簡介：XXXX醫(yī)院2012年下半年“三基三嚴”考試之耳鼻喉科試題姓名分數(shù)一、選擇題一、選擇題每題每題2分，共分，共40分1、下列喉軟骨中呈葉片狀的是A、甲狀軟骨B、環(huán)狀軟骨C、會厭軟骨D、杓狀軟骨E、小角軟骨2、下列哪一軟骨損傷后易引起喉狹窄A、甲狀軟骨B、環(huán)狀軟骨C、會厭軟骨D、杓狀軟骨E、小角軟骨3、鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)操作一般在中鼻甲A內(nèi)側(cè)進行B上方進行C下方進行D外側(cè)進行E以上都不是4、鼻呼吸區(qū)粘膜纖毛擺動的方向主要是A從前向后B從后向前C從上向下D從下向上E以上都不是5、正常人生理性鼻周期是A隨精神緊張和放松而變化B隨運動和休息而變化C隨晝夜時間節(jié)律而變化D每27小時交替變化一次E隨肺擴張程度需要而變化6、下列哪項不是單純性鼻炎臨床表現(xiàn)A間歇性鼻阻B交替性鼻阻C鼻阻可隨體位改變D持續(xù)性鼻阻E以上都不對7、下列哪種疾病伴有陣發(fā)性鼻阻塞A慢性鼻竇炎B慢性單純性鼻炎C變應(yīng)性鼻炎D慢性肥厚性鼻炎E急性鼻炎8急性扁桃體炎的主要致病菌為______。A葡萄球菌；B肺炎雙球菌；C乙型溶血性鏈球菌；D流感桿菌E厭氧菌9診斷慢性扁桃體炎的主要依據(jù)是______。A咽部疼痛；B扁桃體腫大程度；C扁桃體表面有膿；D頜下淋巴結(jié)腫大E反復(fù)急性發(fā)病史10急性扁桃體炎治療的首選藥物為______。A先鋒霉素；B青霉素；C中藥；D激素E紅霉素11全麻下扁桃體切除術(shù)后患者在尚未清醒時應(yīng)該保持的體位是______。A仰臥位；B半俯臥位；C側(cè)位；D橫臥位E半側(cè)臥位12、喉腔中最狹窄的部位是A、喉入口B、室?guī)чgC、聲門區(qū)D、喉室間E、聲門下區(qū)13、喉返神經(jīng)是下列哪一神經(jīng)的分支A、迷走神經(jīng)B、舌咽神經(jīng)C、舌下神經(jīng)D、副神經(jīng)E、三叉神經(jīng)14、喉的感覺神經(jīng)主要是來自A、喉返神經(jīng)B、舌咽神經(jīng)分支C、迷走神經(jīng)分支D、喉上神經(jīng)內(nèi)支E、副神經(jīng)分支15、喉的下列哪個部位淋巴管最豐富A、喉入口B、聲門上區(qū)C、聲門區(qū)D、聲門下區(qū)E、喉室16、目前臨床上檢查成人喉部最常用的方法是A、直接喉鏡B、纖維喉鏡C、動態(tài)喉鏡D、電子喉鏡E、間接喉鏡一、選擇題一、選擇題1、C2、B3、D4、A5、D6、D7、C8、C9、E10、B11、B12C13A14D15B16E17B18、A19、D20、D二、填空題二、填空題1．慢性單純性鼻炎慢性單純性鼻炎和慢性肥厚性鼻炎慢性肥厚性鼻炎2．以聲帶為界可將喉腔分為以聲帶為界可將喉腔分為聲門上區(qū)聲門上區(qū)，聲門區(qū)聲門區(qū)和聲門下區(qū)聲門下區(qū)。3．氣管異物三大典型體征為氣管異物三大典型體征為劇烈嗆咳劇烈嗆咳，拍擊聲拍擊聲，哮鳴音哮鳴音。4．喉軟骨支架主要由喉軟骨支架主要由甲狀軟骨、環(huán)狀軟骨、會厭軟骨、杓狀軟骨甲狀軟骨、環(huán)狀軟骨、會厭軟骨、杓狀軟骨組成，若損傷組成，若損傷環(huán)狀環(huán)狀軟骨，極易導致喉狹軟骨，極易導致喉狹窄。窄。5．內(nèi)耳按解剖和功能分為按解剖和功能分為前庭前庭、半規(guī)管半規(guī)管和耳蝸耳蝸3個部分。個部分。三、問答題1、氣管切開術(shù)適應(yīng)證①喉阻塞①喉阻塞任何原因引起的任何原因引起的3434度喉阻塞，尤其病因不能很快解除時應(yīng)及時行氣管度喉阻塞，尤其病因不能很快解除時應(yīng)及時行氣管且開術(shù)。②下呼吸道分泌物潴留阻塞且開術(shù)。②下呼吸道分泌物潴留阻塞如昏迷，顱腦病變，多發(fā)性神經(jīng)炎，呼吸道燒傷，胸部外傷等。③如昏迷，顱腦病變，多發(fā)性神經(jīng)炎，呼吸道燒傷，胸部外傷等。③某些手術(shù)的前置手術(shù)某些手術(shù)的前置手術(shù)如頜面部，口腔，咽，喉部手術(shù)時，為了防止血液流入下呼吸道或術(shù)后局部腫脹阻如頜面部，口腔，咽，喉部手術(shù)時，為了防止血液流入下呼吸道或術(shù)后局部腫脹阻礙呼吸，行預(yù)防性器官切開術(shù)。礙呼吸，行預(yù)防性器官切開術(shù)。并發(fā)癥皮下氣腫，縱隔氣腫，氣胸，出血，拔管困難皮下氣腫，縱隔氣腫，氣胸，出血，拔管困難22鼻竇的組成及開口部位依照竇口引流的位置和方向以及各個鼻竇的位置，將鼻竇分為前后兩組。前依照竇口引流的位置和方向以及各個鼻竇的位置，將鼻竇分為前后兩組。前組鼻竇包括上頜竇、前組篩竇和額竇，竇口均為于中鼻道；后組鼻竇包括后組篩竇和蝶竇，前者竇口位于組鼻竇包括上頜竇、前組篩竇和額竇，竇口均為于中鼻道；后組鼻竇包括后組篩竇和蝶竇，前者竇口位于上鼻道，后者竇口位于上鼻道后上方的蝶篩隱窩上鼻道，后者竇口位于上鼻道后上方的蝶篩隱窩3扁桃體手術(shù)的適應(yīng)癥1慢性扁桃體炎反復(fù)急性發(fā)作或多次并發(fā)扁桃體周膿腫慢性扁桃體炎反復(fù)急性發(fā)作或多次并發(fā)扁桃體周膿腫2扁桃體扁桃體過度肥大，妨礙吞咽、呼吸及發(fā)音功能過度肥大，妨礙吞咽、呼吸及發(fā)音功能3慢性扁桃體炎已成為引起其他臟器病變的病灶或與鄰近器官的病慢性扁桃體炎已成為引起其他臟器病變的病灶或與鄰近器官的病變有關(guān)聯(lián)變有關(guān)聯(lián)4白喉帶菌者，經(jīng)保守治療無效白喉帶菌者，經(jīng)保守治療無效5各種扁桃體良性腫瘤，可連同扁桃體一并切除；對惡性腫瘤應(yīng)各種扁桃體良性腫瘤，可連同扁桃體一并切除；對惡性腫瘤應(yīng)慎重。慎重。

簡介：飛行器多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化復(fù)習題1優(yōu)化設(shè)計問題的三要素是什么給出一個優(yōu)化設(shè)計問題的例子，分別說明三個要素的具體內(nèi)容。三要素分別是設(shè)計變量，約束條件和目標函數(shù)。以結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計為例，設(shè)計變量可能是蒙皮厚度，前后翼梁緣條厚度，前后翼梁腹板厚度等結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)；約束條件是機翼強度要求、剛度要求等目標函數(shù)是最小化結(jié)構(gòu)重量。2飛行器設(shè)計一般分哪幾個階段飛行器多學科優(yōu)化設(shè)計有什么意義飛行器設(shè)計分三個階段概念設(shè)計、初步設(shè)計、詳細設(shè)計。飛行器MDO的意義為（1）MDO符合系統(tǒng)工程的思想。能有效提高飛行器的設(shè)計質(zhì)量（2）MDO為飛行器設(shè)計提供了一種并行設(shè)計模式。（3）MDO的設(shè)計模式與飛行器設(shè)計組織體制一致，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)更高程度的自動化。（4）MDO的模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)使飛行器設(shè)計過程具有很強的靈活性。3在飛行器設(shè)計過程中，多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化方法與傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計方法之間有哪些相同和不同點。傳統(tǒng)的飛行器設(shè)計優(yōu)化中,采取的是一種串行的設(shè)計模式，往往首先進行性能設(shè)計優(yōu)化,然后進行結(jié)構(gòu)、操縱和控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計優(yōu)化,最后進行工藝裝備設(shè)計。在傳統(tǒng)的方法中，各個學科任務(wù)成了實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的最基本單元，影響飛機性能的氣動、推進、結(jié)構(gòu)和控制等學科被人為地割裂開來，各學科之間相互耦合所產(chǎn)生的協(xié)同效應(yīng)并未被充分考慮進去，這可能導致失去系統(tǒng)的整體最優(yōu)解，串行的模式也使得設(shè)計時間周期和成本大大增加。