是置關(guān)重要的，這表明穿孔素粒酶分泌是NKG2D依賴性的，NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的抗腫瘤反應(yīng)的主要效應(yīng)物機(jī)制。因此，當(dāng)前證據(jù)表明，NKG2D啟動NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性機(jī)制依賴于顆粒分泌途徑，但關(guān)于NKG2D配對是否也能引起FAS和TRAIL介導(dǎo)的可疑靶細(xì)胞的凋亡依然是個疑問。對于受體和效應(yīng)分子的分子解析涉及NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞破壞，可能促進(jìn)抑制腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的新方法的發(fā)展。3NK3NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞因子刺激及和樹突細(xì)胞的相互細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞因子刺激及和樹突細(xì)胞的相互NK細(xì)胞的分化和刺激是受巨噬細(xì)胞和樹突細(xì)胞如IL2，IL12，IL15，IL18，IL21，IL23和IFNA/B分泌的不同細(xì)胞因子的控制的。這些致炎細(xì)胞因子有差別地促進(jìn)NK細(xì)胞活化標(biāo)記的表達(dá)，IFN的分泌和/或啟動NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性，促進(jìn)他們的腫瘤殺傷功能。特別是，樹突細(xì)胞通過依賴于可溶性因子和細(xì)胞細(xì)胞連接的相互作用的建立，在活化NK細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵的作用，在小鼠體內(nèi)引出了強(qiáng)烈的抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)。盡管一種類似的相互作用也被證明發(fā)生在人類DC和NK細(xì)胞之間，但可以觀察到的是不同的樹突細(xì)胞亞群促進(jìn)NK細(xì)胞活化，增殖，發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒性的能力也不同。DC刺激NK細(xì)胞的能力不僅依賴于IL12，還依賴于其他細(xì)胞因子比如IFNA/BANDIL18,ANDCELL–CELL相互作用在人類中，涉及DCNK細(xì)胞相互作用的主要的NK細(xì)胞受體是NKP30，該受體導(dǎo)致了不成熟DC的殺傷而不是成熟DC。這種差別抵抗的潛在機(jī)制并沒有被完全弄清楚，但它可能和成熟DC比非成熟DC表達(dá)更高水平的MHCI型分子有關(guān)。而且，一些證據(jù)表明NKP46和NKP44，NKG2D在DC和NK細(xì)胞相互作用中有少量參與，盡管其他也可能無法證明NKP46和NKG2D的涉及。NKG2D確實可能涉及這種相互作用，因為一些科研人員報道，MICA在DC的表達(dá)上調(diào)導(dǎo)致IL15或者IFN或者微生物組成的成熟。而且，因為DC能被相關(guān)的有害復(fù)合物如TOLL類受體或TLRS促效藥刺激，以及考慮到最近出現(xiàn)的證據(jù)表明甚至連NK細(xì)胞也表達(dá)功能性TLRS。在DC和NK細(xì)

簡介：18770428?2016THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSESELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFPROFDRHAFIZEKESERANKARAUNIVERSITY,TURKEYDOI101016/JSBSPRO201606184VISUALIDENTITYOFELECTRONICDESIGNMAGAZINESASSISTANTPROFESSOR,GAZIUNIVERSITYFACULTYOFFINEARTSVCDDEPT,ABSTRACTTHECHANGINGCONCEPTOFPUBLICATIONINTHELIGHTOFADVANCEDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIES,HASTRANSFORMEDINTOELECTRONICPUBLICATIONWHEREENEEDSOFREACHINGINFORMATIONFASTER1THEDEVELOPMENTOFELECTRONICPUBLISHINGAPERSONISINNEEDTOLEARNWHATISHAPPENINGAROUNDHER/HIM,TOANNOUNCEWHATHAPPENEDTOHER/HIM,ANDTOTRANSMITHIS/HERIDEASTOOTHERSSHE/HEHASFACILITATEDFROMVARIOUSMETHODSFORTRANSMITTINGTHEINFORMATIONTHATSHE/HEHASTHEIDEASEXPRESSEDTHROUGHSIGNSANDSYMBOLSATTHEBEGINNING,HAVEGAINEDANEWDIMENSIONWITHWRITING,REACHEDTOMASSESWITHTHEINVENTIONOFTHEPRINTINGPRESSANDCOULDBETRANSMITTEDTOFUTUREGENERATIONSWITHOUTLOSINGTHEIRMEANINGHENRIBERR,INHISINTRODUCTIONOFGEORLEJOURNALHAVEPLAYEDACRUCIALROLEINTHESEARCHFORTHETRUTHSCRIPTCREATEDTHETALKINGMATTERANDTHEPRESSMULTIPLIEDITENDLESSTIMESANDMADEITETERNALTHCHNOLOGIESTHATDEVELOPINTIMEANDTHEUSAGEOFPERSONALCOMPUTERSINDESKTOPPUBLISHINGSTARTINGFROMTHE1980SINCREASEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFPUBLISHINGDESIGNTHEREFORE,THISENABLEDTHEPRODUCTIONOFDESIGNSWITHIMPRESSIVEVISUALSANDCOMMUNICATINGTHESEDESIGNSTOTHEREADERSGRADUALLY,PUBLISHINGCEASEDTOBEPAPERDEPENDENTANDISOFFEREDTOTHEREADERINWAYSSPECIFICTOTHEELECTRONICMEDIUMELECTRONICPUBLISHING,WHICHEMERGEDASANALTERNATIVEWAYTOTHEINCREASINGPRESSANDDISTRIBUTIONEXPENSES,ISAHIGHLYPREFERREDTYPEOFPUBLISHINGBYTHEAUTHORSANDREADERSTHETERMEPUBLISHING,DEFINEDASTHEINFORMATION,WHICHISCONSTITUTED,STORED,PROCESSEDANDUPDATEDINCOMPUTERBASISKIST,1989,WASUSETOINDICATETHECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL905065457507EMAILADDRESSOZDENPEKTASGMAILCOMAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM?2016THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSESELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFPROFDRHAFIZEKESERANKARAUNIVERSITY,TURKEYPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES832016990–994992?ZDENPEKTA?TURGUT/PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES832016990–994FLASHISONEOFTHEPOPULARFORMATSINELECTRONICDESIGNMAGAZINESBECAUSEOFBEINGALEADINGTECHNOLOGYWITHITSARTISTICIMPACTITPROVIDESTHEDESIGNERVARIOUSFACILITIESINCONSTITUTINGMOTIONPICTURESASITWORKSBASICALLYVECTORIALLYANDADDITIONALLYASITSUPPORTSBITMAPIMAGESNUMEROUSAPPLICATIONSLIKEANIMATIONS,PAGEFLIPPINGEFFECT,THEMESONGSTHATTHEREADERCANCHOOSEFROM,CHANGINGBACKGROUNDIMAGES,INTERACTIVEIMAGES,TEXTSTHATFOLLOWTHEMOTIONOFTHEMOUSECANBEAPPLIEDTOTHEDESIGNWITHSPECIALCODESCALLEDACTIONSCRIPTFINALLY,THEFINISHEDWORKCANNOTONLYBEVIEWEDINALMOSTEVERYCOMPUTERWITHSWFEXTENSION,BUTALSOWITHSPECIALSAVINGOPTIONSCANBECONVERTEDTODOCUMENTFORMATSWHICHCANWORKBYITSELFINTHEMEDIUMTHATITWILLBEPUBLISHEDFLASHEMAGAZINES,MANYEXAMPLESOFWHICHCANBESEENINTHEWORLDOFGRAPHICDESIGN,AREAMONGTHEMAGAZINETYPESWITHTHEHIGHESTLEVELOFUSERINTERACTIONTHEREADERHASTHEOPTIONSTOVIEWTHEMAGAZINEFULLSCREENORINONEPARTOFTHESCREENONACHOSENBACKGROUNDANIMAGECOMPOSEDOFREPEATINGTEXTUREISPLACEDINTHEBACKGROUND,INTHEMIDDLEOFTHESCREENINORDERTOENHANCETHECOMPREHENSIBILITYOFTHEMAGAZINETHEREFORE,THEMAGAZINEISDETACHEDFROMTHEDESKTOPIMAGEOFTHECOMPUTERANDTHEREADERISENABLEDTOFOCUSEASILYTOTHEMAGAZINETHISBACKGROUNDIMAGECONSTITUTEDBYATEXTURE,DRTHANONEOPTIONMOSTLYATHEMATICMEDIUMISALSOCREATEDBYTHEUSAGEOFSOUNDTHATSUPPORTSTHEBACKGROUNDIMAGEFORINSTANCE,INENCOREMAGAZINE,AMONGTHE4BACKGROUNDOPTIONS,THEBACKGROUNDOFTHEMAGAZINEISCOVEREDWITHASANDIMAGEANDTHESOUNDSOFSEAGULLS,WAVESANDTHEVOICESOFCHILDRENRUNNINGATTHESEASIDEAREPLACEDATTHEBACKGROUNDSOUND,WHICHISANIMPORTANTPARTOFMAKINGSENSEOFOURENVIRONMENT,ISVERYCRUCIALINEXPRESSINGTHEREALITYOFTHEIMAGEINANELECTRONICMEDIUMSOUNDISAPSYCHOLOGICALLYCOMPLEMENTARYELEMENTOFTHEIMAGESIZETHEVIEWERGENERALLYTENDSTOPERCEIVESOUNDANDTHEIMAGEONTHESCREENASAWHOLEKMUSICTHATDIVERSIFIED,THANKSTOTHEDEVELOPINGTECHNOLOGIES,MADETHEEMAGAZINESLIVELIERANDENHANCETHEIMAGEANDPERPETUATETHEFEELINGOFINTERACTIONFORTHEREADERSTHEBACKGROUNDMUSICFOUNDINMANYFLASHOFIMAGEANDSOUNDAREINLEADINGANDCOMPLEMENTARYPLACESVARYINGFROMTIMETOTIMEBETWEENTHESETWOINTHEAPPLICATIONSINWHICHVARIOUSELEMENTSLIKESOUND,IMAGE,ANIMATING,ANDVIDEOAREUSEDSIMULTANEOUSLY,IONALMEANS,AREENABLEDTOTAKETHEAUTHORITYANDGAINPOWERTHEREADER,DIFFERENTFROMTHEPRINTEDMAGAZINES,HASTHEKEYBOARDAPPROVALS,SHE/HECANOPENORCLOSETHEMAGAZINEWHENEVERSHE/HEWANTS,TURNTHEPAGES,STOPTHEVIDEOSANDSOUNDSANDRESTARTTHEMTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDINTERACTIONMETHODINTHEELECTRONICMAGAZINES,ISTHEAPPLICATIONOFHOLDINGTHEPAGEFROMTHECORNERS,LIFTINGITTHEMANDFLIPPINGITJUSTLIKEAPAGEOFAREALMAGAZINETHISSTRIKINGMETHODISUSEDINTHEGREATMAJORITYOFTHEFLASHMAGAZINESTHISAPPLICATION,WHICHISTHOUGHTFORPSYCHOLOGICALLYMAKINGTHEREADERHAVETHEFEELINGOFREVIEWINGAPRINTEDPUBLICATIONVIRTUALLY,ISONEOFTHEMETHODSOFNAVIGATINGTHROUGHTHEPAGESAPARTFROMTHIS,NAVIGATIONISMADEINTHESHAPEOFPAGEICONSOPENEDFACETOFACEATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEPAGEORWITHFORWARDBACKWARDSBUTTONSINSOMEMAGAZINESLIKEBIGMAGTHEBAKEXAMPLE,WITHADIFFERENTUNDERSTANDINGVISUALFOLLOWUPISFACILITATEDTHROUGHPLACINGSMALLPREVIEWIMAGESOFTHERELATEDPAGESONTHESTRIPEATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEPAG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簡介：PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES512015650–65418770428?2015PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFPROFAY?E?AK?R?LHANOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSEDOI101016/JSBSPRO201208218ARTSEDU2012LOGODESIGNANDTHECORPORATEIDENTITYGEORGEAD?R,A,VICTORAD?RB,NICOLETAELISABETAPASCUCAPOLITEHNICAUNIVERSITY,313,SPLAIULINDEPENDENTEI,BUCHAREST,ROMANIABPOLITEHNICAUNIVERSITY,313,SPLAIULINDEPENDENTEIBUCHAREST,ROMANIACPOLITEHNICAUNIVERSITY,313,SPLAIULINDEPENDENTEI,BUCHAREST,ROMANIAABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEIMPORTANCEOFALOGOASAGRAPHICELEMENTTOSUPPORTACORPORATEIDENTITYALOGOISAGRAPHICIDENTITYVECTORANDITHASITSPLACEINACOMMUNICATIONSTRATEGYOFACOMPANYITISABOUTTHESIGNATUREOFACOMPANYTHATISWHYISVERYIMPORTANTTOBEABLETOCREATEAHARMONYBETWEENCOLOURSANDSHAPESCONCERNINGTHEUNIVERSEOFLOGOSTHEREARETWOSTAGESFIRST,THERESEARCHANDMARKETPROJECTIONANDTHESECOND,THECREATIVEGRAPHICWORKTHESETWOSTAGESACHIEVETHEPOSSIBILITYTOMAKEALOGOLIFTING”WHENISNECESSARYKEYWORDSLOGODESIGN,GRAPHICSYMBOL,DESIGNSTAGES,LOGOLIFTING1INTRODUCTIONFIRSTOFALLWEHAVETOSEEWHATALOGOISITISASYMBOL,AGRAPHICANDVISUALSIGNWHICHPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTOTHECOMMUNICATIONSTRUCTUREOFACOMPANYALOGOISACLEARGRAPHICELEMENTWHICHMAKEPOSSIBLETODISTINCTBETWEENCOMPANIESALOGOISASIGNATUREOFACOMPANY,MAYBELIKEANEWCONCEPTION,ACERTAINLIFESTYLEETCITISABOUTABRIDGEBETWEENTHEPUBLICANDTHECOMPANYITCONVEYSDETAILSINAVERYCONCENTRATEGRAPHICREPRESENTATIONITISAPOSSIBLESIGNTOCOMPARESIMILARITEMSTHATISWHYTOCREATEALOGOISNOTAHAPPENING,ISACONSEQUENCEOFVERYSPECIFIEDANALYSES,CONCERNINGGEOMETRICSHAPES,COLOURS,VARIOUSSIGNSANDSYMBOLS,ALLINTOANHARMONIOUSMIXTUREWHICHISDRIVEN?TOCATCH”ANDTOBEPARTOFPEOPLESMIND2LOGOAPPLICATIONDOMAINSITSDOMAINISSOWIDESHORTLY,SOMEONESEETHISGRAPHICSYMBOLINSOCIAL,ECONOMICANDPOLITICALLIFEBELLOWTHEREARESPECIFIEDONLYAFEWDOMAINS1LEGALITYANDLAWOFFICECOPY,ADVOCATES,INSURANCE,JUSTICE,ASSOCIATIONS,FOUNDATIONS,POLITICALPARTIESETC2EDUCATIONANDCULTUREUNIVERSITIES,SCHOOLS/HIGHSCHOOLS/COLLEGES/LIBRARIES/BOOKSTORESETC3TRANSPORTACTIVITIESDRIVINGSCHOOLS,TAXIES,TRANSPORTCOMPANIES,AUTOBRANDS,CARPARTSSTORESETC4CONSTRUCTIONSANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMSCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS,DECORATIONS,FURNITURE,SOLARENERGY,EQUIPMENTSANDHARDWAREETC5MEDICALACTIVITIES/PHARMACEUTICSMEDICALCLINICS,HEALTHSPAS,DRUGSTORES,SPECIALIZEDCABINETSETCGEORGEAD?RTEL40744212824?2012PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFPROFDRAYSECAKIRILHANAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM?2012PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFPROFAY?E?AK?R?LHANOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSE652GEORGEAD?RETAL/PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES512015650–654FIGURE2THELOGODESIGNSTAGES5LOGOTYPOLOGYTHELOGODESIGNUNIVERSEISUNSUSPECTEDWIDETHEEXISTINGGEOMETRICSHAPESANDOTHERNEWDEVELOPEDAND,ALSO,THEWIDESCALEOFCOLOURS,ALLOWAVERYGOODFIELDFORACREATIVEDESIGNERBYANALYSINGTHELOGOTYPOLOGYWESEETHREEMAINTYPES1ICONICORSYMBOLICLOGOREPRESENTEDBYANEMBLEM,ASYMBOL,ASIGNORANOBJECTTHISKINDOFLOGOISASUGGESTIVEGRAPHICREPRESENTATION,SOMETHINGWHICHCANBEMENTALREGISTERED,PROCESSED,EXPLAINEDANDUNDERSTOODFORTHISKINDOFLOGOISPOSSIBLETOHAVEGRAPHICREPRESENTATIONSOFANIMALS,FRUITS,INSECTS,DAILYUNITS,SUGGESTIVESYMBOLSFORVARIOUSACTIVITIESORACTIONSIFSOMEBODYISWISHINGTOCREATEANICONICLOGO,ITHASTODRIVEINTOTHEFIRSTSTAGEANDPHASESANDAFTERTHATWORK,TOSKETCHSUGGESTIVELOGOS,USINGTHEMEANINGOFTHEGEOMETRICSHAPESANDCOLOURS2ATEXTDEFINEDALOGOISREPRESENTEDONLYBYLETTERS/NUMBERSASATEXTORASSINGLELETTERS/NUMBERTHEREISNOGRAPHICSYMBOLTHECREATIONOFTHESELOGOSISAPERSONIFICATIONUSINGAPECULIARWRITING3AMIXEDLOGOCONCERNINGINASYMBOLANDATEXTTOGETHERFORTHISKINDALOGOTHEREARETWOSUPPORTELEMENTSTHEFIRSTONEISATEXTTHENAMEOFTHECOMPANY/PRODUCT/SERVICE/EVENTETCANDTHESECONDONEISASYMBOLGEOMETRICSHAPES,DIFFERENTSIGNS,VARIOUSIMAGESETCTHEREARELOGOSWHICHINCLUDEINSIDEAGEOMETRICSHAPEATEXTWHICHMAYBEANAME6SHAPEANDCOLOURINLOGODESIGN61GEOMETRICSHAPETHEGEOMETRICSHAPESAREIMPORTANTELEMENTSINACORPORATEIDENTITYSTRATEGYTHEREAREMANYCLASSICGEOMETRICSHAPESWHICHSUGGESTANIMAGEOFTHECOMPANYTABLE1PRESENTSONLYAFEWGEOMETRICSHAPESANDTHEIRSUGGESTIVEINDUCTIONALLTHESESHAPESTRYTOSATISFYTHEATTRIBUTESANDTHEFUNCTIONSOFALOGOTHROUGHGRAPHICSANDTOCOMMUNICATETHEIDENTITYOFTHECOMPANYGRAPHICSELEMENTSASSYMBOLS,SIGNS,PICTOGRAMSETCAREUSUALLYUSEDINLOGODESIGNITISAPROBLEMOFCHOOSINGTHERIGHTGRAPHICELEMENTANDTHISMEANSASOLIDCREATIVEWORKOFADESIGNERTHEFIRSTSTAGERESEARCHANDMARKETPROJECTION?TOSETTHETHEME?TOIDENTIFYEXISTINGLOGOSINTHEGAINERDOMAIN?TOREALIZEACOMPETITIONSTUDYOFEXISTINGLOGOSINTHEMARKET?TOFIXTHETARGETPUBLICOFTHEPRESUMTIVELOGO?TOSPECIFYTHESUPPORTELEMENTSOFTHELOGO?TOANALYSETHECREATIVEGRAPHICPOSSIBILITIESINTHEDEMANDEDDOMAINTHESECONDSTAGECREATIVEGRAPHICWORK?TOSKETCHSOMEEXEMPLESFORTHEDEMANDEDLOGO?TOACHIEVEABRAINSTORMINGSESSIONTOOBTAIN23SOLUTIONS?TODEVELOPASWOTANALYSIS?TOSETTHEBESTGRAPHICVISUALLOGOSOLUTION?TOCONVEYAFIRSTGRAPHICPRINTTOTHEGAINER?TOCREATETHECOMPUTERGRAPHICDESIGNLOGO?TOSHOWTHISSOLUTIONANDTOOBTAINTHEOKFROMTHEGAINER

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ESCHEDULINGPROBLEMINTHEFIRSTSTEP,THEALLOCATIONSOFEACHTASKARECOMPUTEDWHILEINTHESECONDSTEP,THEALLOCATIONSAREMAPPEDONTOTHEPROCESSORSOFTHESYSTEMMAPPINGFUNCTIONASTHEEXECUTIONTIMEMODELOFPARALLELTASKSHASNOINFLUENCEONTHEMAPPINGSTEP,WESTARTWITHDEFININGTHEMAPPINGFUNCTIONOFEMTSSINCETHEMAPPINGFUNCTIONALSOEVALUATESTHEFITNESSOFALLINDIVIDUALS,ITSHOULDBEASFASTASPOSSIBLEANDPRODUCESHORTSCHEDULESPREVIOUSWORKSHOWEDTHATALISTSCHEDULINGAPPROACHLEADSTOEFFICIENTSCHEDULES9INTHELISTSCHEDULINGALGORITHMUSEDBYEMTS,THEREADYNODESARESORTEDBYDECREASINGBOTTOMLEVELANDEACHREADYNODEVISMAPPEDTOTHEFIRSTPROCESSORSETTHATCONTAINSSVAVAILABLEPROCESSORS1THEFITNESSLEVELOFASETOFALLOCATIONSISDEFINEDASTHERESULTINGMAKESPANOFTHEPTGASMALLERMAKESPANCORRESPONDSTOABETTERFITNESSOFANEA’SINDIVIDUALALLOCATIONFUNCTIONTHEEAMODIFIESTHEPROCESSORALLOCATIONSOFTASKSANDITSGOALISTOFINDTHERIGHTALLOCATIONFOREACHTASKSOTHATTHERESULTINGFITNESSISOPTIMIZEDTHESETOFALLOCATIONSISENCODEDASINDIVIDUALIFORATASK1SVISTHEALLOCATIONSIZEOFNODEV,ANDTHEBOTTOMLEVELBLVISTHELENGTHOFTHELONGESTPATHFROMANODEVTOTHESINKOFTHEPTGINCLUDINGITSOWNEXECUTIONTIMEFIGURE2ENCODINGOFINDIVIDUALSTHEALLOCATIONSVIOFNODEVIISSTOREDATPOSITIONIVIOFPTGGJTHEINDIVIDUALIJIHOLDSTHENUMBEROFPROCESSORSALLOCATEDTOVIATPOSITIONITHUS,IJISVIFOR1≤I≤V,WHERESVIDENOTESTHECURRENTALLOCATIONOFTASKVIFIGURE2ILLUSTRATESTHISENCODINGOFTHEALLOCATIONSOFAPTGTHEDEPICTEDPTGCONTAINSFIVENODESANDEACHNODEPOSSESSESAPROCESSORALLOCATION,EG,THREEPROCESSORSAREALLOCATEDTONODE1ANINDIVIDUALISTHECOLLECTIONOFALLALLOCATIONSOFAPTGSO,THENUMBEROFPROCESSORSOFNODE1ISSTOREDATTHEFIRSTPOSITIONOFTHEINDIVIDUALTHEEAMODIFIESTHEINDIVIDUALSRANDOMLYTOOPTIMIZETHESCHEDULETHUS,THEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONCANBEDEFINEDASFOLLOWSFORAGIVENPTGGANDFITNESSFUNCTIONFS→R,THEEATRIESTOFINDASETOFALLOCATIONSS{SV0,,SVV}THATMINIMIZESFIFWECONSIDERPTGSOFABOUT100TASKSANDAPLATFORMWITHHUNDREDSOFPROCESSORS,THESEARCHSPACETOFINDTHEBESTSOLUTIONS?ISENORMOUSNONETHELESS,EMTSMAYFINDANSWHICHISCLOSERTOS?THANTHESOLUTIONSPRODUCEDBYOTHERHEURISTICSTHISLEADSTOTWOMAINQUESTIONS1WHERESHOULDTHEEASTARTSEARCHINGORTOPUTITINANOTHERWAY,HOWSHOULDTHEORIGINALINDIVIDUALSBEINITIALIZED2HOWTOPRODUCENEWINDIVIDUALSFROMEXISTINGONESBRETRIEVINGSTARTINGSOLUTIONSTOOBTAINSTARTINGSOLUTIONS,EMTSMAKESUSEOFRESULTSPRODUCEDBYOTHERHEURISTICSINTHEPRESENTWORK,WEEXECUTETHEALLOCATIONFUNCTIONSOFMCPA11ANDHCPA10ANDENCODETHEIRRESULTSASINDIVIDUALSINTHEINITIALPOPULATIONTHESEALLOCATIONFUNCTIONSWERECHOSENBECAUSETHEYPRODUCESUFFICIENTLYGOODSOLUTIONSINASHORTAMOUNTOFTIMEADDITIONALLY,WEDESIGNEDANOTHERHEURISTICTOCREATEASTARTINGINDIVIDUALFIRST,THEBOTTOMLEVELOFEACHTASKISCOMPUTEDASSUMINGTHATEACHTASKISALLOCATEDTOONEPROCESSORHAVINGTHEBOTTOMLEVEL,EMTSDETERMINESTHECRITICALPATHOFTHEPTGTHEIDEAISTOASSIGNALLPROCESSORSOFTHESYSTEMTONODESONTHECRITICALPATHSINCESEVERALNODESONAPRECEDENCELEVELHAVESIMILAROREQUALCRITICALITYBOTTOMLEVEL,WECONSIDERSEVERALALMOSTCRITICALPATHSTOMAKETHISHEURISTICEFFECTIVEHENCE,WESEPARATETHENODESBYPRECEDENCELEVELDEPTHOFTHENODESFROMTHE346

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簡介：ANALYSISANDOPTIMIZATIONOFAUSHAPEDPRODUCTIONLINEKATSUHISAOHNOKOICHINAKADENAGOYAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYRECEIVEDAUGUST21,1995REVISEDJANUARY16,1996ABSTRACTINTHEJUSTINTIMECONTEXT,PARTSAREOFTENPROCESSEDBYASINGLEUNITPRODUCTIONANDCONVEYANCESYSTEMCALLED“ZKKONAGASHINJAPANESEWITHOUTCONVEYORSTHEUSHAPEDLAYOUT,INWHICHEACHMULTIFUNCTIONWORKERTAKESCHARGEOFSEVERALMACHINES,HASBEENINTRODUCEDASANIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHISCONCEPTPRESENTLYTHELAYOUTISGAININGANINCREASINGPOPULARITYDUETOTHELOWRUNNINGCOSTINTHISPAPER,FIRSTWEDEALWITHTHEUSHAPEDPRODUCTIONLINEWITHASINGLEMULTIFUNCTIONWORKERWEDERIVEHISWAITINGTIMEANDACYCLETIMEOFTHELINEWHENPROCESSINGTIMESOFITEMS,OPERATIONTIMES,ANDHISWALKINGTIMESBETWEENMACHINESARECONSTANTSTHENWEDEALWITHAUSHAPEDPRODUCTIONLINEWITHMULTIPLEWORKERSWEDERIVETHEOVERALLCYCLETIMEOFTHISLINE,ANDCONSIDERANOPTIMALWORKERALLOCATIONPROBLEMTHATMINIMIZESTHEOVERALLCYCLETIMEWHENTHENUMBEROFWORKERSISGIVENINPARTICULAR,ITISSHOWNTHATTHEUSHAPEDLAYOUTISSUPERIORTOTHELINEARLAYOUTFORLINESWITHONEORTWOWORKERSWEALSODISCUSSTHECASEWHERETHOSEPROCESSING,OPERATIONANDWALKINGTIMESARESTOCHASTIC1INTRODUCTIONINACONVEYORSYSTEMFORMASSPRODUCTIONASINTHEFORDSYSTEM,EACHSTATIONPROCESSESJUSTONEITEMINONECYCLETIME,WHERETHECYCLETIMEISTHETIMEINTERVALBETWEENTWOSUCCESSIVEOUTPUTSTHESUMSOFNECESSARYOPERATIONANDPROCESSINGTIMESAREINTENDEDTOBEEQUALAMONGTHESTATIONS,THEITEMSAREPROCESSEDSYNCHRONOUSLYAMONGTHESTATIONS,ANDTHEREEXISTNOITEMSBETWEENADJACENTSTATIONSINTHEJUSTINTIMEJITPRODUCTIONSYSTEM,THEABOVECONCEPT,WHICHISCALLEDASINGLEUNITPRODUCTIONANDCONVEYANCE“IKKONAGASHI,“INJAPANESE,ISAPPLIEDTOAPRODUCTIONLINEWITHOUTCONVEYORSWHICHMANUFACTURESDIFFERENTKINDSOFRELATIVELYSMALLPARTSMONDEN3,P107TOACHIEVETHISATALOWPRODUCTIONCOST,AUSHAPEDLAYOUTISUSEDWITHMULTIFUNCTIONWORKERSTHEUSHAPEDPRODUCTIONLINEWITHTHREEWORKERSANDTENMACHINESISSHOWNINFIGURE1WHENTHEENTRANCEANDEXITOFITEMSARENEARASSHOWNINFIGURE1,WECALLTHISLAYOUTAUSHAPEDLAYOUT,ANDIFTHESAMEWORKERHANDLESBOTHMACHINESATTHEENTRANCEANDEXITINTHEUSHAPEDLAYOUTTHENWECALLTHISLAYOUTAUSHAPEDPRODUCTIONLINETHEMULTIFUNCTIONWORKERTAKESCHARGEOFMULTIPLEMACHINES,ANDVISITSEACHOFTHEMOUNCEINONECYCLEWHENHEARRIVESATONEOFTHESEMACHINES,HEWAITSFORTHEENDOFPROCESSINGOFTHEPRECEDINGITEMIFITISNOTCOMPLETED,ANDTHENOPERATESTHEITEMSANDWALKSTOTHENEXTMACHINETHEOPERATIONCONSISTSOFDETACHINGTHEPROCESSEDITEMFROMTHEMACHINE,PUTTINGITONACHUTETOROLLINFRONTOFTHENEXTMACHINE,ATTACHINGTHENEWITEMTOTHEMACHINE,ANDSWITCHINGITONTHECYCLETIMEOFTHEWORKERISTHETIMEINTERVALBETWEENHISCONSECUTIVEARRIVALSATHISFIRSTMACHINE,ANDCONSISTSOFTHEWAITINGTIMESFORTHEENDOFPROCESSING,OPERATIONTIMESANDWALKINGTIMESBETWEENMACHINESINTHEJITPRODUCTIONSYSTEM,TWOKINDSOFKANBANS,THATIS,APRODUCTIONORDERINGANDAWITHDRAWALKANBANSAREUSEDASTOOLSTOCONTROLPRODUCTIONANDWITHDRAWALWECANFURTHERREDUCEANOVERALLCYCLETIMEBYADMITTINGWHATTOYOTACALLSMUTUALRELIEFMOVEMENT3,P114THISMEANSTHATAWORKERWHOHASFINISHEDHISOWNOPERATIONSINONECYCLEHELPSANOTHERADJACENTWORKERTHIS,HOWEVER,ISNOTTAKENINTOACCOUNTINTHISPAPER,BECAUSETHEPROBLEMBECOMESMORECOMPLICATEDIFMULTIPLEKINDSOFITEMSAREPROCESSEDINTHISLINE,THEPROCESSINGTIMESANDOPERATIONTIMESARENOTCONSTANTINADDITION,THEOPERATIONANDWALKINGTIMESOFTHEWORKERMAYFLUCTUATEBECAUSEOFHISWEARINESSANDLEARNINGEFFECTINSECTION4,WEDEALWITHTHECASEWHERETHEPROCESSESOFOPERATION,WALKINGANDPROCESSINGTIMESARESTOCHASTICINPARTICULAR,WEDISCUSSTHECASEWHERETHESEQUENCESOFRANDOMVARIABLESINTHESEPROCESSESAREINDEPENDENTANDIDENTICALLYDISTRIBUTEDANDTHEREISABOTTLENECKMACHINESUCHTHATTHESUMOFPROCESSINGANDOPERATIONTIMESOFTHISMACHINEISLARGERTHANTHATOFANYOTHERMACHINEWITHPROBABILITYONEITCANBESHOWNTHATTHEWORKERWAITSFORTHECOMPLETIONOFPROCESSINGATTHEBOTTLENECKMACHINEINALLCYCLES2CYCLEANDWAITINGTIMESOFAMULTIFUNCTIONWORKERINTHISSECTIONWECONSIDERTHEUSHAPEDPRODUCTIONLINEWITHASINGLEMULTIFUNCTIONWORKER,WHICHISSHOWNINFIGURE2THEWORKERHANDLESMACHINES1THROUGHKTHEFACILITYHASENOUGHRAWMATERIALINFRONTOFMACHINE1THEMATERIALISPROCESSEDATMACHINES1,2,,K,SEQUENTIALLY,ANDDEPARTSFROMTHESYSTEMASAFINISHEDPRODUCTLETK{L,,K}WHENTHEWORKERARRIVESATMACHINEK∈K,IFTHEPROCESSINGOFTHEPRECEDINGITEMISCOMPLETED,THENHEREMOVESITFROMMACHINEK,SENDSITTOMACHINEK1,ATTACHESTHEPRESENTITEMTOMACHINEKANDSWITCHESITONAFTERTHEOPERATIONATMACHINEK,HEWALKSTOMACHINEK1IFTHEPRECEDINGITEMISSTILLINPROCESSATHISARRIVAL,THENHEWAITSFORTHEENDOFTHEPROCESSINGBEFORETHEOPERATIONITISASSUMEDASANINITIALCONDITIONTHATATTIME0,THEREISONEITEMONEACHMACHINE,WHICHHASBEENALREADYPROCESSEDATTHISMACHINETHATIS,INTHEFIRSTCYCLETHEWORKEROPERATESWITHOUTWAITINGATALLMACHINESINTHISANDNEXTSECTIONS,WE

簡介：APPLICATIONOFPLCINTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMOFINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGABSTRACTTHEPAPERMAINLYDISCUSSESONESUBSYSTEMOFINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGSYSTEMTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMTHEPLCSTRONGABILITYININTERFERENCEANDSOONMAKESTHEELEVATORINDUSTRYONEAFTERANOTHERTOAPPLYTHEPLCTOTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMINORDERTOREPLACETHERELAYBEINGUSEDINTRADITIONALELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMTHEAPPLICATIONOFPLCINTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMREDUCESTHEBREAKDOWNRATEANDEFFICIENTLYIMPROVESTHEOPERATINGRELIABILITYOFTHEELEVATORWITHSAFETYTHESTRUCTUREOFSYSTEMISALSOSIMPLEANDTIGHTLYPACKEDTHEWORKINGPRINCIPLEOFTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMISTHESPOTCONTROLINFORMATIONISSENDINTOTHEＰＬＣFROMTHECUSTOMERINPUTDEVICESFIRSTLY,THENTHEPLCCONTROLCABINETISREQUIREDTOSENDOUTTHECONTROLSIGNALTODRIVETHEEQUIPMENTSACCORDINGTOTHESYSTEMDEMANDSTHEELEVATORCANTHENPROCEEDTHEHOMOLOGOUSACTIONACCORDINGTOTHECONTROLREQUESTTHEPAPERSELECTSＯＭＲＯＮCOMPANY’SＣ200HESERIESPLC,INTRODUCINGPARTSOFSIGNALHOOKUPOFTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMANDEXPLAININGTHEFUNCTIONOFTHECONTROLCABINETLASTLYTHEAUTOMATIONPROGRAMMINGISINTRODUCEDSIMULATEDEXPERIMENTSENUNCIATESTHATTHEDESIGNMETHODISVIABLEITCANMAKETHEPERSONNELOFTHEINDUSTRYMANAGEMENTCENTERTOLONGDISTANCEMONITORANDCONTROLTHEELEVATORINCONTROLCENTER,TOCONNECTTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMWITHINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGINDUSTRYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMBYETHERNETORSPECIALPURPOSENETWORKSUCHASLONWORKSTHEELEVATORWORKINGSTATECANALSOBETIMELYWATCHEDTHESENOTONLYCANREALIZESCIENTIFICCENTRALIZEDMANAGEMENTOFTHEELEVATOR,BUTALSOCANLOWERTHEELEVATORMAINTENANCECOSTETCITISONEOFTHEDEVELOPINGDIRECTIONOFINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMKEYWORDSPLCINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMWORKINGPRINCIPLEPROGRAMDESIGNⅠINTRODUCTIONIN1980STHEFIRSTINTELLIGENCEMANSIONHADBEENCOMPLETEDINAMERICA,THENINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGHASBEENABROADLYTAKENATTENTIONSBYTHEWHOLEWORLDTHECONCEPTOFINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGHASBEENPUTDIFFERENTMEANINGSALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIETYTHEEARLYSTAGEINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGHADBEENTHOUGHTTHATITISEQUALTOTHEINTELLIGENTMANSION,BUTNOWTHEINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGNOTONLYINCLUDESTHEINTELLIGENCEMANSIONSBUTALSOINVOLVESINTELLIGENCERESIDENTIALDISTRICTSTHISPAPERMAINLYDISCUSSESONESUBSYSTEMOFINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGSYSTEMTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMININTELLIGENCERESIDENTIALDISTRICTSTHEENTERPRISE’SINFORMATIONMANAGINGSYSTEMMAINLYTAKESCHARGEOFTHETHINGSWHICHRELATEDTOTHEDAILYLIFE,FOREXAMPLESUPERVISINGTHEDISTRICTEQUIPMENTS,MANAGINGVEHICLES,DISPOSINGCRITICALSITUATIONSANDSOONTHEELEVATORSUPERVISINGANDCONTROLSYSTEMISALSONECESSARYTOTHEINTELLIGENCERESIDENTIALDISTRICTSHOWTOMAKEPEOPLEFEELSAFE,STABLEANDCOMFORTABLEANDHOWTOSAVEENERGYRESOURCESANDPROTECTENVIRONMENTSANDSOONARETHEBASICREQUIREMENTSTOTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMPLCISACOMMONINDUSTRYCONTROLDEVICEITISASPECIALINDUSTRYCONTROLCOMPUTERWHICHHASTHEPERFECTFUNCTIONANDSIMPLEFRAMETHEPLCSTRONGABILITYININTERFERENCEANDSOONMAKESTHEELEVATORINDUSTRYONEAFTERANOTHERTOAPPLYTHEPLCTOTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEM,INORDERTOREPLACETHERELAYBEINGUSEDINTRADITIONALELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMTHEAPPLICATIONOFPLCINTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMREDUCESTHEBREAKDOWNRATEANDEFFICIENTLYIMPROVESTHEOPERATINGRELIABILITYOFTHEELEVATORWITHSAFETYTHISPAPERMAINLYDISCUSSESTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEM’SⅣPROGRAMDESIGNTHEDESIGNINCLUDESTWOPARTSHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETHEHARDWAREDESIGNISTHEBASEOFSOFTWARECONSIDERINGTHATTHECONTROLDEMANDSARERELATIVELYCOMPLEX,WEDESIGNTHEPROGRAMSSEPARATELYACCORDINGTOTHECONTROLFUNCTIONFURTHERMORE,WEFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLEASFOLLOWSWHENTHEELEVATORISASCENDING,THEASCENDINGDEMANDSAREPRIORTOOTHERDEMANDSWHENTHEELEVATORISDESCENDING,THEDESCENDINGDEMANDSAREPRIORTOOTHERDEMANDSTHESEQUENTIALFUNCTIONCHARTSFCISADOPTEDDURINGTHEBOXESTOFORMELEVATOR’SEXECUTIVECIRCUITRYDESIGNITISAMETHODSPECIALLYUSEDININDUSTRIALSEQUENTIALCONTROLTHESFCMETHODCANDESCRIBETHESYSTEM’SWORKINGPROCEDUREINGREATDETAILFOREXAMPLETHEREISATHREELAYERSINTELLIGENCEBUILDINGASUBPROGRAM,THECALLINGFROMTHETHIRDFLOORASELEVATORINTHEFIRSTFLOOR,ISSHOWNINFIG3WITHSFC

簡介：WORKINGWITHDATABASESTHISCHAPTERDESCRIBESHOWTOUSESQLSTATEMENTSINEMBEDDEDAPPLICATIONSTOCONTROLDATABASESTHEREARETHREEDATABASESTATEMENTSTHATSETUPANDOPENDATABASESFORACCESSSETDATABASEDECLARESADATABASEHANDLE,ASSOCIATESTHEHANDLEWITHANACTUALDATABASEFILE,ANDOPTIONALLYASSIGNSOPERATIONALPARAMETERSFORTHEDATABASESETNAMESOPTIONALLYSPECIFIESTHECHARACTERSETACLIENTAPPLICATIONUSESFORCHAR,VARCHAR,ANDTEXTBLOBDATATHESERVERUSESTHISINFORMATIONTOTRANSLITERATEFROMADATABASE’SDEFAULTCHARACTERSETTOTHECLIENT’SCHARACTERSETONSELECTOPERATIONS,ANDTOTRANSLITERATEFROMACLIENTAPPLICATION’SCHARACTERSETTOTHEDATABASECHARACTERSETONINSERTANDUPDATEOPERATIONSGCONNECTOPENSADATABASE,ALLOCATESSYSTEMRESOURCESFORIT,ANDOPTIONALLYASSIGNSOPERATIONALPARAMETERSFORTHEDATABASEALLDATABASESMUSTBECLOSEDBEFOREAPROGRAMENDSADATABASECANBECLOSEDBYUSINGDISCONNECT,ORBYAPPENDINGTHERELEASEOPTIONTOTHEFINALCOMMITORROLLBACKINAPROGRAMDECLARINGADATABASEBEFOREADATABASECANBEOPENEDANDUSEDINAPROGRAM,ITMUSTFIRSTBEDECLAREDWITHSETDATABASETOCHAPTER3WORKINGWITHDATABASESESTABLISHADATABASEHANDLEASSOCIATETHEDATABASEHANDLEWITHADATABASEFILESTOREDONALOCALORREMOTENODEADATABASEHANDLEISAUNIQUE,ABBREVIATEDALIASFORANACTUALDATABASENAMEDATABASEHANDLESAREUSEDINSUBSEQUENTCONNECT,COMMITRELEASE,ANDROLLBACKRELEASESTATEMENTSTOSPECIFYWHICHDATABASESTHEYSHOULDAFFECTEXCEPTINDYNAMICSQLDSQLAPPLICATIONS,DATABASEHANDLESCANALSOBEUSEDINSIDETRANSACTIONBLOCKSTOQUALIFY,ORDIFFERENTIATE,TABLENAMESWHENTWOORMOREOPENDATABASESCONTAINIDENTICALLYNAMEDTABLESEACHDATABASEHANDLEMUSTBEUNIQUEAMONGALLVARIABLESUSEDINAPROGRAMDATABASEHANDLESCANNOTDUPLICATEHOSTLANGUAGERESERVEDWORDS,ANDCANNOTBEINTERBASERESERVEDWORDSTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTILLUSTRATESASIMPLEDATABASEDECLARATIONDSQLPROGRAMSCANACCESSONLYASINGLEDATABASEATATIME,SODATABASEHANDLEUSEISRESTRICTEDTOCONNECTINGTOANDDISCONNECTINGFROMADATABASEINMULTIDATABASEPROGRAMS,EACHDATABASEMUSTBEDECLAREDINASEPARATESETDATABASESTATEMENTFOREXAMPLE,THEFOLLOWINGCODECONTAINSTWOSETDATABASESTATEMENTSEXECSQLSETDATABASEDB2’EMPLOYEE2GDB’EXECSQLSETDATABASEDB1’EMPLOYEEGDB’4USINGHANDLESFORTABLENAMESWHENTHESAMETABLENAMEOCCURSINMORETHANONESIMULTANEOUSLYACCESSEDDATABASE,ADATABASEHANDLEMUSTBEUSEDTODIFFERENTIATEONETABLENAMEFROMANOTHERTHEDATABASEHANDLEISUSEDASAPREFIXTOTABLENAMES,ANDTAKESTHEFORMHANDLETABLEFOREXAMPLE,INTHEFOLLOWINGCODE,THEDATABASEHANDLES,TESTANDEMP,AREUSEDTODISTINGUISHBETWEENTWOTABLES,EACHNAMEDEMPLOYEEEXECSQLDECLAREIDMATCHCURSORFORSELECTTESTNOINTOMATCHIDFROMTESTEMPLOYEEWHERETESTNO100EXECSQLDECLAREEIDMATCHCURSORFORSELECTEMPNOINTOEMPIDFROMEMPEMPLOYEEWHEREEMPNOMATCHIDCHAPTER3WORKINGWITHDATABASES38INTERBASE6

簡介：LM1881,LM1881XVIDEOSYNCSEPARATORGENERALDESCRIPTIONTHELM1881VIDEOSYNCSEPARATOREXTRACTSTIMINGINFORMATIONINCLUDINGCOMPOSITEANDVERTICALSYNC,BURST/BACKPORCHTIMING,ANDODD/EVENFIELDINFORMATIONFROMSTANDARDNEGATIVEGOINGSYNCNTSC,PALANDSECAMVIDEOSIGNALSWITHAMPLITUDEFROM05VTO2VPPTHEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITISALSOCAPABLEOFPROVIDINGSYNCSEPARATIONFORNONSTANDARD,FASTERHORIZONTALRATEVIDEOSIGNALSTHEVERTICALOUTPUTISPRODUCEDONTHERISINGEDGEOFTHEFIRSTSERRATIONINTHEVERTICALSYNCPERIODADEFAULTVERTICALOUTPUTISPRODUCEDAFTERATIMEDELAYIFTHERISINGEDGEMENTIONEDABOVEDOESNOTOCCURWITHINTHEEXTERNALLYSETDELAYPERIOD,SUCHASMIGHTBETHECASEFORANONSTANDARDVIDEOSIGNALFEATURES?ACCOUPLEDCOMPOSITEINPUTSIGNAL?10K?INPUTRESISTANCE?10MAPOWERSUPPLYDRAINCURRENT?COMPOSITESYNCANDVERTICALOUTPUTS?ODD/EVENFIELDOUTPUT?BURSTGATE/BACKPORCHOUTPUT?HORIZONTALSCANRATESTO150KHZ?EDGETRIGGEREDVERTICALOUTPUT?DEFAULTTRIGGEREDVERTICALOUTPUTFORNONSTANDARDVIDEOSIGNALVIDEOGAMESHOMECOMPUTERS?40?CTO85?COPERATIONLM1881XAPPLICATIONNOTESTHELM1881ISDESIGNEDTOSTRIPTHESYNCHRONIZATIONSIGNALSFROMCOMPOSITEVIDEOSOURCESTHATAREIN,ORSIMILARTO,THENTSCFORMATINPUTSIGNALSWITHPOSITIVEPOLARITYVIDEOINCREASINGSIGNALVOLTAGESIGNIFIESINCREASINGSCENEBRIGHTNESSFROM05VPPTO2VPPCANBEACCOMMODATEDTHELM1881OPERATESFROMASINGLESUPPLYVOLTAGEBETWEEN5VDCAND12VDCTHEONLYREQUIREDEXTERNALCOMPONENTSBESIDESAPOWERSUPPLYDECOUPLINGCAPACITORATPIN8ANDASETCURRENTDECOUPLINGCAPACITORATPIN6,ARETHECOMPOSITEINPUTCOUPLINGCAPACITORATPIN2ANDONERESISTORATPIN6THATSETSINTERNALCURRENTLEVELSTHERESISTORONPIN6IERSETALLOWSTHEHOWEVER,ANYSUBCARRIERCONTENTINTHESIGNALWILLBEATTENUATEDBYALMOST18DB,EFFECTIVELYTAKINGITBELOWTHECOMPARATORTHRESHOLDFILTERINGWILLALSOHELPIFTHESOURCEISCONTAMINATEDWITHTHERMALNOISETHEOUTPUTWAVEFORMSWILLBECOMEDELAYEDFROMBETWEEN40NSTOASMUCHAS200NSDUETOTHISFILTERTHISMUCHDELAYWILLNOTUSUALLYBESIGNIFICANTBUTITDOESCONTRIBUTETOTHESYNCDELAYPRODUCEDBYANYADDITIONALSIGNALPROCESSINGSINCETHEORIGINALVIDEOMAYALSOUNDERGOPROCESSING,THENEEDFORTIMEDELAYCORRECTIONWILLDEPENDONTHETOTALSYSTEM,NOTJUSTTHESYNCSTRIPPERVERTICALSYNCOUTPUTAVERTICALSYNCOUTPUTISDERIVEDBYINTERNALLYINTEGRATINGTHECOMPOSITESYNCWAVEFORMFIGURE2TOUNDERSTANDTHEGENERATIONOFTHEVERTICALSYNCPULSE,REFERTOTHELOWERLEFTHANDSECTIONFIGURE2NOTETHATTHEREARETWOCOMPARATORSINTHESECTIONONECOMPARATORHASANINTERNALLYGENERATEDVOLTAGEREFERENCECALLEDV1GOINGTOONEOFITSINPUTSTHEOTHERCOMPARATORHASANINTERNALLYGENERATEDVOLTAGEREFERENCECALLEDV2GOINGTOONEOFITSINPUTSBOTHCOMPARATORSHAVEACOMMONINPUTATTHEIRNONINVERTINGINPUTCOMINGFROMTHEINTERNALINTEGRATORTHEINTERNALINTEGRATORISUSEDFORINTEGRATINGTHECOMPOSITESYNCSIGNALTHISSIGNALCOMESFROMTHEINPUTSIDEOFTHECOMPOSITESYNCBUFFERANDAREPOSITIVEGOINGSYNCPULSESTHECAPACITORTOTHEINTEGRATORISINTERNALTOTHELM1881THECAPACITORCHARGECURRENTISSETBYTHEVALUEOFTHEEXTERNALRESISTORRSETTHEOUTPUTOFTHEINTEGRATORISGOINGTOBEATALOWVOLTAGEDURINGTHENORMALHORIZONTALLINESBECAUSETHEINTEGRATORHASAVERYSHORTTIMETOCHARGETHECAPACITOR,WHICHISDURINGTHEHORIZONTALSYNCPERIODTHEEQUALIZATIONPULSESWILLKEEPTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEOFTHEINTEGRATORATABOUTTHESAMELEVEL,BELOWTHEV1DURINGTHEVERTICALSYNCPERIODTHENARROWGOINGPOSITIVEPULSESSHOWNINFIGURE1ISCALLEDTHESERRATIONPULSETHEWIDENEGATIVEPORTIONOFTHEVERTICALSYNCPERIODISCALLEDTHEVERTICALSYNCPULSEATTHESTARTOFTHEVERTICALSYNCPERIOD,BEFORETHEFIRSTSERRATIONPULSEOCCURS,THEINTEGRATORNOWCHARGESTHECAPACITORTOAMUCHHIGHERVOLTAGEATTHEFIRSTSERRATIONPULSETHEINTEGRATOROUTPUTSHOULDBEBETWEENV1ANDV2THISWOULDGIVEAHIGHLEVELATTHEOUTPUTOFTHECOMPARATORWITHV1ASONEOFITSINPUTSTHISHIGHISCLOCKEDINTOTHE“D”FLIPFLOPBYTHEFALLINGEDGEOFTHESERRATIONPULSEREMEMBERTHESYNCSIGNALISINVERTEDINTHISSECTIONOFTHELM1881THE“Q”O(jiān)UTPUTOFTHE“D”FLIPFLOPGOESTHROUGHTHEORGATE,ANDSETSTHER/SFLIPFLOPTHEOUTPUTOFTHER/SFLIPFLOPENABLESTHEINTERNALOSCILLATORANDALSO

