簡介:UNIT1DEFINITIONOFMEASUREMENTANDMEASUREMENTTHEORY定義的測量方法和測量理論1DEFINITIONOFMEASUREMENT測量的定義APOSSIBLEOPERATIONALDESCRIPTIONOFTHETERMMEASUREMENTWHICHAGREESWITHOURINTUITIONISTHEFOLLOWING“MEASUREMENTISTHEACQUISITIONOFINFORMATION”THEASPECTOFGATHERINGINFORMATIONISONEOFTHEMOSTESSENTIALASPECTSOFMEASUREMENTMEASUREMENTARECONDUCTEDTOLEARNABOUTTHEOBJECTOFMEASUREMENTTHEMEASURANDTHISMEANSTHATAMEASUREMENTMUSTBEDESCRIPTIVEWITHREGARDTOTHATSTATEORTHATPHENOMENONINTHEWORLDAROUNDUSWHICHWEAREMEASURING一個(gè)可能的操作描述這個(gè)術(shù)語的同意,我們憑直覺測量是下列的“測量信息獲取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面進(jìn)行測量,計(jì)量了解測量的對象,進(jìn)行測量。這意味著一個(gè)測量必須描述對于這種狀態(tài)或這一現(xiàn)象在我們周圍的世界我們衡量。THEREMUSTBEARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHISSTATEORPHENOMENONANDTHEMEASUREMENTRESULTALTHOUGHTHEASPECTOFACQUIRINGINFORMATIONISELEMENTARY,ITISMERELYANECESSARYANDNOTASUFFICIENTASPECTOFMEASUREMENTWHENONEREADSATEXTBOOK,ONEGATHERSINFORMATION,BUTONEDOESNOTPERFORMAMEASUREMENT必須有一個(gè)關(guān)系狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)象和測量結(jié)果信息獲取的角度,即使是基礎(chǔ),那只是一個(gè)必要的和非充分方面的測量當(dāng)一個(gè)人閱讀教科書,一個(gè)收集信息,但是一個(gè)人不能進(jìn)行測量。ASECONDASPECTOFMEASUREMENTISTHATITMUSTBESELECTIVEITMAYONLYPROVIDEINFORMATIONABOUTWHATWEWISHTOMEASURETHEMEASURANDANDNOTABOUTANYOTHEROFTHEMANYSTATESORPHENOMENAAROUNDUS測量的第二個(gè)方面,它必須被選擇,只能提供有關(guān)我們所希望的那樣進(jìn)行測量測量,而不是對任何其他的許多州或現(xiàn)象在我們身邊。THISASPECTTOOISANECESSARYBUTNOTSUFFICIENTASPECTOFMEASUREMENTADMIRINGAPAINTINGINSIDEANOTHERWISEEMPTYROOMWILLPROVIDEINFORMATIONABOUTONLYTHEPAINTING,BUTDOESNOTCONSTITUTEAMEASUREMENT這相位也是必須的,但并非任何足夠的測量方面ADMIRING一幅畫在一個(gè)否則空房間會(huì)提供信息,只有這幅畫作,但不構(gòu)成測量。ATHIRDANDNECESSARYASPECTOFMEASUREMENTISTHATITMUSTBEOBJECTIVETHEOUTCOMEOFTHEMEASUREMENTMUSTBEINDEPENDENTOFANARBITRARYOBSERVEREACHOBSERVERMUSTEXTRACTTHESAMEINFORMATIONFROMTHEMEASUREMENTANDMUSTCOMETOTHESAMECONCLUSIONTHIS,HOWEVER,ISALMOSTIMPOSSIBLEFORANOBSERVERWHOUSESONLYHIS/HERSENSESOBSERVATIONSMADEWITHOURSENSESAREHIGHLYSUBJECTIVEOURSENSEOFTEMPERATURE,FOREXAMPLE,DEPENDSSTRONGLYONANYSENSATIONOFHOTORCOLDPRECEDINGTHEMEASUREMENT第三個(gè)和必要的方面,它必須被測量,結(jié)果客觀測量必須獨(dú)立于任意觀測器提取每觀察者必須之測相同的信息,必須得出了相同的結(jié)論。這,然而,幾乎不可能一個(gè)觀察人士只使用他/她的感官感覺是我們OBSERVATIONS我們高度主觀的感覺,例如,取決于溫度有任何感覺熱或冷的MEASUREMEN前。THISISDEMONSTRATEDBYTRYINGTODETERMINETHETEMPERATUREOFAJUGOFWATERBYHANDIFTHEHANDISFIRSTDIPPEDINCOLDWATER,THEWATERINTHEJUGWILLFEELRELATIVELYWARM,WHEREASIFTHEHANDISFIRSTDIPPEDINWARMWATER,THEWATERINTHEJUGWILLFEELRELATIVELYCOLDBESIDESTHESUBJECTIVITYOFOUROBSERVATION,WEHUMANOBSERVERSAREALSOHANDICAPPEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHEREAREMANYSTATESORPHENOMENAINTHEREALWORLDAROUNDUSWHICHWECANNOTOBSERVEATALLEGMAGNETICFIELDSORONLYPOORLYEGEXTREMELYLOWTEMPERATURESORHIGHSPEEDMOVEMENTINORDERTOGUARANTEEOBJECTIVITYOFAMEASUREMENTWEMUSTTHEREFOREUSEARTEFACTSTOOLSORINSTRUMENTS這是證明了在調(diào)查里面的水的溫度用手,如果手先用冷水浸泡到瓶子里的水會(huì)感到相對的溫暖,而若手第一蘸溫水、水到瓶子里會(huì)感覺比較冷。除了我們觀察的主體性,我們?nèi)祟惖挠^察家們也不識(shí)字而事實(shí)有許多州或者現(xiàn)象在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中,我們不能遵守我們周圍磁場如只POORL支。THETASKOFTHESEINSTRUMENTSISTOCONVERTTHESTATEORPHENOMENONUNDEROBSERVATIONINTOADIFFERENTSTATEORPHENOMENONTHATCANNOTBEMISINTERPRETEDBYANOBSERVERINOTHERWORDS,THEINSTRUMENTCONVERTSTHEINITIALOBSERVATIONINTOAREPRESENTATIONTHATALLOBSERVERSCANOBSERVEANDWILLAGREEON這些儀器的任務(wù)是把國家或現(xiàn)象觀察進(jìn)入一種不同的國家或現(xiàn)象,不能被誤解被CHARACTERISTICSOFSTATESANDPHENOMENAOFTHEWORLDAROUNDUSTHEELEMENTSOFTHEIMAGESETARESYMBOLSOFTHEABSTRACTIMAGESETOFSYMBOLSTHESYMBOLSCANBENUMBERSQUANTITATIVEMEASUREMENTSBUTCANALSOBE,FOREXAMPLE,NAMESQUANTITATIVEMEASUREMENTS換句話說,元素的來源是實(shí)證特點(diǎn)設(shè)置狀態(tài)和我們周圍的世界的現(xiàn)象要素的圖像的抽象符號(hào)圖像集象徵。符號(hào)可以是數(shù)字定量測量,還可以為例,定量測量名字。RESTRICTINGTHEDEFINITIONOFMEASUREMENTFURTHER,MEASUREMENTTHEORYSTATESTHATMEASUREMENTISTHEMAPPINGOFELEMENTSFROMANEMPIRICALSOURCESETONTOELEMENTSOFANABSTRACTIMAGESETACCORDINGTOAPARTICULARTRANSFORMATIONFUNCTIONTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTIONCONSISTSOFTHEASSIGNMENTALGORITHMS,RESULTSORPROCEDURESTHATDEFINETHEREPRESENTATIONOFEMPIRICALQUANTITIESBYABSTRACTSYMBOLS限制測量的定義進(jìn)一步、測量理論認(rèn)為測量測繪的要素,從實(shí)證源固定在抽象的圖像元素根據(jù)特定的轉(zhuǎn)換功能。轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)由任務(wù)的算法,結(jié)果或程序確定表示的實(shí)證數(shù)量由抽象符號(hào)。INPRACTICETHEASSIGNMENTALGORITHM,RULEORPROCEDUREISIMPLEMENTEDBYTHEEMPLOYEDMEASUREMENTSYSTEMTHEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMTHEREFOREDETERMINESTHEREPRESENTATIONASSTATEDEARLIER,THISREPRESENTATIONMUSTBEDONEINADESCRIPTION,OBJECTIVEANDSELECTIVEWAYTHUS,THEIMAGESETMUSTCONSISTOFELEMENTSMEASUREMENTOUTCOMESWHICHAREABSTRACTSYMBOLSWITHAUNIQUEMEANINGABOUTWHICH,BYDEFINITION,ALLOBSERVERSAGREE在實(shí)踐中,分派算法、規(guī)則、程序是由受雇測量系統(tǒng)實(shí)施。