而多學科優(yōu)化設(shè)計技術(shù)是一種并行設(shè)計模式，它以各子系統(tǒng)、學科的優(yōu)化設(shè)計為基礎(chǔ)，在飛行器各個階段力求各學科的平衡，充分考慮哥們學科之間的相互影響和耦合作用，應(yīng)用有效的設(shè)計/優(yōu)化策略和分布式計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，來組織和管理整個系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計過程，通過充分利用各個學科之間的相互作用所產(chǎn)生的協(xié)同效應(yīng)，以獲得系統(tǒng)的整體最優(yōu)解。相同點在于都有對于子學科的分解，但是MDO更注重子學科間的協(xié)同。4給出MDO的三種定義，根據(jù)你的理解，MDO該如何定義DEFINITION1MDO是一種通過充分探索和利用系統(tǒng)中相互作用的協(xié)同機制來設(shè)計復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)和子系統(tǒng)的方法論。DEFINITION2MDO是指在復(fù)雜工程系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計過程中，必須對學科（子系統(tǒng)）之間的相互作用進行分析，并且充分利用這些相互作用進行系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化合成的方法。DEFINITION3多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化就是進行復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計過程中，結(jié)合系統(tǒng)的多學科本質(zhì)，充分利用各種多學科設(shè)計與多學科分析工具，最終達到基于多學科優(yōu)化的方法論。MYDEFINITION當設(shè)計中每個因素都影響另外的所有因素時，確定該改變哪個因素以及改變到什么程度的一種設(shè)計方法。5多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化中，什么是學科分析什么是系統(tǒng)分析學科分析也成為子系統(tǒng)分析或子空間分析，以某一學科設(shè)計變量，其他學科對該學科的耦合狀態(tài)變量和系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)為輸入，根據(jù)某一學科滿足的物理規(guī)律確定其物理特性的過程系統(tǒng)分析對整個系統(tǒng)，給定一組設(shè)計變量X，通過求解系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)方程得到系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)變量的過程。要想各子系統(tǒng)單獨優(yōu)化得到的結(jié)構(gòu)湊起來就是總系統(tǒng)全局最優(yōu)化的結(jié)果，那么各子規(guī)劃SPI是完全獨立的，即各子規(guī)劃和總規(guī)劃之間必須有如下聯(lián)系（1）總規(guī)劃TP的設(shè)計變量由各子規(guī)劃SPI的設(shè)計變量的全體組成（2）任一子規(guī)劃SPI目標的改善必須對總吧TP目標的改善做出積極的貢獻，這就要求總規(guī)劃TP的目標是各子規(guī)劃SPI目標的增函數(shù)。（3）總規(guī)劃TP約束是諸子規(guī)劃SPI約束的全體原因局部最優(yōu)組合非全局最優(yōu)是因為子系統(tǒng)之間有某種形式上的耦合，這個耦合可能為變量的耦合，目標的耦合和約束的耦合。11給出求解復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化問題的“分解協(xié)調(diào)”法思路。對于復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)，直接求解總規(guī)劃TP,往往規(guī)模大，耦合復(fù)雜，“獨立”與“聯(lián)系”兩方面都要同時考慮而難以直接求解。構(gòu)造一種新的規(guī)劃形式，把原總規(guī)劃TP中的“相對獨立”與“耦合聯(lián)系”兩種因素分開，以“分解”和“協(xié)調(diào)”兩種手段來分別處理“獨立”和“聯(lián)系”兩方面的問題，從而使一個大規(guī)模、復(fù)雜的總規(guī)劃TP分解為若干相對簡單的規(guī)劃。12MDO問題建模有哪些特點MDO問題建模要遵循什么原則特點一般直接對發(fā)雜的工程系統(tǒng)進行分析和設(shè)計相當困難，較為有效的方法是將系統(tǒng)按部件或者按照學科分解成若干個子系統(tǒng)。在復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化中，建立系統(tǒng)及子系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計、分析和優(yōu)化模型需要考慮的因素很多，學科間的耦合使得MDO問題的建模十分困難，比如物理模型建立的困難，數(shù)學模型建立的困難和模型求解的困難。由于實際問題的復(fù)雜性和多樣性，要尋求一種合適于MDO的問題建模的通用建模方法不可行。原則（1）模型的準確性；（2）模型的實用性；（3）模型的適應(yīng)性；（4）系統(tǒng)分解的合理性；（5）學科間耦合關(guān)系的準確性；（6）系統(tǒng)設(shè)計目標與學科設(shè)計目標的協(xié)調(diào)性13給出可變復(fù)雜度建模方法的基本思路，并分析其在多學科設(shè)計優(yōu)化中的意義。思路在優(yōu)化中使用計算成本高的精確分析方法同時也使用了計算成本低的近似分析方法；在迭代過程中主要采用近似分析方法，然后用精確分析方法獲得的修正因子來修正近似分析方法。意義有效地降低MDO過程的計算成本。14飛行器設(shè)計中有哪些不確定性分別舉例說明。信息不確定性與飛行器載荷、材料屬性、物理尺寸、工作環(huán)境、成本等相關(guān)的可變性決策不確定性多個設(shè)計目標的選擇（最小起飛重量、最大航程、最小成本、最大可靠性）建模與仿真不確定性飛行器氣動特性預(yù)估存在不同精度的變復(fù)雜度模型。技術(shù)不確定性及采用新技術(shù)時產(chǎn)生的技術(shù)不確定性。15不確定性設(shè)計問題中，什么是穩(wěn)健設(shè)計問題，什么是可靠性設(shè)計問題穩(wěn)健設(shè)計問題是尋找對不確定性變量有小改變相對不敏感的設(shè)計可靠性性設(shè)計是要獲取更小失敗可能性的設(shè)計穩(wěn)健設(shè)計側(cè)重于保證性能，可靠性設(shè)計側(cè)重于系統(tǒng)失效的可能性。16什么是參數(shù)化建模參數(shù)化建模在MDO中有什么意義和作用參數(shù)化建模是一組參數(shù)用來約束設(shè)計對象的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀。這種設(shè)計對象的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀相對確定，而

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簡介：附錄附錄一外文原文TEMPERATURECONTROLUSINGAMICROCONTROLLERANINTERDISCIPLINARYUNDERGRADUATEENGINEERINGDESIGNPROJECTJAMESSMCDONALDDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCETRINITYUNIVERSITYSANANTONIO,TX78212ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANINTERDISCIPLINARYDESIGNPROJECTWHICHWASDONEUNDERTHEAUTHOR’SSUPERVISIONBYAGROUPOFFOURSENIORSTUDENTSINTHEDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEATTRINITYUNIVERSITYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPROJECTWASTODEVELOPATEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMFORANAIRFILLEDCHAMBERTHESYSTEMWASTOALLOWENTRYOFADESIREDCHAMBERTEMPERATUREINAPRESCRIBEDRANGEANDTOEXHIBITOVERSHOOTANDSTEADYSTATETEMPERATUREERROROFLESSTHAN1DEGREEKELVININTHEACTUALCHAMBERTEMPERATURESTEPRESPONSETHEDETAILSOFTHEDESIGNDEVELOPEDBYTHISGROUPOFSTUDENTS,BASEDONAMOTOROLAMC68HC05FAMILYMICROCONTROLLER,AREDESCRIBEDTHEPEDAGOGICALVALUEOFTHEPROBLEMISALSODISCUSSEDTHROUGHADESCRIPTIONOFSOMEOFTHEKEYSTEPSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSITISSHOWNTHATTHESOLUTIONREQUIRESBROADKNOWLEDGEDRAWNFROMSEVERALENGINEERINGDISCIPLINESINCLUDINGELECTRICAL,MECHANICAL,ANDCONTROLSYSTEMSENGINEERING1INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIGNPROJECTWHICHISTHESUBJECTOFTHISPAPERORIGINATEDFROMAREALWORLDAPPLICATIONAPROTOTYPEOFAMICROSCOPESLIDEDRYERHADBEENDEVELOPEDAROUNDANOMEGATMMODELCN390TEMPERATURECONTROLLER,ANDTHEOBJECTIVEWASTODEVELOPACUSTOMTEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMTOREPLACETHEOMEGASYSTEMTHEMOTIVATIONWASTHATACUSTOMCONTROLLERTARGETEDSPECIFICALLYFORTHEAPPLICATIONSHOULDBEABLETO2PROBLEMSTATEMENTTHEBASICIDEAOFTHEPROJECTISTOREPLACETHERELEVANTPARTSOFTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFANOMEGACN390TEMPERATURECONTROLLERUSINGACUSTOMDESIGNEDSYSTEMTHEAPPLICATIONDICTATESTHATTEMPERATURESETTINGSAREUSUALLYKEPTCONSTANTFORLONGPERIODSOFTIME,BUTIT’SNONETHELESSIMPORTANTTHATSTEPCHANGESBETRACKEDINA“REASONABLE”MANNERTHUSTHEMAINREQUIREMENTSBOILDOWNTOALLOWINGACHAMBERTEMPERATURESETPOINTTOBEENTERED,DISPLAYINGBOTHSETPOINTANDACTUALTEMPERATURES,ANDTRACKINGSTEPCHANGESINSETPOINTTEMPERATUREWITHACCEPTABLERISETIME,STEADYSTATEERROR,ANDOVERSHOOTALTHOUGHNOTEXPLICITLYAPARTOFTHESPECIFICATIONSINTABLE1,ITWASCLEARTHATTHECUSTOMERDESIREDDIGITALDISPLAYSOFSETPOINTANDACTUALTEMPERATURES,ANDTHATSETPOINTTEMPERATUREENTRYSHOULDBEDIGITALASWELLASOPPOSEDTO,SAY,THROUGHAPOTENTIOMETERSETTING3SYSTEMDESIGNTHEREQUIREMENTSFORDIGITALTEMPERATUREDISPLAYSANDSETPOINTENTRYALONEAREENOUGHTODICTATETHATAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDDESIGNISLIKELYTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATEFIGURE2SHOWSABLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHESTUDENTS’DESIGN

簡介：附錄附錄一外文原文TEMPERATURECONTROLUSINGAMICROCONTROLLERANINTERDISCIPLINARYUNDERGRADUATEENGINEERINGDESIGNPROJECTJAMESSMCDONALDDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCETRINITYUNIVERSITYSANANTONIO,TX78212ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANINTERDISCIPLINARYDESIGNPROJECTWHICHWASDONEUNDERTHEAUTHOR’SSUPERVISIONBYAGROUPOFFOURSENIORSTUDENTSINTHEDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEATTRINITYUNIVERSITYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPROJECTWASTODEVELOPATEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMFORANAIRFILLEDCHAMBERTHESYSTEMWASTOALLOWENTRYOFADESIREDCHAMBERTEMPERATUREINAPRESCRIBEDRANGEANDTOEXHIBITOVERSHOOTANDSTEADYSTATETEMPERATUREERROROFLESSTHAN1DEGREEKELVININTHEACTUALCHAMBERTEMPERATURESTEPRESPONSETHEDETAILSOFTHEDESIGNDEVELOPEDBYTHISGROUPOFSTUDENTS,BASEDONAMOTOROLAMC68HC05FAMILYMICROCONTROLLER,AREDESCRIBEDTHEPEDAGOGICALVALUEOFTHEPROBLEMISALSODISCUSSEDTHROUGHADESCRIPTIONOFSOMEOFTHEKEYSTEPSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSITISSHOWNTHATTHESOLUTIONREQUIRESBROADKNOWLEDGEDRAWNFROMSEVERALENGINEERINGDISCIPLINESINCLUDINGELECTRICAL,MECHANICAL,ANDCONTROLSYSTEMSENGINEERING1INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIGNPROJECTWHICHISTHESUBJECTOFTHISPAPERORIGINATEDFROMAREALWORLDAPPLICATIONAPROTOTYPEOFAMICROSCOPESLIDEDRYERHADBEENDEVELOPEDAROUNDANOMEGATMMODELCN390TEMPERATURECONTROLLER,ANDTHEOBJECTIVEWASTODEVELOPACUSTOMTEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMTOREPLACETHEOMEGASYSTEMTHEMOTIVATIONWASTHATACUSTOMCONTROLLERTARGETEDSPECIFICALLYFORTHEAPPLICATIONSHOULDBEABLETO2PROBLEMSTATEMENTTHEBASICIDEAOFTHEPROJECTISTOREPLACETHERELEVANTPARTSOFTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFANOMEGACN390TEMPERATURECONTROLLERUSINGACUSTOMDESIGNEDSYSTEMTHEAPPLICATIONDICTATESTHATTEMPERATURESETTINGSAREUSUALLYKEPTCONSTANTFORLONGPERIODSOFTIME,BUTIT’SNONETHELESSIMPORTANTTHATSTEPCHANGESBETRACKEDINA“REASONABLE”MANNERTHUSTHEMAINREQUIREMENTSBOILDOWNTOALLOWINGACHAMBERTEMPERATURESETPOINTTOBEENTERED,DISPLAYINGBOTHSETPOINTANDACTUALTEMPERATURES,ANDTRACKINGSTEPCHANGESINSETPOINTTEMPERATUREWITHACCEPTABLERISETIME,STEADYSTATEERROR,ANDOVERSHOOTALTHOUGHNOTEXPLICITLYAPARTOFTHESPECIFICATIONSINTABLE1,ITWASCLEARTHATTHECUSTOMERDESIREDDIGITALDISPLAYSOFSETPOINTANDACTUALTEMPERATURES,ANDTHATSETPOINTTEMPERATUREENTRYSHOULDBEDIGITALASWELLASOPPOSEDTO,SAY,THROUGHAPOTENTIOMETERSETTING3SYSTEMDESIGNTHEREQUIREMENTSFORDIGITALTEMPERATUREDISPLAYSANDSETPOINTENTRYALONEAREENOUGHTODICTATETHATAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDDESIGNISLIKELYTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATEFIGURE2SHOWSABLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHESTUDENTS’DESIGN

簡介：1中文中文4385字TEMPERATURECONTROLUSINGAMICROCONTROLLERANINTERDISCIPLINARYUNDERGRADUATEENGINEERINGDESIGNPROJECTJAMESSMCDONALDDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCETRINITYUNIVERSITYSANANTONIO,TX78212譯自HTTP//IEEEXPLOREIEEEORG/XPL/LOGINJSPTPARNUMBER632763單片機溫度控制一個跨學科的本科生工程設(shè)計項目JAMESSMCDONALD工程科學系三一大學德克薩斯州圣安東尼奧市782123方案，而且討論了這種類型的跨學科設(shè)計項目在教學方面應(yīng)用的問題。這份學生報告曾經(jīng)在1997年全國本科畢業(yè)生研討會上提出過并討論過。第2節(jié)給出該設(shè)計的更多詳細情況，包括性能規(guī)格。第3節(jié)具體學生的設(shè)計。第4節(jié)是論文的主體，討論該設(shè)計在教學應(yīng)用方面的實施問題。最后，第5節(jié)全文總結(jié)。2問題闡述問題闡述該項目基本的思想是設(shè)計一個自定義溫度控制系統(tǒng)來取代相關(guān)的歐米茄CN390溫度控制器。溫度時通常保持在一個穩(wěn)定的常數(shù)，但重要的是階躍變化可以被“合理”的跟蹤。因此主要要求如下可以對空氣室的溫度進行設(shè)定，同時顯示設(shè)定值和實際溫度，以及在設(shè)定溫度值情況下，可接受范圍內(nèi)的跟蹤階躍變化，穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差，超調(diào)量。表1精確的規(guī)格說明設(shè)定溫度接口設(shè)定溫度顯示室內(nèi)溫度顯示范圍精度準確度60991°C±1°C室內(nèi)溫度階梯響應(yīng)范圍（穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)）精度（穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)）最大超調(diào)設(shè)定時間（到±1°）6099±1°C1°C120S盡管表1部分說明并不明確，但是它清楚的反映了人們對數(shù)字顯示器在設(shè)定值和實際溫度的要求和溫度應(yīng)該通過數(shù)值輸入來設(shè)定（而不是，通過電位器設(shè)置）。

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簡介：164ABSORBINGNEWSUBJECTSHOLOGRAPHYASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHYSEANFJOHNSTONIDISCUSSTHEEARLYHISTORYOFHOLOGRAPHYANDEXPLOREHOWPERCEPTIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDFORECASTSOFTHESUBJECTWERESHAPEDBYPRIOREXPERIENCEIFOCUSONTHEWORKOFDENNISGABOR1900–1979INENGLAND,YURYNDENISYUKB1924INTHESOVIETUNION,ANDEMMETTNLEITH1927–2005ANDJURISUPATNIEKSB1936INTHEUNITEDSTATESISHOWTHATTHEEVOLUTIONOFHOLOGRAPHYWASSIMULTANEOUSLYPROMOTEDANDCONSTRAINEDBYITSIDENTIFICATIONASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHY,ANASSOCIATIONTHATINFLUENCEDITSASSESSMENTBYSUCCESSIVEAUDIENCESOFPRACTITIONERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDCONSUMERSONECONSEQUENCEISTHATHOLOGRAPHYCANBESEENASANEXAMPLEOFAMODERNTECHNICALSUBJECTTHATHASBEENSHAPEDBYCULTURALINFLUENCESMOREPOWERFULLYTHANGENERALLYAPPRECIATEDCONVERSELY,THEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISNEWSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINTERMSOFANOLDERONEHELPSTOEXPLAINWHYTHECULTURALEFFECTSOFHOLOGRAPHYHAVEBEENMOREMUTEDTHANANTICIPATEDBYFORECASTERSBETWEENTHE1960SAND1990SKEYWORDSDENNISGABORYURYNDENISYUKGABRIELLIPPMANNEMMETTNLEITHJURISUPATNIEKSHOLOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYSTEREOSCOPYARTWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWSUBJECTSINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISSELDOMANEUTRALPROCESSINSOCIETYHISTORIANSHAVELONGRECOGNIZEDTHATSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ANDCULTUREAREINTERLINKED,BUTGENERALIZATIONSABOUTTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSHAVETENDEDTOREMAINCONTENTIOUSBECAUSETHESTRENGTHANDDIRECTIONOFTHEIRMUTUALINFLUENCESHAVEBEENDISPUTEDCASEBYCASEWHILESOMEWORKINTHEHISTORYOFSCIENCEHASFOCUSEDONTHEEVOLUTIONOFNEWSUBJECTS,RELATIVELYFEWSTUDIESHAVEEXPLOREDDIRECTLYHOWTHISPROCESSISINFLUENCEDBYPREEXISTINGTECHNOLOGIES1IDISCUSSTHEHISTORYOFHOLOGRAPHYANDPHOTOGRAPHYTOEXPLOREHOWPERCEPTIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDFORECASTSOFNEWSUBJECTSCANBESHAPEDSTRONGLYBYPRIOREXPERIENCEIARGUETHATTHEEVOLUTIONOFHOLOGRAPHYWASSIMULTANEOUSLYPROMOTEDANDCONSTRAINEDBYITSIDENTIFICATIONASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHY,ANDTHATTHISASSOCIATIONINFLUENCEDITSASSESSMENTBYSUCCESSIVEAUDIENCESOFPRACTITIONERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDCONSUMERSONECONSEQUENCEISTHATHOLOGRAPHYCANBESEENASANEXAMPLEOFAMODERNTECHNICALSUBJECTTHATHASBEENSHAPEDBYCULTURALINFLUENCESMOREPOWERFULLYTHANGENERALLYAPPRECIATEDCONVERSELY,THISUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISNEWSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINPHYSPERSPECT82006164–18814226944/06/020164–25DOI101007/S0001600602648SEANJOHNSTONISSENIORLECTURERINSCIENCESTUDIESATTHEUNIVERSITYOFGLASGOWHISRESEARCHFOCUSESONTHEHISTORYOFMODERNPHYSICS,TECHNOLOGY,ANDPROFESSIONALCOMMUNITIESBIRKH?USERVERLAG,BASEL,200603_JOHNSTON_2642042006810UHRSEITE164SEANFJOHNSTONPHYSPERSPECT166EXAMPLE,GORDONLROGERSB1916,GABOR’SCLOSESTCOLLABORATORINTHEFIELD,REPORTEDTOACOLLEAGUEONSEPTEMBER2,1952,THAT“BYNOWSEVERALPEOPLEHAVETAKENTHESNAGSOUTOFTHEORIGINALDRAFTOFTHEBOOKCHAPTERGABORHASWRITTEN,ANDHISCLAIMSARENOWMUCHMOREMODESTANDREASONABLEISTILLFEEL,HOWEVER,THATTHEYARENOTVERYHELPFUL,THOUGHTHEYARENOLONGERUNSOUND”3SIMILARLY,MAXBORN1882–1970HADWRITTENTOGABORONFEBRUARY21,1951,THAT“IHAVEREADMOREOFYOURMSANDITHINKTHATYOURCONSIDERATIONSAREMOSTINGENIOUSBUTICANATTHESAMETIMENOTCONCEALTHATTHEYALWAYSSEEMTOMEALITTLEWEIRD,ANDPRICKLEMYPHYSICALSENSITIVITIES”4GABOR’SCRITICSDEFINEDTHENATURE,BOUNDARIES,ANDPROBLEMSOFWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONBYVIEWINGITASANEWFORMOFMICROSCOPY,ANIMAGINGTECHNIQUEAPPLIEDTOMICROSCOPICOBJECTSTHEREAREATLEASTFOUREXPLANATIONSFORTHISPERCEPTUALPIGEONHOLINGFIRST,GABOR’SCONCEPTIONHADBEGUNWITHTHEPROBLEMSHEPERCEIVEDWEREINVOLVEDINELECTRONMICROSCOPYSECOND,THEHYBRIDSYSTEMTHATHEDUBBEDTHE“HOLOSCOPE”HADFORMALSIMILARITIESTOEARLIERCONCEPTSINTHEDESIGNOFOPTICALINSTRUMENTS,INPARTICULAR,FIG1DENNISGABOR1900–1979INMIDDLEAGECREDITCOURTESYOFTHEMASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYMUSEUM,CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS03_JOHNSTON_2642042006810UHRSEITE166

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簡介：2000單詞，單詞，11萬英字符，萬英字符，3570漢字漢字出處出處JOHNSTONSFABSORBINGNEWSUBJECTSHOLOGRAPHYASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHYJPHYSICSINPERSPECTIVE,2006,82164188ABSORBINGNEWSUBJECTSHOLOGRAPHYASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHYSEANFJOHNSTONIDISCUSSTHEEARLYHISTORYOFHOLOGRAPHYANDEXPLOREHOWPERCEPTIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDFORECASTSOFTHESUBJECTWERESHAPEDBYPRIOREXPERIENCEIFOCUSONTHEWORKOFDENNISGABOR1900–1979INENGLAND,YURYNDENISYUKB1924INTHESOVIETUNION,ANDEMMETTNLEITH1927–2005ANDJURISUPATNIEKSB1936INTHEUNITEDSTATESISHOWTHATTHEEVOLUTIONOFHOLOGRAPHYWASSIMULTANEOUSLYPROMOTEDANDCONSTRAINEDBYITSIDENTIFICATIONASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHY,ANASSOCIATIONTHATINFLUENCEDITSASSESSMENTBYSUCCESSIVEAUDIENCESOFPRACTITIONERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDCONSUMERSONECONSEQUENCEISTHATHOLOGRAPHYCANBESEENASANEXAMPLEOFAMODERNTECHNICALSUBJECTTHATHASBEENSHAPEDBYCULTURALINFLUENCESMOREPOWERFULLYTHANGENERALLYAPPRECIATEDCONVERSELY,THEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISNEWSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINTERMSOFANOLDERONEHELPSTOEXPLAINWHYTHECULTURALEFFECTSOFHOLOGRAPHYHAVEBEENMOREMUTEDTHANANTICIPATEDBYFORECASTERSBETWEENTHE1960SAND1990SKEYWORDSDENNISGABORYURYNDENISYUKGABRIELLIPPMANNEMMETTNLEITHJURISUPATNIEKSHOLOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYSTEREOSCOPYARTWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWSUBJECTSINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISSELDOMANEUTRALPROCESSINSOCIETYHISTORIANSHAVELONGRECOGNIZEDTHATSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ANDCULTUREAREINTERLINKED,BUTGENERALIZATIONSABOUTTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSHAVETENDEDTOREMAINCONTENTIOUSBECAUSETHESTRENGTHANDDIRECTIONOFTHEIRMUTUALINFLUENCESHAVEBEENDISPUTEDCASEBYCASEWHILESOMEWORKINTHEHISTORYOFSCIENCEHASFOCUSEDONTHEEVOLUTIONOFNEWSUBJECTS,RELATIVELYFEWSTUDIESHAVEEXPLOREDDIRECTLYHOWTHISPROCESSISINFLUENCEDBYPREEXISTINGTECHNOLOGIES1IDISCUSSTHEHISTORYOFHOLOGRAPHYANDPHOTOGRAPHYTOEXPLOREHOWPERCEPTIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDFORECASTSOFNEWSUBJECTSCANBESHAPEDSTRONGLYBYPRIOREXPERIENCEIARGUETHATTHEEVOLUTIONOFHOLOGRAPHYWASSIMULTANEOUSLYPROMOTEDANDCONSTRAINEDBYITSIDENTIFICATIONASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHY,ANDTHATTHISASSOCIATIONINFLUENCEDITSASSESSMENTBYSUCCESSIVEAUDIENCESOFPRACTITIONERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDCONSUMERSONECONSEQUENCEISTHATHOLOGRAPHYCANBESEENASANEXAMPLEOFAMODERNTECHNICALSUBJECTTHATHASBEENSHAPEDBYCULTURALINFLUENCESMOREPOWERFULLYTHANGENERALLYAPPRECIATEDCONVERSELY,THISUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISNEWSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINTERMSOFANOLDERONEHELPSTOEXPLAINWHYTHECULTURALEFFECTSOFHOLOGRAPHYHAVEBEENMOREMUTEDTHANANTICIPATEDBYFORECASTERSBETWEENTHE1960SAND1990SHOLOGRAPHYILLUSTRATESHOWCULTURALPREDILECTIONSCANTRANSFORMARADICALLYNEWCONCEPTINTOAMOREEASILYABSORBEDFORMDENNISGABORANDTHECONTEXTOFMICROSCOPYTHETERM“HOLOGRAPHY”BECAMEDOMINANTBYABOUT1966TODESCRIBETECHNIQUESANDCONCEPTSTHATHADBEENCIRCULATINGFORNEARLYTWODECADESAMONGAHANDFULOFTOGABOR’SCONTEMPORARIES,HISNOVELCONCEPTWASARCANE,COMPLEX,ANDUNPROMISINGSIRLAWRENCEBRAGG1890–1971,WELLKNOWNFORHISEARLYWORKINXRAYDIFFRACTIONANDNOWGABOR’SINFORMALMENTOR,WROTETOHIMONJULY5,1948,THAT“ITHINKIAMBEGINNINGTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLE,THOUGHITISSTILLRATHERAMIRACLETOMETHATITSHOULDWORK”2AHANDFULOFOTHERPHYSICISTSWHOEXPLOREDWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONCRITICIZEDGABOR’SEXPOSITORYSTYLE,UNJUSTIFIABLEOPTIMISM,ANDTECHNICALLIMITATIONSFOREXAMPLE,GORDONLROGERSB1916,GABOR’SCLOSESTCOLLABORATORINTHEFIELD,REPORTEDTOACOLLEAGUEONSEPTEMBER2,1952,THAT“BYNOWSEVERALPEOPLEHAVETAKENTHESNAGSOUTOFTHEORIGINALDRAFTOFTHEBOOKCHAPTERGABORHASWRITTEN,ANDHISCLAIMSARENOWMUCHMOREMODESTANDREASONABLEISTILLFEEL,HOWEVER,THATTHEYARENOTVERYHELPFUL,THOUGHTHEYARENOLONGERUNSOUND”3SIMILARLY,MAXBORN1882–1970HADWRITTENTOGABORONFEBRUARY21,1951,THAT“IHAVEREADMOREOFYOURMSANDITHINKTHATYOURCONSIDERATIONSAREMOSTINGENIOUSBUTICANATTHESAMETIMENOTCONCEALTHATTHEYALWAYSSEEMTOMEALITTLEWEIRD,ANDPRICKLEMYPHYSICALSENSITIVITIES”GABOR’SCRITICSDEFINEDTHENATURE,BOUNDARIES,ANDPROBLEMSOFWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONBYVIEWINGITASANEWFORMOFMICROSCOPY,ANIMAGINGTECHNIQUEAPPLIEDTOMICROSCOPICOBJECTSTHEREAREATLEASTFOUREXPLANATIONSFORTHISPERCEPTUALPIGEONHOLINGFIRST,GABOR’SCONCEPTIONHADBEGUNWITHTHEPROBLEMSHEPERCEIVEDWEREINVOLVEDINELECTRONMICROSCOPYSECOND,THEHYBRIDSYSTEMTHATHEDUBBEDTHE“HOLOSCOPE”HADFORMALSIMILARITIESTOEARLIERCONCEPTSINTHEDESIGNOFOPTICALINSTRUMENTS,INPARTICULAR,THEABBETHEORYOFIMAGINGINMICROSCOPESANDBRAGG’SRECENTXRAYMICROSCOPE5THIRD,HEHADPROMOTEDWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONSPECIFICALLYTOMICROSCOPISTSINDEMONSTRATIONSANDARTICLESANDFOURTH,THOSEWHOTOOKANINTERESTINGABOR’SWORKWERETHEMSELVESSEEKINGTOIMPROVEOPTICALORSHORTWAVELENGTHMICROSCOPYTHEIRPERSPECTIVEONWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONTHUSWASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEIRDISCIPLINARYCOMMITMENTSANDPERCEPTIONSASMICROSCOPISTSTHEYVIEWEDWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONWITHTHEMINDSETOFMICROSCOPISTSTHECONTENTOFTHISNEWSUBJECTWASINFLUENCEDBYITSPASTDISCIPLINARYCONTEXTASECONDCONSTRAINTFOLLOWEDFROMTHEIMPLICITASSUMPTIONSTHESERESEARCHERSMADEABOUTTHEBOUNDARIESOFTHEIRSUBJECTASBRAGGANDBORNINDICATEDABOVE,THECONCEPTANDCHARACTERISTICSOFWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONWEREALIENTOTHEMONEOFITSMIRACULOUSATTRIBUTESWASTHATTHISTWOSTAGEIMAGINGTECHNIQUEPRODUCEDATHREEDIMENSIONALIMAGEGABOR’SPAPERSANDPATENTEMPHASIZEDTHATWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONRECORDEDTHREEDIMENSIONSOFASAMPLE,YETHENEVERMUSEDABOUTITSAPPLICATIONTOSTEREOSCOPICIMAGING6THISWASNAT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簡介：2000單詞，單詞，11萬英字符，萬英字符，3570漢字漢字出處出處JOHNSTONSFABSORBINGNEWSUBJECTSHOLOGRAPHYASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHYJPHYSICSINPERSPECTIVE,2006,82164188ABSORBINGNEWSUBJECTSHOLOGRAPHYASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHYSEANFJOHNSTONIDISCUSSTHEEARLYHISTORYOFHOLOGRAPHYANDEXPLOREHOWPERCEPTIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDFORECASTSOFTHESUBJECTWERESHAPEDBYPRIOREXPERIENCEIFOCUSONTHEWORKOFDENNISGABOR1900–1979INENGLAND,YURYNDENISYUKB1924INTHESOVIETUNION,ANDEMMETTNLEITH1927–2005ANDJURISUPATNIEKSB1936INTHEUNITEDSTATESISHOWTHATTHEEVOLUTIONOFHOLOGRAPHYWASSIMULTANEOUSLYPROMOTEDANDCONSTRAINEDBYITSIDENTIFICATIONASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHY,ANASSOCIATIONTHATINFLUENCEDITSASSESSMENTBYSUCCESSIVEAUDIENCESOFPRACTITIONERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDCONSUMERSONECONSEQUENCEISTHATHOLOGRAPHYCANBESEENASANEXAMPLEOFAMODERNTECHNICALSUBJECTTHATHASBEENSHAPEDBYCULTURALINFLUENCESMOREPOWERFULLYTHANGENERALLYAPPRECIATEDCONVERSELY,THEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISNEWSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINTERMSOFANOLDERONEHELPSTOEXPLAINWHYTHECULTURALEFFECTSOFHOLOGRAPHYHAVEBEENMOREMUTEDTHANANTICIPATEDBYFORECASTERSBETWEENTHE1960SAND1990SKEYWORDSDENNISGABORYURYNDENISYUKGABRIELLIPPMANNEMMETTNLEITHJURISUPATNIEKSHOLOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYSTEREOSCOPYARTWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWSUBJECTSINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISSELDOMANEUTRALPROCESSINSOCIETYHISTORIANSHAVELONGRECOGNIZEDTHATSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ANDCULTUREAREINTERLINKED,BUTGENERALIZATIONSABOUTTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSHAVETENDEDTOREMAINCONTENTIOUSBECAUSETHESTRENGTHANDDIRECTIONOFTHEIRMUTUALINFLUENCESHAVEBEENDISPUTEDCASEBYCASEWHILESOMEWORKINTHEHISTORYOFSCIENCEHASFOCUSEDONTHEEVOLUTIONOFNEWSUBJECTS,RELATIVELYFEWSTUDIESHAVEEXPLOREDDIRECTLYHOWTHISPROCESSISINFLUENCEDBYPREEXISTINGTECHNOLOGIES1IDISCUSSTHEHISTORYOFHOLOGRAPHYANDPHOTOGRAPHYTOEXPLOREHOWPERCEPTIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDFORECASTSOFNEWSUBJECTSCANBESHAPEDSTRONGLYBYPRIOREXPERIENCEIARGUETHATTHEEVOLUTIONOFHOLOGRAPHYWASSIMULTANEOUSLYPROMOTEDANDCONSTRAINEDBYITSIDENTIFICATIONASANANALOGOFPHOTOGRAPHY,ANDTHATTHISASSOCIATIONINFLUENCEDITSASSESSMENTBYSUCCESSIVEAUDIENCESOFPRACTITIONERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDCONSUMERSONECONSEQUENCEISTHATHOLOGRAPHYCANBESEENASANEXAMPLEOFAMODERNTECHNICALSUBJECTTHATHASBEENSHAPEDBYCULTURALINFLUENCESMOREPOWERFULLYTHANGENERALLYAPPRECIATEDCONVERSELY,THISUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISNEWSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINTERMSOFANOLDERONEHELPSTOEXPLAINWHYTHECULTURALEFFECTSOFHOLOGRAPHYHAVEBEENMOREMUTEDTHANANTICIPATEDBYFORECASTERSBETWEENTHE1960SAND1990SHOLOGRAPHYILLUSTRATESHOWCULTURALPREDILECTIONSCANTRANSFORMARADICALLYNEWCONCEPTINTOAMOREEASILYABSORBEDFORMDENNISGABORANDTHECONTEXTOFMICROSCOPYTHETERM“HOLOGRAPHY”BECAMEDOMINANTBYABOUT1966TODESCRIBETECHNIQUESANDCONCEPTSTHATHADBEENCIRCULATINGFORNEARLYTWODECADESAMONGAHANDFULOFTOGABOR’SCONTEMPORARIES,HISNOVELCONCEPTWASARCANE,COMPLEX,ANDUNPROMISINGSIRLAWRENCEBRAGG1890–1971,WELLKNOWNFORHISEARLYWORKINXRAYDIFFRACTIONANDNOWGABOR’SINFORMALMENTOR,WROTETOHIMONJULY5,1948,THAT“ITHINKIAMBEGINNINGTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLE,THOUGHITISSTILLRATHERAMIRACLETOMETHATITSHOULDWORK”2AHANDFULOFOTHERPHYSICISTSWHOEXPLOREDWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONCRITICIZEDGABOR’SEXPOSITORYSTYLE,UNJUSTIFIABLEOPTIMISM,ANDTECHNICALLIMITATIONSFOREXAMPLE,GORDONLROGERSB1916,GABOR’SCLOSESTCOLLABORATORINTHEFIELD,REPORTEDTOACOLLEAGUEONSEPTEMBER2,1952,THAT“BYNOWSEVERALPEOPLEHAVETAKENTHESNAGSOUTOFTHEORIGINALDRAFTOFTHEBOOKCHAPTERGABORHASWRITTEN,ANDHISCLAIMSARENOWMUCHMOREMODESTANDREASONABLEISTILLFEEL,HOWEVER,THATTHEYARENOTVERYHELPFUL,THOUGHTHEYARENOLONGERUNSOUND”3SIMILARLY,MAXBORN1882–1970HADWRITTENTOGABORONFEBRUARY21,1951,THAT“IHAVEREADMOREOFYOURMSANDITHINKTHATYOURCONSIDERATIONSAREMOSTINGENIOUSBUTICANATTHESAMETIMENOTCONCEALTHATTHEYALWAYSSEEMTOMEALITTLEWEIRD,ANDPRICKLEMYPHYSICALSENSITIVITIES”GABOR’SCRITICSDEFINEDTHENATURE,BOUNDARIES,ANDPROBLEMSOFWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONBYVIEWINGITASANEWFORMOFMICROSCOPY,ANIMAGINGTECHNIQUEAPPLIEDTOMICROSCOPICOBJECTSTHEREAREATLEASTFOUREXPLANATIONSFORTHISPERCEPTUALPIGEONHOLINGFIRST,GABOR’SCONCEPTIONHADBEGUNWITHTHEPROBLEMSHEPERCEIVEDWEREINVOLVEDINELECTRONMICROSCOPYSECOND,THEHYBRIDSYSTEMTHATHEDUBBEDTHE“HOLOSCOPE”HADFORMALSIMILARITIESTOEARLIERCONCEPTSINTHEDESIGNOFOPTICALINSTRUMENTS,INPARTICULAR,THEABBETHEORYOFIMAGINGINMICROSCOPESANDBRAGG’SRECENTXRAYMICROSCOPE5THIRD,HEHADPROMOTEDWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONSPECIFICALLYTOMICROSCOPISTSINDEMONSTRATIONSANDARTICLESANDFOURTH,THOSEWHOTOOKANINTERESTINGABOR’SWORKWERETHEMSELVESSEEKINGTOIMPROVEOPTICALORSHORTWAVELENGTHMICROSCOPYTHEIRPERSPECTIVEONWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONTHUSWASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEIRDISCIPLINARYCOMMITMENTSANDPERCEPTIONSASMICROSCOPISTSTHEYVIEWEDWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONWITHTHEMINDSETOFMICROSCOPISTSTHECONTENTOFTHISNEWSUBJECTWASINFLUENCEDBYITSPASTDISCIPLINARYCONTEXTASECONDCONSTRAINTFOLLOWEDFROMTHEIMPLICITASSUMPTIONSTHESERESEARCHERSMADEABOUTTHEBOUNDARIESOFTHEIRSUBJECTASBRAGGANDBORNINDICATEDABOVE,THECONCEPTANDCHARACTERISTICSOFWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONWEREALIENTOTHEMONEOFITSMIRACULOUSATTRIBUTESWASTHATTHISTWOSTAGEIMAGINGTECHNIQUEPRODUCEDATHREEDIMENSIONALIMAGEGABOR’SPAPERSANDPATENTEMPHASIZEDTHATWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONRECORDEDTHREEDIMENSIONSOFASAMPLE,YETHENEVERMUSEDABOUTITSAPPLICATIONTOSTEREOSCOPICIMAGING6THISWASNATURALCONSIDERINGHISCATEGORIZATIONOFTHETECHNIQUEASMICROSCOPYTHUS,MICROSCOPESHADASSOCIATEDTRAITSTHATMAYHAVESEEMEDINESCAPABLETHEYAREOPTICALDEVICESWITHASINGLEOPTICALAXIS,ANDTHEYUSEDANEYEPIECETOPRODUCEANIMAGETHESETRADITIONALPHYSICALASSUMPTIONSMAYWELLHAVEHINDEREDCONSIDERATIONOFUNFAMILIARIMAGINGGEOMETRIESANEYEPIECE,ATTHEVERYLEAST,FORECLOSEDTHEPOSSIBILITYOFOBSERVINGANIMAGEINPARALLAXGABORANDOTHERWORKERSINWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONALSOMAYHAVESENSEDSUBLIMINALLYTHATTHELIMITEDCOHERENCELENGTHOFTHEIRLIGHTSOURCESCONFINEDTHEOBSERVEDSAMPLETOMICROSCOPICDIMENSIONSASTEREOSCOPICIMAGETHUSWASSCARCELYCONCEIVABLETOTHEMTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCONCLUSIONSTHISBANDOFINVESTIGATORSDREWCONCERNEDTHEDRAWBACKSOFWAVEFRONTCONSTRUCTIONASBASEDUPONCRITERIADEFINEDBYMICROSCOPYMOSTSAWWAVEFRONTRECONSTRUCTIONASFATALLYFLAWEDBYTHESOCALLED“TWINIMAGEPROBLEM,”INWHICHAFUZZYSECONDCONJUGATEIMAGESEEMEDDOOMEDTOOVERLAPTHEDESIREDIMAGE,RENDERINGTHISTECHNIQUEUNSATISFACTORYFORANYPRACTICALUSEGABORHIMSELFBLAMEDITSLACKOFTECHNICALANDCOMMERCIALSUCCESSMAINLYONLIMITATIONSOF

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