簡介：1JSP及其WEB技術(shù)1JSP簡介JSP（JAVASERVERPAGES）是一種基于JAVA的腳本技術(shù)。是由SUNMICROSYSTEMS公司倡導(dǎo)、許多公司參與一起建立的一種動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。JSP技術(shù)有點(diǎn)類似ASP技術(shù)，它是在傳統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)頁HTML文件HTM,HTML中插入JAVA程序段SCRIPTLET和JSP標(biāo)記TAG，從而形成JSP文件JSP。用JSP開發(fā)的WEB應(yīng)用是跨平臺的，即能在LINUX下運(yùn)行，也能在其他操作系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行。在JSP的眾多優(yōu)點(diǎn)之中，其中之一是它能將HTML編碼從WEB頁面的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯中有效地分離出來。用JSP訪問可重用的組件，如SERVLET、JAVABEAN和基于JAVA的WEB應(yīng)用程序。JSP還支持在WEB頁面中直接嵌入JAVA代碼?？捎脙煞N方法訪問JSP文件瀏覽器發(fā)送JSP文件請求、發(fā)送至SERVLET的請求。JSP技術(shù)使用JAVA編程語言編寫類XML的TAGS和SCRIPTLETS，來封裝產(chǎn)生動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁的處理邏輯。網(wǎng)頁還能通過TAGS和SCRIPTLETS訪問存在于服務(wù)端的資源的應(yīng)用邏輯。JSP將網(wǎng)頁邏輯與網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計和顯示分離，支持可重用的基于組件的設(shè)計，使基于WEB的應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)變得迅速和容易。WEB服務(wù)器在遇到訪問JSP網(wǎng)頁的請求時，首先執(zhí)行其中的程序段，然后將執(zhí)行結(jié)果連同JSP文件中的HTML代碼一起返回給客戶。插入的JAVA程序段可以操作數(shù)據(jù)庫、重新定向網(wǎng)頁等，以實現(xiàn)建立動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁所需要的功能。JSP與JAVASERVLET一樣，是在服務(wù)器端執(zhí)行的，通常返回該客戶端的就是一個HTML文本，因此客戶端只要有瀏覽器就能瀏覽。JSP頁面由HTML代碼和嵌入其中的JAVA代碼所組成。服務(wù)器在頁面被客戶端請求以后對這些JAVA代碼進(jìn)行處理，然后將生成的HTML頁面返回給客戶端的瀏覽器。JAVASERVLET是JSP的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，而且大型的WEB應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)需要JAVASERVLET和JSP配合才能完成。JSP具備了JAVA技術(shù)的簡單易用，完全的面向?qū)ο?，具有平臺無關(guān)性且安全可靠，主要面向因特網(wǎng)的所有特點(diǎn)。2JSP技術(shù)方法為了快速方便地進(jìn)行動態(tài)網(wǎng)站的開發(fā)，JSP在以下幾個方面做了改進(jìn)，使其成為快速建立跨平臺的動態(tài)網(wǎng)站的首選方案。21將內(nèi)容的生成和顯示進(jìn)行分離用JSP技術(shù)，WEB頁面開發(fā)人員可以使用HTML或者XML標(biāo)識來設(shè)計和格式化最終頁面，并使用JSP標(biāo)識或者小腳本來生成頁面上的動態(tài)內(nèi)容。生成內(nèi)容的邏輯被封裝在標(biāo)識和JAVABEANS組件中，并且捆綁在腳本中，所有的腳本在服務(wù)器端運(yùn)行。由于核心邏輯被封裝在標(biāo)識和JAVABEANS中，所以WEB管理人員和頁面設(shè)計者，能夠編輯和使用JSP頁面，而不影響內(nèi)容的生成。在服務(wù)器端，JSP引擎解釋JSP標(biāo)識和腳3流JAVA調(diào)試器調(diào)試在運(yùn)行時遇到的任何問題。除了JDT之外，ECLIPSESDK最流行的ECLIPSEORG下載還包含PLUGINDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENTPDE。PDE使用特定功能擴(kuò)展了JDT以構(gòu)建ECLIPSE插件基于ECLIPSE的應(yīng)用程序的基本構(gòu)造塊。事實上，使用由ECLIPSE本身提供的工具能夠超越JAVA開發(fā)，可擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有ECLIPSE應(yīng)用程序，或者甚至創(chuàng)建全新的應(yīng)用程序。ECLIPSE由一個小程序?qū)訕?gòu)成，其中包含許多功能模塊或ECLIPSE術(shù)語中所謂的“插件”。插件是在ECLIPSE應(yīng)用程序中提供所有功能的組件。它們通過其API一起協(xié)作來交付最終結(jié)果。在ECLIPSE中，甚至最基礎(chǔ)的功能，比如查找和啟動安裝的插件，都封裝在插件中。為了擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有ECLIPSE功能或在其上進(jìn)行構(gòu)建，插件將具體的擴(kuò)展貢獻(xiàn)給由其他插件暴露的擴(kuò)展點(diǎn)。通常，插件專注于特定區(qū)域的責(zé)任，并通過一個或多個擴(kuò)展點(diǎn)的方式將其他責(zé)任指派給其他插件。例如，一個插件允許您可視地并行比較兩個文件的內(nèi)容，但它不會關(guān)心如何讀取這些文件甚至如何解釋這些文件的結(jié)構(gòu)這是其他插件的工作。比較兩個文件時，該插件首先檢查是否有另一個插件可以解釋這些文件的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果找到一個，它就會向找到的插件詢問有關(guān)文件結(jié)構(gòu)的信息，并在比較過程中使用該信息?？梢钥吹剑K化架構(gòu)為ECLIPSE提供了巨大的靈活性，并提供了一個可以支持原設(shè)計者沒有預(yù)料到的大量應(yīng)用程序的平臺。4STRUCTS功能簡介STRUTS是一個MVC框架（FRAMEWORK）,用于快速開發(fā)JAVAWEB應(yīng)用。STRUTS實現(xiàn)的重點(diǎn)在CCONTROLLER，包括ACTIONSERVLET/REQUESTPROCESSOR和我們定制的ACTION,也為VVIEW提供了一系列定制標(biāo)簽（CUSTOMTAG）。SPRING是一個輕型容器LIGHTWEIGHTCONTAINER，其核心是BEAN工廠BEANFACTORY，用以構(gòu)造我們所需要的MMODEL。在此基礎(chǔ)之上，SPRING提供了AOP（ASPECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMING,面向?qū)用娴木幊蹋┑膶崿F(xiàn)，用它來提供非管理環(huán)境下申明方式的事務(wù)、安全等服務(wù)；對BEAN工廠的擴(kuò)展APPLICATIONCONTEXT更加方便我們實現(xiàn)J2EE的應(yīng)用；DAO/ORM的實現(xiàn)方便我們進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫的開發(fā)；WEBMVC和SPRINGWEB提供了JAVAWEB應(yīng)用的框架或與其他流行的WEB框架進(jìn)行集成。就是說可將兩者一起使用，達(dá)到將兩者自身的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行互補(bǔ)。STRUCTS是一組相互協(xié)作的類、SERVLET和JSP標(biāo)記，它們組成一個可重用的MVC2設(shè)計。這個定義表示STRUTS是一個框架，而不是一個庫，但STRUTS也包含了豐富的標(biāo)記庫和獨(dú)立于該框架工作的實用程序類。CLIENTBROWSER（客戶瀏覽器）,來自客戶瀏覽器的每個HTTP請求創(chuàng)建一個事件。WEB容器將用一個HTTP響應(yīng)作出響應(yīng)。CONTROLLER（控制器）,控制器接收來自瀏覽器的請求，并決定將這個請求發(fā)往何處。就STRUTS而言，控制器是以SERVLET實現(xiàn)的一個命令設(shè)計模式。STRUTSCONFIGXML文件配置控制器。業(yè)務(wù)邏輯,業(yè)務(wù)邏輯更新模型的狀態(tài)，并幫助控制應(yīng)用程序的流程。就STRUTS而言，這是通過作為實際業(yè)務(wù)邏輯“瘦”包裝的ACTION類完成的。