測量系統(tǒng)因此決定表示。如前所述,這些表示都被做以描述、客觀、有選擇的。因此,對圖像集必須包含的元素測量結(jié)果,有抽象符號(hào)具有獨(dú)特的意義,被定義,所有的觀察家們也一致。AMEASUREMENTMUSTBEDESCRIPTIVEINMEASUREMENTTHEORYTHISISDESCRIBEDINTERMSOFSETTHEORYTHERELATIONSTHATEXISTBETWEENTHEELEMENTSOFTHESOURCESETMUSTBEMAINTAINEDUNDERTHETRANSFORMATIONINTHEIMAGESET,FOREXAMPLE,’LARGERTHAN’,‘EQUALTO’AND‘SMALLERTHAN’一個(gè)測量必須描述了在測量理論從集理論存在的關(guān)系成分之間的源設(shè)置下必須保持對圖像集的轉(zhuǎn)型中,例如,“比”、“等于和小于”。THESETOFRELATIONSBETWEENTHEELEMENTSOFTHESOURCESETISREFERREDTOASTHERELATIONALSYSTEMOFTHESOURCESET之間的關(guān)系的來源的元素將被稱為關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)的源套。THISEMPIRICALRELATIONALSYSTEMDETERMINESTHESTRUCTUREOFTHESOURCESETLIKEWISE,ANABSTRACTRELATIONALSYSTEMDETERMINESTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEIMAGESETFORINSTANCE,THESETOFRELATIONALTHATAPPLYTOTHESETOFINTEGERNUMBERSAMEASUREMENTREPRESENTATIONISNOWCALLEDDESCRIPTIVEIFTHERELATIONALSYSTEMORSTRUCTUREOFTHEEMPIRICALSOURCESETISINVARIANTUNDERTHETRANSFORMATIONMEASUREMENT本實(shí)證關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定源的結(jié)構(gòu)。同樣地,抽象的關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定圖像的結(jié)構(gòu)例如,關(guān)系,適用于整數(shù)的數(shù)字。測量表示現(xiàn)在稱為描述性如果關(guān)系系統(tǒng)或結(jié)構(gòu)變化設(shè)置經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義來源轉(zhuǎn)換下測量。THEMEASUREMENTONLYREPRESENTSTHATWHICHISMEASUREDIFTHETWORELATIONALSYSTEMSAREIDENTICALOTHERWISEINFORMATIONISLOSTINTHEMAPPINGANEXAMPLEISMEASURINGWITHAVERYLOWRESOLUTIONTWODIFFERENTCURRENTMAGNITUDESAREMAPPEDONTOTHESAMEOUTCOME,ANDAREINDISTINGUISHABLEFROMEACHOTHER測量測量只代表了,如果兩個(gè)關(guān)系系統(tǒng)都是相同的,否則資料遺失在映射。一個(gè)例子是測量一個(gè)非常低分辨率兩個(gè)不同電流大小映射到相同的結(jié)果,與對方。UNIT2MEASUREMENTOFPHYSICALQUANTITY物理量測量THEPHYSICALQUANTITIESLISTEDBELLOWAREOFTENUSEDINTESTANDMEASUREMENTTECHNOLOGYTHEFIRST2ARECOMMONLYCALLEDASELECTRICALQUANTITIESANDTHEOTHERARECOMMONLYCALLEDASELECTRICALPARAMETERSUSUALLYTHESENSORSRECEIVETHEINFORMATIONOFQUANTITIESUNDERMEASUREMENTQUMANDCONVERTITINTOVARIATIONOFELECTRICALPARAMETERSORELECTRICALPOTENTIAL,WHICHWILLNORMALLYBECONDITIONED,ANDTHENCONVERTEDINTOTHEELECTRICALQUANTITIES,SPECIALLYTHECURRENT,ANDSENTTOTHEA/DCONVERTERS如下所示的物理量的常被用于測試和測量技術(shù),第
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