自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)筆記整理

1、 自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)筆記整理（含下載）Chapter 11 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word

2、is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1 詞定義包括以下幾點(diǎn)：（ 1 ）一門(mén)語(yǔ)言中最小的自由形式;（ 2 ）一個(gè)聲音的統(tǒng)一體（ 3 ）一個(gè)意義單位;（ 4 ）在一個(gè)句子中獨(dú)立起作用的一個(gè)形式。詞是一門(mén)語(yǔ)言中具有一定的聲音、意義和句法功能的最小的自由形式2- Sound and Me

3、aning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.2 -聲音和意

4、義：象征性聯(lián)系幾乎總是任意和約定成俗的狗稱(chēng)為狗不是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)聲音以及這三個(gè)字母在一起就能自動(dòng)表示這種動(dòng)物。3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabe

5、t was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.3 –古代英語(yǔ)，隨著語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展，聲音和形式之間的差異越來(lái)越大。產(chǎn)生這種

6、差異的內(nèi)在原因是英語(yǔ)拼寫(xiě)采用了拉丁字母，從而使英語(yǔ)中的每個(gè)音位并不能 都用單獨(dú)的字母來(lái)表示，有些字母必須起雙重職能或組合在一起來(lái)表示一個(gè)音Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.另一個(gè)原因是，

7、發(fā)音比拼寫(xiě)變化的快，在某些情況下，兩者產(chǎn)生了很大的差 異。A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. 第 三個(gè)原因是，是由于早期抄寫(xiě)僧所造成的一些差異。Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English

8、vocabulary. 最后一個(gè)原因是外來(lái)詞。外來(lái)詞是豐富了英語(yǔ)詞匯的重要途 徑。5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used

9、 in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day

10、English vocabulary is over million 14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.-行話。是流行于藝術(shù)，科學(xué)，商

11、業(yè)和其他職業(yè) 2impressive. 俚語(yǔ)大多還是由現(xiàn)有詞匯語(yǔ)義的改變或引申，只有少數(shù)是自創(chuàng) 的，俚語(yǔ)在表達(dá)上富有色彩，直接，表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)，效果明顯。16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals 黑話通常指罪犯的行話.17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question

12、. -方 言詞限于講方言的人所使用。18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.古語(yǔ)詞是指過(guò)去曾經(jīng)廣泛使用而現(xiàn)在僅限于某些特殊用法的詞。19 - Neologisms are newly-created words or expression

13、s, or words that have taken on new meanings.-新詞語(yǔ)是指新創(chuàng)造的詞語(yǔ)或又產(chǎn)生新義的舊詞。20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. The

14、y include nouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.20 詞匯可以根據(jù)有無(wú)實(shí)義分為實(shí)義詞和功能詞。實(shí)義詞表示明確的概念，它們包括名詞，動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞和數(shù)詞，表示事物、現(xiàn)象、行動(dòng)、物質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、程度、數(shù)量等。21 - Functi

15、onal words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they

16、 are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 21 –功能詞本身不具有實(shí)義，因此又稱(chēng)為虛詞。虛詞就是表示兩個(gè)實(shí)義之間的關(guān)系以及詞與詞之間、句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，也可稱(chēng)為形式詞。虛詞有介詞，連詞，助動(dòng)詞和冠詞。22 - However, functional words do

17、 far more work of expression in English on average than content words. -然而在英語(yǔ)中，功能詞比實(shí)義詞起著更重要的作用。23 - Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jut

18、es, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words 英語(yǔ) 本族語(yǔ)詞是公元 5 世紀(jì)由日耳曼部落盎格魯人、薩克遜人和朱特人帶入英國(guó)的，又稱(chēng)盎格魯-薩克遜詞語(yǔ)。 24 - Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other

19、features: 除了上文提到的英語(yǔ)基本詞匯的共同特點(diǎn)外，與外來(lái)語(yǔ)詞相比，本族語(yǔ)詞還有另外兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1）Neutral in style. they are not stylistically specific. 文體上中性。文體上有什么特定的色彩。Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from